Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler
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UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben an Interview with John Lions
Winter/Spring 1994 Celebrating 25 Years of UNIX Volume 6 No 1 "I believe all significant software movements start at the grassroots level. UNIX, after all, was not developed by the President of AT&T." Kouichi Kishida, UNIX Review, Feb., 1987 UNIX and Computer Science Spreading UNIX Around the World: by Ronda Hauben An Interview with John Lions [Editor's Note: This year, 1994, is the 25th anniversary of the [Editor's Note: Looking through some magazines in a local invention of UNIX in 1969 at Bell Labs. The following is university library, I came upon back issues of UNIX Review from a "Work In Progress" introduced at the USENIX from the mid 1980's. In these issues were articles by or inter- Summer 1993 Conference in Cincinnati, Ohio. This article is views with several of the pioneers who developed UNIX. As intended as a contribution to a discussion about the sig- part of my research for a paper about the history and devel- nificance of the UNIX breakthrough and the lessons to be opment of the early days of UNIX, I felt it would be helpful learned from it for making the next step forward.] to be able to ask some of these pioneers additional questions The Multics collaboration (1964-1968) had been created to based on the events and developments described in the UNIX "show that general-purpose, multiuser, timesharing systems Review Interviews. were viable." Based on the results of research gained at MIT Following is an interview conducted via E-mail with John using the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), Lions, who wrote A Commentary on the UNIX Operating AT&T and GE agreed to work with MIT to build a "new System describing Version 6 UNIX to accompany the "UNIX hardware, a new operating system, a new file system, and a Operating System Source Code Level 6" for the students in new user interface." Though the project proceeded slowly his operating systems class at the University of New South and it took years to develop Multics, Doug Comer, a Profes- Wales in Australia. -
To Type Or Not to Type: Quantifying Detectable Bugs in Javascript
To Type or Not to Type: Quantifying Detectable Bugs in JavaScript Zheng Gao Christian Bird Earl T. Barr University College London Microsoft Research University College London London, UK Redmond, USA London, UK [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—JavaScript is growing explosively and is now used in to invest in static type systems for JavaScript: first Google large mature projects even outside the web domain. JavaScript is released Closure1, then Microsoft published TypeScript2, and also a dynamically typed language for which static type systems, most recently Facebook announced Flow3. What impact do notably Facebook’s Flow and Microsoft’s TypeScript, have been written. What benefits do these static type systems provide? these static type systems have on code quality? More concretely, Leveraging JavaScript project histories, we select a fixed bug how many bugs could they have reported to developers? and check out the code just prior to the fix. We manually add The fact that long-running JavaScript projects have extensive type annotations to the buggy code and test whether Flow and version histories, coupled with the existence of static type TypeScript report an error on the buggy code, thereby possibly systems that support gradual typing and can be applied to prompting a developer to fix the bug before its public release. We then report the proportion of bugs on which these type systems JavaScript programs with few modifications, enables us to reported an error. under-approximately quantify the beneficial impact of static Evaluating static type systems against public bugs, which type systems on code quality. -
GNU M4, Version 1.4.7 a Powerful Macro Processor Edition 1.4.7, 23 September 2006
GNU M4, version 1.4.7 A powerful macro processor Edition 1.4.7, 23 September 2006 by Ren´eSeindal This manual is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.7, 23 September 2006), a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. Copyright c 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.” i Table of Contents 1 Introduction and preliminaries ................ 3 1.1 Introduction to m4 ............................................. 3 1.2 Historical references ............................................ 3 1.3 Invoking m4 .................................................... 4 1.4 Problems and bugs ............................................. 8 1.5 Using this manual .............................................. 8 2 Lexical and syntactic conventions ............ 11 2.1 Macro names ................................................. 11 2.2 Quoting input to m4........................................... 11 2.3 Comments in m4 input ........................................ 11 2.4 Other kinds of input tokens ................................... 12 2.5 How m4 copies input to output ................................ 12 3 How to invoke macros........................ -
