Land South of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley

NOVEMBER 2019 | JWA | P17-2919 | FINAL

LAND SOUTH OF HOLLY LANE, GREAT WYRLEY

PRELIMINARY LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL APPRAISAL

ON BEHALF OF WALLACE LAND INVESTMENTS AND JAMES GEORGE

WALLACE

5 The Priory, Old London Road, Canwell, Sutton Coldfield, B75 5SH T 0121 308 9570 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 3

2. APPROACH 5

3. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL BASELINE 7

4. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ANALYSIS 18

5. PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE STRATEGY 22

6. GREEN BELT APPRAISAL 25

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 33

FIGURES

Figure 1 Topography

Figure 2 Landscape Character

Figure 3 Viewpoint Locations and PROW

Figure 4 Viewpoint Photographs 1 to 8

Figure 5 Landscape and Visual Analysis

Figure 6 Preliminary Development and Landscape Strategy

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1. INTRODUCTION

Terms of reference

1.1. Pegasus Group have been instructed by Wallace Land Investments and James George Wallace (“Wallace”) to undertake a preliminary appraisal of landscape and visual matters in relation to land south of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley, South Staffordshire, in support of representations being made to the South Staffordshire Local Plan ‘Spatial Housing Strategy & Infrastructure Delivery’ consultation.

1.2. This preliminary landscape and visual appraisal (PLVA) has been undertaken to determine the various landscape and visual constraints and opportunities regarding the wider site area and its context, how these might serve to influence the potential for development in respect of a strategic masterplan, and to influence an inherent landscape strategy as part of that masterplan.

1.3. The PLVA also considers matters related to Green Belt in respect of the influence of landscape and visual aspects on informing appropriate boundaries to potential Green Belt release.

1.4. Additional information and a more detailed description on the physical components, landscape character and visual amenity of the site and study area are set out in later sections of this PLVA.

Site overview

1.5. The site is located on the southern edge of Great Wyrley and Landywood and comprises ca. 25ha of agricultural land that is divided broadly down its centre by the north to south alignment of the ‘Chase Line’ railway. The overall site area is contained by the existing settlement edge of Landywood and Great Wyrley to the west, north and east, but is more open to the south, where the boundary of the site is defined by a local watercourse.

1.6. The northern edge of the wider site is defined by the existing settlement edge, including the interface associated with Holly Lane which incorporates both residential areas and smaller scale industrial/commercial units.

1.7. The eastern boundary of the wider site is defined by the grounds of Landywood Primary School (including playing fields) with other parts of the eastern edge, staggered, abutting a pocket of landscape between the site and the route of the A34 and including off site blocks of mature tree and woodland planting.

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1.8. The southern boundary to the site is defined by the route of a local water course which is coincidental with a shallow valley formation that is broadly aligned from west to east. This physical boundary is further reinforced by the sinuous pattern of tree and woodlands that line the corridor of the watercourse.

1.9. The western edge of the wider site is irregular in plan form as it is defined broadly by the route of the local road network (at Strawberry Lane) and is consequently aligned along a south-west to north-east aspect, before merging with the existing settlement pattern of Landywood at Holly Lane. This edge of the wider site is further reinforced by existing hedgerows and tree and woodland belts that tend to line the local road network.

1.10. The wider site is sub-divided into a series of enclosures, with the existing railway and hedgerow field boundaries compartmentalising different parts of the site.

1.11. The wider landscape context surrounding the site is characterised by the interface between the settlement edge of Great Wyrley, the surrounding landscape context, and where this extends to meet the closest area of settlement to the south at Bloxwich (which forms the fringe of the wider West Midlands conurbation at this point). This includes the transition between agricultural landscapes and areas of restored mineral and coal workings and how these interact with the scattered settlement pattern, and extensive transport infrastructure (including utilities, highways and railways) that cross the area.

1.12. Additional information and a more detailed description on the physical components, landscape character and visual amenity of the site and study area are set out in later sections of this PLVA.

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2. APPROACH

Overview

2.1. The approach and methodology used for this PLVA has been developed using best practice guidance, as set out in the following documents:

• Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management and Assessment (2013) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, 3rd Edition; • Natural England (2014) An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment; • Landscape Institute Advice Note 1/11 Photography and Photomontages Guidance; and • Landscape Institute Technical Guidance Note 06/19 (September 2019) Visual Representation of Development Proposals.

2.2. Reference has also been made to additional sources of data and information; these are referred to in the relevant sections of the baseline information. Supporting drawings have also been produced as part of this PLVA and are included as Figures 1 to 6.

Level of assessment

2.3. Principles and good practice for undertaking landscape and visual impact assessment are set out in the Landscape Institute (LI) and the Institute of Environmental Management (IEMA) Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment, Third Edition (2013).

