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Mnemonics for Diagnostic Criteria of DSM V Mental Disorders: a Scoping Review

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Mnemonics for Diagnostic Criteria of DSM V Mental Disorders: a Scoping Review Open access Review Gen Psych: first published as 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109 on 14 May 2020. Downloaded from Mnemonics for diagnostic criteria of DSM V mental disorders: a scoping review Pavan Kumar Kadiyala To cite: Kadiyala PK. Mnemonics ABSTRACT the sillier and more ridiculous the mnemonic for diagnostic criteria of DSM A multitude of psychiatric disorders have been is, the better one can remember it.2 3 V mental disorders: a scoping described in classification systems like the Diagnostic review. Mnemonics as narratives or anecdotes are General Psychiatry and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition 2020;33:e100109. doi:10.1136/ particularly useful in medicine, where it is gpsych-2019-100109 (DSM V). Diagnosing a specific mental disorder requires often necessary to learn clusters of symptoms memorising specific symptom criteria, and their improper corresponding to a particular diagnosis.1 Reli- ► Additional material is recall may result in misdiagnosis. Clinicians may use published online only. To view able diagnoses are essential for treatment, mnemonics, considering them as narratives or anecdotes please visit the journal online research, documentation and epidemiolog- of the diagnostic criteria. A scoping review of previously (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ ical purposes. The current and Fifth Edition gpsych- 2019- 100109). described mnemonics for DSM diagnostic criteria was carried out. An electronic search was done in PubMed, of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Google Scholar, Google Books and Google Search engine Mental Disorders (DSM V) serves clinicians as Received 27 June 2019 using a prespecified search strategy. Reference lists a guide to identifying the criteria for the diag- Revised 12 December 2019 4 of relevant articles and chapters were hand searched nosis of mental disorders. The current paper Accepted 10 January 2020 to identify original and additional articles. Mnemonics presents a scoping review of mnemonics retrieved from websites were manually searched in available in recalling the DSM diagnostic Google to identify published journal articles or chapters criteria for mental disorders. Alongside, some for the same mnemonics. Additionally, some mnemonics mnemonics developed or modified by the were developed, modified or added based on the author’s author are also presented. knowledge. The comprehensive search identified 93 records (44 journal articles, 45 books and 4 websites) http://gpsych.bmj.com/ eligible for the review. Most of the mnemonics retrieved METHOD were related in some way to the disorder itself. They were This review aims to provide an overview or listed under the heading of their respective disorders and indexed in the same order as in DSM V. The mnemonics map the available mnemonics rather than that reflect a facet of their respective disorders were to critically appraise or provide concrete elaborated in detail. guidance for their use in clinical practice. A method of scoping review was selected to summarise and disseminate the available mnemonics for DSM diagnostic criteria.5 6 on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. INTRODUCTION The methodology for this scoping review was Mnemonics are specific devices for improving based on the framework outlined by Arksey memory and have been used since clas- and O’Malley and ensuing recommendations sical times. It is unlikely that any of us come made by Levac et al.7 8 The review included through life without relying on a mnemonic 1 the following four key phases: (1) defining at some time or another. Mnemonics use the research question and selection criteria; © Author(s) (or their cognitive cuing processes of organisation, (2) comprehensive search of the litera- employer(s)) 2020. Re- use elaboration and mental imagery during both 2 ture; (3) data extraction, and (4) collating, permitted under CC BY- NC. No learning and recall. Most mnemonics are summarising and reporting the results. commercial re- use. See rights categorised into acrostic sentences, acronyms, and permissions. Published by BMJ. peg word, keyword, method of loci, rhymes or Research question and selection criteria Department of Psychiatry, Alluri word play. Acrostic mnemonics are sentences This review was guided by the question, Sitarama Raju Academy of in which the first letter of each word is the ‘What are all the mnemonics available for Medical Sciences, Eluru, Andhra first letter of one of the things that need to be remembering the DSM diagnostic criteria for Pradesh, India remembered. An acronym is a word created mental disorders?’ Mnemonics published in Correspondence to by using the first letter of each word of the any way, whether journal articles or chapters Dr Pavan Kumar Kadiyala; information to be recalled. Mnemonics made in books or websites or presentations and drkadiyala2@ gmail. com by oneself are often the most useful. Often those developed or modified by the author, Kadiyala PK. General Psychiatry 2020;33:e100109. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109 1 General Psychiatry Gen Psych: first published as 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109 on 14 May 2020. Downloaded from Table 1 STARLITE principles applied to the literature the relevant mnemonics. A search was also done by the search Google Search engine to identify grey literature. A deci- sion was made to screen only the first 100 hits in Google Criteria Result Books and Google Search engine because it was believed S Sampling strategy Comprehensive that further screening was unlikely to yield many more T Type of study Any kind of qualitative study relevant articles.10 Articles from Google Scholar were 11 A Approaches Electronic and citation retrieved by using Publish or Perish software. The snowballing keywords used in various combinations were: [‘DSM R Range of years No restrictions to the beginning— OR psychiatry OR psychiatric] AND [mnemonic OR to the end of September 2019 mnemonics]’. Searches were completed in September L Limits Language (English) 2019. The results of searches were entered into a bibliographic software program (Zotero) for the auto- I Inclusion and Included all the articles published matic removal of duplicates.12 The STARLITE (Stan- exclusions in any way, whether in journals or chapters in books or websites or dards for Reporting Literature searches) principles 13 presentations were used to report the literature search (table 1). T Terms DSM, psychiatry, psychiatric, The selection process was also presented in a flowchart mnemonic, mnemonics (figure 1). E Electronic sources PubMed, Google Scholar, Google The titles and abstracts of all the articles, the content Books, Google Search engine of chapters and websites retrieved by the initial searches were screened. Full- text articles of those deemed relevant DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; were retrieved for subsequent review. Reference lists and STARLITE, Standards for Reporting Literature searches. secondary citations in relevant articles and chapters were hand searched to identify original and additional articles in were included. Search for mnemonics was limited to the 14 15 English language, with no date restrictions applied. No a ‘snowball’ technique. The articles with no secondary exclusion criteria were defined based on the publication references were taken as original sources of the mnemonics type, as long as the article described original research. and cited the same. There was no appraisal of the quality of the records. Mnemonics taken from the journal articles Comprehensive search of the literature and chapters in books were given higher preference as they Literature was searched systematically in an expansive may be peer reviewed or edited systematically. Mnemonics manner. It allows search strategies to emerge as the retrieved from websites were manually searched in Google research investigation takes shape and ensures that to identify published literature (in the form of journal data collection efforts yield more than narrowly redun- articles or chapters) for the same mnemonics. If multiple http://gpsych.bmj.com/ dant data.9 Electronic searches were carried out using records with the same mnemonic were available, then the PubMed, Google Scholar and Google Books to locate oldest published article was given preference. on September 25, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. Figure 1 Flowchart of the study. DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2 Kadiyala PK. General Psychiatry 2020;33:e100109. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109 General Psychiatry Gen Psych: first published as 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109 on 14 May 2020. Downloaded from Data extraction – Reduced word knowledge (vocabulary). The data of mnemonics for diagnostic criteria were – Limited sentence structure. extracted by retrieving full- text articles or chapters of the – Impairments in discourse. books. The mnemonics from websites without published 2. Below expected for age. literature were retained by citing the website itself. Few 3. Onset in the early developmental period. articles and chapters were included based on the author’s knowledge if mnemonics for any psychiatric disorder were Speech sound disorder not found by the search strategies applied. The authorship, ‘Sound limits communication during development.’ year of publication, type and source of the articles were 1. Persistent difficulty with speech sound. extracted and tabulated. The reasons that led to the devel- 2. Limits effective communication. opment or collation of mnemonics were discussed. 3. Onset in the early developmental period. Collating,
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