UNIX Reference Card
UNlxt Reference Card distributed by Computing Information Service BELL LABORATORIES Murray Hill, N. J. 07974 compiled by Lorinda Cherry Second Edition March, 1979 TABLE OF CO~TEJIo"TS la. GENERAL UNIX COMMANDS adb general purpose debugger ...S. 21 ar archive & library maimainer. ..S as assembler. ..S at execute commands at designated time S awk pattern scanning & processing language S bas basic ...S basename strip filename affixes ...5 be arbitrary precision interactive language ... S calendar reminder service ... 5 cat concatenate & print...5 cb C program beautifier ...no arguments cc C compiler ...5 cd change working directory 5 chgrp change groupoid of files 6 . chmod change mode of files S chown change owner of files 6 cmp compare 2 files ...6 col filter reverse line feeds ...6 comm print" lines common to 2 files ...6 cp copy ...6 crypt encode/decode 6 date print or set date 6 de desk calculator 6 dd convert & copy a file ...6 deroff remove text formatting commands ...6 diff differential file comparator. ..6 dUO 3-way differential file comparison ...6 du summarize disk usage ...6 echo echo arguments ...7 ed text editor. ..7, 20 egrep full regular expression pattern search ...8 enroll enroll in secret mail...no arguments eqn typeset mathematics ...7. 29 expr evaluate arguments as expressions ...7 fT7 Fortran 77 compiler ... 7 factor factor a number ...7 false truth value ...no arguments fgrep search for a fixed pauern ...8 file determine file type ...7 find find files ...7 graph draw a graph ...7 grep search a file for a pattern ...8 join relational database operator. -
Safejava: a Unified Type System for Safe Programming
SafeJava: A Unified Type System for Safe Programming by Chandrasekhar Boyapati B.Tech. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (1996) S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1998) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2004 °c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2004. All rights reserved. Author............................................................................ Chandrasekhar Boyapati Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science February 2, 2004 Certified by........................................................................ Martin C. Rinard Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by....................................................................... Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students SafeJava: A Unified Type System for Safe Programming by Chandrasekhar Boyapati Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on February 2, 2004, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Abstract Making software reliable is one of the most important technological challenges facing our society today. This thesis presents a new type system that addresses this problem by statically preventing several important classes of programming errors. If a program type checks, we guarantee at compile time that the program -
GNU M4, Version 1.4.19 a Powerful Macro Processor Edition 1.4.19, 28 May 2021
GNU M4, version 1.4.19 A powerful macro processor Edition 1.4.19, 28 May 2021 by Ren´eSeindal, Fran¸coisPinard, Gary V. Vaughan, and Eric Blake ([email protected]) This manual (28 May 2021) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.19), a package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language. Copyright c 1989{1994, 2004{2014, 2016{2017, 2020{2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled \GNU Free Documentation License." i Table of Contents 1 Introduction and preliminaries ::::::::::::::::: 3 1.1 Introduction to m4 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.2 Historical references :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 1.3 Problems and bugs ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4 1.4 Using this manual :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 5 2 Invoking m4::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.1 Command line options for operation modes ::::::::::::::::::::: 7 2.2 Command line options for preprocessor features ::::::::::::::::: 8 2.3 Command line options for limits control ::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 2.4 Command line options for frozen state ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 2.5 Command line options for debugging :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 2.6 Specifying input files on the command line ::::::::::::::::::::: -
Programmer's Manual. the Documents Here Are Grouped
