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This Issue of on Politics Was Printed on Coast Salish Territories. the On OP The University of Victoria Undergraduate Journal of Political Science Volume 14 Issue No.1 Winter 2020 This issue of On Politics was printed on Coast Salish Territories. The On Politics Team acknowledges with respect the Lekwungen peoples on whose traditional territory the university stands and the Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continue to this day. The Journal On Politics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Victoria Undergraduates of Political Science. It aims to encourage and facilitate undergraduate scholarship by providing students and recent graduates with a unique opportunity to have their work published in a formal medium. The editors of this journal are drawn from the undergraduate student body. Submissions are welcomed from students during our call for papers each semester. On Politics strives to publish writing from a variety of theoretical perspectives, both intra- and interdisciplinary, with a particular focus in uplifting marginalized voices and to showcase emerging undergraduate scholars at the University of Victoria. Although published articles are typically found within the realm of political science, we welcome political work from all fields of study. We especially encourage students from adjacent disciplines to submit, acknowledging the existence of a vast body of political work that crosses beyond the disciplinary boundaries of academia. Copyright © 2020 Contributors grant On Politics the right of first publication but retain copyright of their work. Articles will also be published online through the University of Victoria Journal Publishing Service. This issue’s cover and layout was done through the joint efforts of Rowan Mackenzie Zouboules and Michael John Lo. Contributors to On Politics agree to release their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International license. Those interested may share material within the journal in any medium or format and may adapt the journal’s content. Sharing adaptation must attribute the work to On Politics and the authors of the affected articles. For more details contact [email protected]. On Politics does not reserve the right to exclusive distribution of published work. Contributors may enter into additional arrangements provided that first publication in On Politics is acknowledged. Table of Contents Foreword ...................................................................................... 9 Dr. Chris Kilford Examining the Effects of Violence and Nonviolence in Indigenous Direct Action ......................................................... 11 The Red Power Movement and Idle No More Dorothy Hodgins Beyond the Blockade ............................................................... 32 How Social Media has Changed the Face of Resistance Laura Smith of Contents Table A Perspective on Identity and Conflict ................................... 48 The Ba'athist State's Sectarianizing Imperatives in Syria Hamza Badsha Political Dissidence or Threat of Disintegration ................... 62 The Impacts of the Migrant Crisis on Potential European Disintegration Keiran Ellis Between Petroleum and Paris ................................................. 75 Canadian Foreign Policy, Liberal Instituitionalism, and the Paris Agreement James Mager 3 A statement of solidarity and action on combating systemic racism from our undergraduate academic community September 3rd, 2020 Academic spaces have historically been white-centered, patriarchal, and ableist. This bias continues to be reflected in the silence and tokenistic gestures of our academic institutions, and what they actually do to BIPOC bodies and the citizens of the Global South, their ways of knowing, and their cultures. The events of 2020 have uncovered the exploitation that underpins our society in ways that would be irresponsible for us to ignore. While we recognize the inherent limitations of academic spaces, we refuse to stay passive as voices are systemically silenced within our own system. We commit to using our influence as publishers of student work to privilege BIPOC perspectives. As we embark on this intentional anti-racist work on the unceded territories of the Lekwungen and WSÁNEĆ peoples, we commit to action as allies and conspirators in the fight against a deeply unequal status quo and to unlearning the harmful practices that we have internalized by living in these systems. This year, we pledge to: – Reject literature submissions that can be weaponized against marginalized voices. – Actively seek and promote BIPOC leadership within our own organizations. – Hire and properly compensate BIPOC persons whenever possible in our work. – Publish and encourage the production of papers On Politics Volume 14, Issue 1 Issue 14, Volume Politics On with diverse perspectives from outside the Western canon and the colonial narratives of the status quo. We hope that this letter inspires and encourages diversity within our journals—not only in content and perspective but also in leadership. We ask you to walk with us and hold us accountable to the anti-racist and decolonial work to which we are committing. 4 Contributors Hamza Badsha is a fifth-year History student with a minor in Business in his final semester. His areas of interest include Indian Muslim history, broader Islamic religious history and theology, and all things South Asia. His most fond aspect of life at UVic outside of academics has been volunteering with UVic’s World University Services Canada (WUSC) local student committee. Keiran Ellis is a third-year student majoring in political science with a minor in philosophy. Her areas of study include international relations, international law, and critical race theory. She is also devoted to studying areas of social justice in politics through her research to voice the struggles of equity-seeking groups. She is grateful to have this opportunity to be published in Vol. 14 of the OnPol publication. Dorothy Hodgins is in her fifth year at UVIC pursuing a double major in Environmental Studies and Political Science and Solidarity Statement & Contributors minoring in Indigenous Studies. Passionate about intersectional climate justice, she enjoys directing her academic knowledge towards volunteer initiatives in the community. Outside of her studies, she enjoys reading and learning from the decolonial work of Leanne Betasamosake Simpson (Michi Saagiig Nishnaabeg) and Lee Maracle (Sto:lo). James Mager is a fourth-year undergraduate student focusing on political science and environmental studies. His major interests include political theory, analytic philosophy, and law. Outside of school you can find him on his bike or near the ocean. He cannot stop talking about climate change. Laura Smith is a fourth-year student majoring in Political Science with a minor in Professional Communications. Her main areas of interest include the impact media has on politics, and vice versa, as well as international relations with particular focus on Eastern Europe. She also produces a bi-weekly news podcast at the Martlet and is involved with UVic’s Model UN Club. 5 Editors Sage Blumstengel is passionate about environmental and Indigenous politics, and is coming to the end of her undergrad with a double major in environmental studies and political science. She is looking forward to editing some really amazing papers this year, as well as working with some awesome people! Lily Jones is a fourth-year Political Science student with a minor in Global Development Studies. Lily’s primary interests are in exploring structures of oppression and theories of injustice. Lily is currently writing her honors thesis on how stigma interacts with legislation governing prostitute autonomy. Rowan Zouboules is a fifth-year Political Science Student and policy nerd with publication credits in Global Public Health Journal and Health and Social Care in the Community. They previously worked as a research assistant for the University of Toronto’s Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, and for the Workers’ Safety and Compensation Commission of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Rowan brings academic knowledge in publishing, research methods, copy-editing, and literary critique to support students in their writing. Academic accessibility is of particular interest to them, and they are looking forward to collaborating with classmates this upcoming year. Dorothy Poon is a fourth-year Honours Sociology student who is also working towards a minor in Professional Communications. She is particularly interested in the sociopolitical dimensions of migration patterns, transnationalism, and identity construction. On Politics Volume 14, Issue 1 Issue 14, Volume Politics On Dorothy is excited to work with a team of talented undergraduate writers and student editors to make this year’s OnPol journal the best it can be! 6 Editorial Assistants Saiyah Aujla is a first-year political science student. Her interests are currently in international relations and political theory. She’s stoked to be part of the team this year and can’t wait to showcase some awesome papers. Malanya Gaudet is a first-year political science student that’s excited to work with On Politics's amazing editorial team this year! Proof Readers Dante André-Kahan Katy Berglund Olivia T Brown Team Editors & Editorial Aza Bryson Mary Heeg Seamus Lim-Heley Joyce Ma Editor-in-Chief Michael John Lo is in his third year of majoring in Political Science major and minoring in Journalism. He is interested
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