2.4. The third edition of the Guidelines for Visual Impact Assessment (GLVIA3) acknowledges that landscape and visual impact assessment (LVIA) can be carried out either as a standalone assessment or as part of a broader EIA. The GLVIA3 note that the overall principles and core steps in the process are the same but that there are specific procedures in EIA with which an LVIA must comply.

2.5. This report has been prepared as a preliminary appraisal of landscape and visual constraints and opportunities. The report addresses matters of individual landscape resources, landscape character areas/types and representative viewpoints. The PLVA draws on professional judgement in relation to sensitivity of receptors (both landscape and visual), the nature of impacts and consequential likely effects. This process informs judgements on a landscape mitigation strategy which will avoid, reduce or remedy adverse impacts.

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2.6. Landscape features and elements provide the physical environment for flora and fauna and the associated importance of biodiversity assets. This PLVA does not consider the value, susceptibility or importance on ecology and biodiversity, nor does it consider impacts from an ecological stance.

2.7. Heritage assets such as Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas all contribute to the overall present-day landscape character, context and setting of an area. These aspects have been given consideration in the PLVA in terms of physical landscape resources (for example trees and hedgerows) and landscape character. However, this PLVA does not address the historic significance, importance or potential impacts on heritage assets and designations; these assets are assessed in the context of landscape and visual matters only.

Collating baseline information

2.8. To capture a comprehensive description of the baseline position for landscape and visual receptors, information has been collated using a process of desk study and field survey work.

2.9. The desk study includes reference to published landscape character studies and other published policy documents relevant to landscape and visual matters.

2.10. Field survey work was completed during November 2019. A series of representative photographs were taken with a digital camera with a 50mm lens (equivalent focal length) at approximately 1.8 metres in height. These are presented as a series of representative viewpoints and have been used to inform both the landscape and, separately, visual assessment (included as Figure 4, Viewpoint Photographs 1 to 8).

Consideration of effects

2.11. Having established the relevant baseline position, the appraisal process then considers landscape receptors and visual receptors, specifically in response to the nature of the proposed development in question, it identifies the nature of potential impacts and consequently, how these can inform an iterative approach to design and mitigation.

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3. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL BASELINE

3.1. The following section describes the individual components of the physical landscape that are present in the study area. These have been described to establish an understanding of the specific landscape baseline, including individual elements and more distinctive features which together contribute to landscape character.

Landscape related designations

3.2. The site and study area are not subject to any specific statutory or non-statutory landscape planning designations. The site and wider landscape context is included in the West Midlands Green Belt which bears some relevance to landscape and visual matters. Other related designations present in the wider study area include:

• Ancient Woodland – including several woodland blocks to the north of Essington and ca. 1.2km to the west of the site; • Listed Buildings – including Grade II Landywood Farmhouse (outside of the site toward its north-western corner), with other listed buildings scattered across the wider landscape context; • Roughwood Country Park (ca. 2.8km to the south and generally separated from the site by the urban edge of Bloxwich); and • The Wyrley and Essington Canal Local Nature Reserve (close to the south-western corner of the site) with access to the LNR off Strawberry Lane, providing a recreational Long Lane.

3.3. In general, these designations are separated from the site physically and visually by the combined influence of landform, vegetation and existing built form. Whilst they have some relevance to considerations of sensitivity of the wider character of the landscape, they are not considered further in terms of this PLVA.

3.4. These matters are considered in the analysis of constraints and opportunities.

Physical landscape resources

Landform

3.5. The landform of the site slopes from ca. +158m above ordnance datum (AOD) at the existing settlement edge, down to ca. +144m AOD close to the local watercourse. Across the site and face of the overall slope, there are a series of shallow undulations. The north- eastern most part of the site is slightly elevated and more prominent relative to the

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surrounding local landscape (although this is also due in part to the vegetation structure in this part of the site).

3.6. In the wide landscape context, the site is located in an area whereby landform is characterised by a series of broad, relatively shallow undulations which create localised variations. A slightly more pronounced change in topography is present to the south, east and south-west of the site, where landform falls toward a series of ponds, local watercourses and the route of the Wyrley and Essington Canal (refer to Figure 1, Topography).

Hydrology and water features

3.7. Waterbodies are present on site but tend to be limited to small field parcels and drainage ditches located in the areas to the west of the rail line. A local stream forms the southern boundary of the site and flows broadly in a west to east direction, forming a tributary to the ‘Wash Brook’ further east.

3.8. In the wider landscape, notwithstanding scattered field ponds and drainage ditches present across the agricultural enclosures, the main water bodies include the Wyrley and Essington Canal, as well as sections of the canal that are disused and now form part of the local nature reserve.