Programmer’s Manual. The documents here are grouped roughly into the areas of basics, editing, language tools, document preparation, and system maintenance. Further general information may be found in the Bell System Tech- nical Journal special issue on UNIX, July-August, 1978. Many of the documents cited within this volume as Bell Laboratories internal memoranda or Computing Science Technical Reports (CSTR) are also contained here. These documents contain occasional localisms, typically references to other operating systems like GCOS and IBM. In all cases, such references may be safely ignored by UNIX users. General Works 1.7th Edition UNIX — Summary. A concise summary of the facilities available on UNIX. 2.The UNIX Time-Sharing System. D. M. Ritchie and K. Thompson. The original UNIX paper, reprinted from CACM. Getting Started 3.UNIX for Beginners — Second Edition. B. W. Kernighan. An introduction to the most basic use of the system. 4.A Tutorial Introduction to the UNIX Text Editor. B. W. Kernighan. An easy way to get started with the editor. 5.Advanced Editing on UNIX. B. W. Kernighan. The next step. 6.An Introduction to the UNIX Shell. S. R. Bourne. An introduction to the capabilities of the command interpreter, the shell. 7.Learn — Computer Aided Instruction on UNIX. M. E. Lesk and B. W. Kernighan. Describes a computer-aided instruction program that walks new users through the basics of files, the edi- tor, and document preparation software. Document Preparation 8.Typing Documents on the UNIX System. M. E. Lesk. Describes the basic use of the formatting tools. Also describes ‘‘−ms’’, a standardized package of format- ting requests that can be used to lay out most documents (including those in this volume). -
Lint, a C Program Checker Lint, a C
Lint, a C Program Checker Fr ans Kunst Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Afstudeer verslag 18 mei 1988 Lint, a C Program Checker Fr ans Kunst Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam This document describes an implementation of a program which does an extensive consistencyand plausibility check on a set of C program files. This may lead to warnings which help the programmer to debug the program, to remove useless code and to improve his style. The program has been used to test itself and has found bugs in sources of some heavily used code. -2- Contents 1. Introduction 2. Outline of the program 3. What lint checks 3.1 Set, used and unused variables 3.2 Flowofcontrol 3.3 Functions 3.4 Undefined evaluation order 3.5 Pointer alignment problems 3.6 Libraries 4. Howlint checks 4.1 The first pass data structure 4.2 The first pass checking mechanism 4.3 The second pass data structure 4.4 The second pass checking mechanism 5. Howtomakelint shut up 6. User options 7. Ideas for further development 8. Testing the program 9. References Appendix A − The warnings Appendix B − The Ten Commandments for C programmers -3- 1. Introduction C[1][2] is a dangerous programming language. The programmer is allowed to do almost anything, as long as the syntax of the program is correct. This has a reason. In this way it is possible to makeafast compiler which produces fast code. The compiler will be fast because it doesn’tdomuch checking at com- pile time. The code is fast because the compiler doesn’tgenerate run time checks. -
On the Implementation of a Cloud-Based Computing Test Bench Environment for Prolog Systems †
information Article On the Implementation of a Cloud-Based Computing Test Bench Environment for Prolog Systems † Ricardo Gonçalves, Miguel Areias * ID and Ricardo Rocha ID CRACS & INESC TEC and Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 1021/1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (R.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † This paper is an extended version of our paper published in the Symposium on Languages, Applications and Technologies 2017. Received: 13 September 2017; Accepted: 13 October 2017; Published: 19 October 2017 Abstract: Software testing and benchmarking are key components of the software development process. Nowadays, a good practice in large software projects is the continuous integration (CI) software development technique. The key idea of CI is to let developers integrate their work as they produce it, instead of performing the integration at the end of each software module. In this paper, we extend a previous work on a benchmark suite for the YAP Prolog system, and we propose a fully automated test bench environment for Prolog systems, named Yet Another Prolog Test Bench Environment (YAPTBE), aimed to assist developers in the development and CI of Prolog systems. YAPTBE is based on a cloud computing architecture and relies on the Jenkins framework as well as a new Jenkins plugin to manage the underlying infrastructure. We present the key design and implementation aspects of YAPTBE and show its most important features, such as its graphical user interface (GUI) and the automated process that builds and runs Prolog systems and benchmarks. -
Time-Sharing System
