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SUBSTANCE ABUSE Shwetansh Soni*, Archana Sharma, M.P Khinchi, Narendra Gauttam, Shubham Gauttam Department of Pharmacognosy, Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE Shwetansh Soni*, Archana Sharma, M.P Khinchi, Narendra Gauttam, Shubham Gauttam Department of Pharmacognosy, Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5 (3) May–June. 2017:1-07 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (An International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development) www.ajprd.com ISSN 2320-4850 Review Article A REVIEW ON: SUBSTANCE ABUSE Shwetansh Soni*, Archana Sharma, M.P Khinchi, Narendra Gauttam, Shubham Gauttam Department of Pharmacognosy, Kota college of Pharmacy, Kota ABSTRACT Drug Abuse- The focus of this article is to review the recent advances in preventing the misuse of the Controlled Substance like Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Cannabis, Cocaine, Methaquolone, Opioids & Alcohol. This Prevention of the Substance Abuse can be understood on the basis of the data provided in article by means of Dual Diagnosis, Signs & Symptoms which enlists the populations that are highly affected and are on a verge of addiction to the drugs. Effect of Substance Abuse on countries overall economy, Legal approaches taken by the various governments, diagnosis of addiction, treatment and side effects are also the areas covered in this article. Keywords: Addiction, Drug Abuse, Controlled Substances, Dual Diagnosis INTRODUCTION: In 2010 about 5% of people (230 million) ubstance abuse, also known as drug used an illicit substance. Of these 27 million abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in have high-risk drug use otherwise known as S which the user consumes the substance recurrent drug use causing harm to their in amounts or with methods which are health, psychological problems, or social harmful to themselves or others, and is a problems or puts them at risk of those form of or others, and is a form of substance- dangers. In 2013 drug use disorders resulted related disorder. in 127,000 deaths up from 53,000 in 1990. Widely differing definitions of drug abuse are The highest number of deaths are from opioid used in public health, medical and criminal use disorders at 51,000. Cocaine use disorder justice contexts. In some cases criminal or resulted in 4,300 deaths and amphetamine anti-social behavior occurs when the person use disorder resulted in 3,800 deaths. Alcohol is under the influence of a drug, and long use disorders resulted in an additional term personality changes in individuals may 139,000 deaths. occur as well. In addition to possible Drugs most often associated with this term physical, social, and psychological harm, use include: of some drugs may also lead to criminal Alcohol. penalties, although these vary widely Barbiturates. depending on the local jurisdiction. Benzodiazepines. The exact cause of substance abuse is not Cannabis. clear, with theories including one of two: Cocaine. either a genetic disposition which is learned Methaqualone. from others, or a habit which if addiction Opioids. develops, it manifests itself as a chronic Substituted Amphetamines. debilitating disease. The exact cause of substance abuse is not clear, with theories including one of two: Correspondence author- *Shwetansh Soni either a genetic disposition which is learned Kota College of Pharmacy, Kota from others, or a habit which if addiction Mobile No.- 8824584292 E-mail- [email protected] Shwetansh Soni et al www.ajprd.com 1 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5 (3) May–June. 2017:1-07 develops, it manifests itself as a chronic CLASSIFICATION debilitating disease. Substance Abuse Symptoms: Friends and Public Health Definitions- family may be among the first to recognize the signs of substance abuse. Public health practitioners have attempted to Early recognition increases chances for look at substance use from a broader successful treatment. Giving up past perspective than the individual, emphasizing activities such as sports, homework, or the role of society, culture, and availability. hanging out with new friends The Health Officers Council of British Declining grades Columbia — in their 2005 policy discussion Aggressiveness and irritability paper, A Public Health Approach to Drug Forgetfulness Control in Canada — has adopted a public Disappearing money or valuables health model of psychoactive substance use Feeling rundown, hopeless, depressed, or that challenges the simplistic black-and-white even suicidal construction of the binary (or Sounding selfish and not caring about complementary) antonyms "use" vs. "abuse". This model explicitly recognizes a spectrum others of use, ranging from beneficial use to chronic Use of room deodorizers and incense dependence. Paraphernalia such as baggies, small boxes, pipes, and rolling paper Figure: 1: Spectrum of Psychoactive Substance Use Drug Misuse- Drug misuse is a term used commonly when