UNIXTM TIME-SHARING SYSTEM: UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL Seventh Edition, Volume 2B January, 1979 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Murray Hill, New Jersey Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler Stephen C. Johnson Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 ABSTRACT Computer program input generally has some structure; in fact, every computer program that does input can be thought of as de®ning an ``input language'' which it accepts. An input language may be as complex as a programming language, or as sim- ple as a sequence of numbers. Unfortunately, usual input facilities are limited, dif®cult to use, and often are lax about checking their inputs for validity. Yacc provides a general tool for describing the input to a computer program. The Yacc user speci®es the structures of his input, together with code to be invoked as each such structure is recognized. Yacc turns such a speci®cation into a subroutine that handles the input process; frequently, it is convenient and appropriate to have most of the ¯ow of control in the user's application handled by this subroutine. The input subroutine produced by Yacc calls a user-supplied routine to return the next basic input item. Thus, the user can specify his input in terms of individual input characters, or in terms of higher level constructs such as names and numbers. The user-supplied routine may also handle idiomatic features such as comment and con- tinuation conventions, which typically defy easy grammatical speci®cation. Yacc is written in portable C. The class of speci®cations accepted is a very gen- eral one: LALR(1) grammars with disambiguating rules. -
Oral History of Brian Kernighan
Oral History of Brian Kernighan Interviewed by: John R. Mashey Recorded April 24, 2017 Princeton, NJ CHM Reference number: X8185.2017 © 2017 Computer History Museum Oral History of Brian Kernighan Mashey: Well, hello, Brian. It’s great to see you again. Been a long time. So we’re here at Princeton, with Brian Kernighan, and we want to go do a whole oral history with him. So why don’t we start at the beginning. As I recall, you’re Canadian. Kernighan: That is right. I was born in Toronto long ago, and spent my early years in the city of Toronto. Moved west to a small town, what was then a small town, when I was in the middle of high school, and then went to the University of Toronto for my undergraduate degree, and then came here to Princeton for graduate school. Mashey: And what was your undergraduate work in? Kernighan: It was in one of these catch-all courses called Engineering Physics. It was for people who were kind of interested in engineering and math and science and didn’t have a clue what they wanted to actually do. Mashey: <laughs> So how did you come to be down here? Kernighan: I think it was kind of an accident. It was relatively unusual for people from Canada to wind up in the United States for graduate school at that point, but I thought I would try something different and so I applied to six or seven different schools in the United States, got accepted at some of them, and then it was a question of balancing things like, “Well, they promised that they would get you out in a certain number of years and they promised that they would give you money,” but the question is whether, either that was true or not and I don’t know. -
Lab Manual of Compiler Design
LAB MANUAL OF COMPILER DESIGN Department of Electronics & Computer Engg. Dronacharya College Of Engineering Khentawas, Gurgaon – 123506 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS S. No. AIM OF EXPERIMENT 1. STUDY OF LEX AND YACC TOOLS. 2 TO CONVERT REGULAR EXPRESSION INTO NFA. 3 WAP TO FIND FIRST IN CFG. 4. WAP TO FIND STRING IS KEYWORD OR NOT. 5. WAP TO FIND STRING IS IDENTIFIER OR NOT. 6. WAP TO FIND STRING IS CONSTANT OR NOT. 7. WAP TO COUNT NO. OF WHITESPACES AND NEWLINE. 8. WAP TO GENERATE TOKENS FOR THE GIVEN GRAMMER. 9. AN ALGO TO CONVERT NFA TO DFA. 10. AN ALGO FOR MINIMIZING OF DFA. 11. WAP TO CHECK STRING IS IN GRAMMER OR NOT. 12. WAP TO CALCULATE LEADING FOR ALL NON TERMINALS . 13. WAP TO CALCULATE TRAILING FOR ALL NON TERMINALS . PROGRAM NO:-1 PRACTICE OF LEX/YACC OF COMPILER WRITING A compiler or interpreter for a programming language is often decomposed into two parts: 1. Read the source program and discover its structure. 2. Process this structure, e.g. to generate the target program. Lex and Yacc can generate program fragments that solve the first task. The task of discovering the source structure again is decomposed into subtasks: 1. Split the source file into tokens (Lex). 2. Find the hierarchical structure of the program (Yacc). Lex - A Lexical Analyzer Generator Lex is a program generator designed for lexical processing of character input streams. It accepts a high-level, problem oriented specification for character string matching, and produces a program in a general purpose language which recognizes regular expressions.