are used for mood alteration or intoxication prescription medication with sedative, ignoring the fact that overdose of such anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties medicines have serious adverse effects. Shwetansh Soni et al www.ajprd.com 2 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5 (3) May–June. 2017:1-07 It often involves drug diversion from the substance would cause withdrawal symptoms individual for whom it was prescribed. to occur. Prescription misuse has been defined differently and rather inconsistently based on Correlations between drugs usage: status of drug prescription, the uses without a prescription, intentional use to achieve Correlations between usage of 18 legal and intoxicating effects, route of administration, illegal drugs: alcohol, amphetamines, amyl co-ingestion with alcohol, and the presence nitrite, benzodiazepine, cannabis, chocolate, or absence of dependence symptoms. Chronic cocaine, caffeine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, use leads to a change in the central nervous ketamine, legal highs, LSD, methadone, system which means the patient has magic mushrooms (MMushrooms), nicotine developed tolerance to the medicine that and volatile substance abuse (VSA). Links more of the substance is needed in order to indicate correlations with absolute values of produce desired effects. When this happens, Pearson correlation coefficient r above 0.4. any effort to stop or reduce the use of this Medium, strong, and very strong correlations are indicated by the colour of link. Figure: 2: Correlations between drugs usage SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Friends, Trouble. As of 2016, an updated There are several different screening tools version of the CRAFFT known as the that have been validated for use with “CRAFFT 2.0” has been released. adolescents such as the CRAFFT Screening The CRAFFT can function as a self-report Test and in adults the CAGE questionnaire. questionnaire or an interview to be administered by a clinician. Both employ a CRAFFT Screening Test- skip pattern: those whose Part A score is "0" (no use) answer the Car question only of Part The CRAFFT Screening Test is a short B, while those who report any use in Part A clinical assessment tool designed to screen also answer Part B's five CRAFFT questions. for substance-related risks and problems in Each "yes" answer is scored as "1" point and adolescents. CRAFFT stands for the key a CRAFFT total score of two or higher words of the 6 items in the second section of identifies "high risk" for a substance use the assessment - Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, disorder and warrants further assessment. Shwetansh Soni et al www.ajprd.com 3 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5 (3) May–June. 2017:1-07 Figure: 3: CRAFFT Screening Test. CAGE questionnaire- questionnaire does not have a specific The CAGE questionnaire, the name of which intended population, and is meant to find is an acronym of its four questions, is a those who drink excessively and need widely used screening test for problem treatment. The CAGE questionnaire is drinking and potential alcohol problems. The reliable and valid; however, it is not valid for questionnaire takes less than one minute to diagnosis of other substance use disorders, administer, and is often used in primary care although somewhat modified versions of the or other general settings as a quick screening CAGE questionnaire have been frequently tool rather than as an in-depth interview for implemented for such a purpose. those who have alcoholism. The CAGE Figure: 4: The Cage Questionnaire Can Be Easily Understood And Performed. Shwetansh Soni et al www.ajprd.com 4 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol. 5 (3) May–June. 2017:1-07 DUAL DIAGNOSIS primary psychiatric illness in substance abusers is challenging as drug abuse itself Dual diagnosis (also called co-occurring often induces psychiatric symptoms, thus disorders, COD) is the condition of suffering making it necessary to differentiate between from a mental illness and a comorbid substance induced and pre-existing mental substance abuse problem. There is illness. considerable debate surrounding the Those with co-occurring disorders face appropriateness of using a single category for complex challenges. They have increased a heterogeneous group of individuals with rates of relapse, hospitalization, complex needs and a varied range of homelessness, and HIV and hepatitis C problems. The concept can be used broadly, infection compared to those with either for example depression and alcoholism, or it mental or substance use disorders alone. The can be restricted to specify severe mental cause of co-occurring disorders is unknown, illness (e.g. psychosis, schizophrenia) and although there are several theories. substance misuse disorder (e.g. cannabis Mental illness. abuse), or a person who has a milder mental Comorbid substance
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