Land use

3.9. The site comprises several areas of agricultural land, predominantly in use for grazing and pasture.

3.10. Land use in the wider landscape is varied and complex, including mixed agricultural land (both pastoral and arable field enclosures), with a small to medium scale network of regular hedged field enclosures, with occasional blocks of woodland/woodland belts. Some ‘transitionary’ areas are also present where large scale earth moving operations are taking place (including quarrying), together with some other smaller areas of landscape, yet to be restored following former coal workings; amenity landscape such as golf courses and cemeteries are also present.

Vegetation patterns

3.11. On site the vegetation patterns are dominated by the linear network of hedgerow field b9udanries that divide the site. Along the rail line tree cover comprises linear tree belts, particularly in the northern section, closer to Holly Lane. Variation in the geometric field

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pattern across the site is present in the more sinuous line of vegetation that is aligned with the watercourse and southern boundary of the site.

3.12. In the wider landscape vegetation patterns comprise the managed hedgerows associated with the mixed agricultural land uses. Woodland cover is frequent in the form of small- scale woodland blocks and/or tree belts, some of which appear to have been fragmented by the transport routes. Woodland cover is also prevalent to the south-west of the site, between Long Lane and Old Landywood Lane.

Public access

3.13. There is no define, formal public access to the site itself (in terms of PROW). Immediately adjacent to the site, access is available along Holly Lane, within the school site and along the footway of the local nature reserve. Otherwise the site is relatively remote.

3.14. In the surrounding landscape public access is relatively sparse in terms of recreation and PROW; with no routes available between Landywood and Long Lane, nor in the landscape further south of Long Lane to the settlement edge of Bloxwich. West of the site several PROW pass through more wooded landscapes between Upper Landywood, Springhill and Warstone. East of the site there are several PROW which connect the eastern edge of Great Wyrley to Little Wyrley and Pelsall; this includes the Beacon Way and the Forest of Mercia Trail, recreational routes.

Development and transport patterns

3.15. The site is located directly adjacent to the southern edge of Landywood and the northern parts of the site are enclosed by the existing urban built form (including residential, commercial/industrial and school site). Notwithstanding the smaller pocket of landscape immediately to the east of the site, the landscape context of site is also more generally bounded by the route of the A34, which runs broadly north/south through the area. Transport patterns across this part of the landscape include the route of the Chase Line railway, as it departs the settlement edge of Landywood, toward Bloxwich. The appearance of this railway line has changed relatively recently, with the presence of overhead gantries to support electrical lines, together with metal palisade security fencing along it.

3.16. In the surrounding landscape the physical break between several nearby settlement edges (including Bloxwich, Essington and Upper Landywood) is characterised by intermittent and scattered farmsteads, sports pavilions and private properties. Smaller linear (‘ribbon’) settlements are also a characteristic of the wider area, including Springhill

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and Newtown. The local road network comprises a mix of B and C class roads connecting the main settlement areas. These are crossed by more substantial road and transport infrastructure, including the A34, A462, the M6 and the railway.

Prominent or detracting features

3.17. The proximity of the site to the settlement edge (which includes the density of the residential estates, commercial/industrial areas and the built form of the school site), the creates a ‘balanced’ combination of built form and adjacent vegetation, however with some parts of the settlement more prominent, including the school buildings.

3.18. Overall, the wider landscape is of mixed character, with pockets of mixed agriculture set amongst a mosaic of restored sites (with extensive woodland planting or amenity uses). These areas are relatively ‘ordinary’ in their character and appearance generally and then further influenced by detracting features such as the railway line (having greater prominence due to overhead gantries and security fencing), large scale overhead power lines and small pockets of part-restored (or unrestored) landscape. The highways corridor of the A34, and further afield the M6, are also major features in the wider landscape.

Landscape character

3.19. Reference has been made to published guidance on landscape character for the area. The site is located in the following landscape character types/areas (refer to Figure 2, Landscape Character):

• NCA 67 Cannock Chase and Cank Wood; and • County level - 'Planning for Landscape Change (Staffordshire County Council) - Coalfield Farmlands LCT.

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Plate 1: Summary of landscape character hierarchy

National Landscape Character NCA 67 Cannock Chase and Cank Wood

Staffordshire Landscape Character Assessment Coalfield Farmlands LCT (sub type - farmland)

Local Landscape Character Site in its immediate context

3.20. The following sections set out a summary of the characteristics relevant to the site and study area.

National landscape character

3.21. At a national level, the site is situated within the National Character Area (NCA) 67, Cannock Chase and Cank Wood1. Where relevant to the site and its landscape context, the key characteristics of NCA 67 are summarised as follows:

• A varied landscape ranging from the open heathlands and plantations of Cannock Chase, through towns, reclaimed mining sites and new developments, to dense urban areas; • The dominant rounded central plateau is mainly formed of the Coal Measures of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, with other prominent hills in the south at Wren’s Nest, Castle Hill, Rowley Hills and Barr Beacon; • Extensive coniferous plantations, woodlands and historic parklands occur across the NCA, even within the urban areas where they are predominantly small and include lots of young plantations; • Away from the unenclosed landscape of Cannock Chase, fields generally have a regular pattern and are frequently enclosed by mature hedgerows with some hedgerow trees. Here farming is generally mixed with arable cultivation in large fields. Livery is concentrated around the flanks of the Chase;

1 Natural England, National Character Area 67: Cannock Chase and Cank Wood (NE347) (updated 2015)

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• Heathland and associated acid grassland were once much more extensive, although significant tracts still remain. Post-industrial sites and remnant countryside within the urban areas provide a mosaic of additional valuable habitats; • The major rivers of the Trent and Tame lie adjacent to the NCA, both of which lie in broad flood plains. Streams and small rivers such as the Sow and the Penk drain radially from the higher ground into these rivers; • The canal network is a notable feature and contributes significantly to the drainage of the urban areas; • Industrial archaeology from the industrial revolution is a characteristic feature; • The predominant building material of the 19th and early 20th century buildings is red brick, with more modern structures within the urban areas; • The settlement pattern is complex and contrasting, with some areas densely populated and others relatively sparse. The conurbation includes a mosaic of urban areas, former industrial land and patches of farmland, with an extensive urban fringe; and • The extensive networks of canals and railways reflect the industrial history of the area. Major roads include the M6, the M6 Toll and the A5.

3.22. The guidance includes ‘statements of environmental opportunity for the NCA, which include:

3.23. “SEO 2: Manage, enhance and expand the network of green infrastructure, such as woodlands, restored mining sites, parklands and canal routes, to increase biodiversity, access and recreational use and increase understanding of the area’s rich industrial heritage, particularly geodiversity.”

3.24. Given the scale of the NCA these components are likely to be represented across the wider context of the NCA. Consequently, in the context of the scale of the NCA and relationship between the site and the adjacent settlement and infrastructure, changes at a site level will be small scale and not likely to impact upon landscape character as defined by the NCAs.

3.25. In order to complete a more detailed appraisal of potential landscape and visual issues, reference has been made to the published landscape character assessment prepared at a finer grain and more local scale.

3.26. These characteristics are considered in the analysis of landscape and visual constraints.

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County Landscape Character

3.27. At the county level, the landscape character of the study area is described in detail within Staffordshire County Council's 'Planning for Landscape Change' (2000). Originally a Supplementary Planning Document, it no longer forms part of the planning policy, however they remain relevant as useful background information and baseline appraisal.

3.28. At this level the study area sits within a transitional area of landscape character, the published assessment defining two broad types of landscape character, including the ‘Settled Plateau Farmland Slopes’ (to the west of the study area), and the ‘Coalfield Farmlands’ (to the east); the site is located within the latter of these, within a sub-type of ‘Farmlands’. The urban extent of the settlement forms part of the variation and transition between these two landscape types.

3.29. The ‘Settled Plateau Farmland Slopes’ LCT is characterised by the gently rolling landform with more pronounced slopes and undulations in places, allowing medium and long distance views across to urban edges or surrounding landscapes. The published assessment list characteristic landscape features as irregular fields, narrow winding lanes, hedgerow oaks an irregular pattern of mixed hedges and red brick farm buildings set within a rolling landform of mixed arable and pasture farming – the published assessment also notes the presence of busy main roads, urban expansion, railways, quarries and power lines as incongruous landscape features.

3.30. The site is located within Landscape Character Type (LCT) 'Coalfield Farmlands', which encompasses an extensive area of landscape that extends between the north-eastern edge of the Wolverhampton conurbation (including Wednesfield), towards Cannock and Burntwood/Brownhills, and thereafter between Burntwood and Lichfield. The area to the north of Bloxwich is also defined as the Coalfield Farmlands LCT, but as a variant sub type of 'Farmland' (refer to Figure 2, Landscape Character).

3.31. The guidance describes the visual character of the LCT sub type as follows:

3.32. "These are sparsely wooded landscapes of former mining villages and small to medium sized hedged fields on undulating plateaux close to large population centres. The shales, sandstones and clays of the coal measures give rise to non-calcareous stagnogley soils, which would originally have supported acid grassland and wet heath. The predominant land use is now mainly stock rearing. Many areas have been subject to extensive opencast coal mining and clay winning and the distinction between these areas and those

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that have been less abruptly modified forms the basis of a subdivision into landscape character sub-types.”

3.33. Several factors which are critical in the limitation of landscape quality for the LCT are identified in the guidance as:

• a decline in the condition of some of the characteristic landscape features; • the poor survival of historic elements that contribute to landscape character, such as field, settlement and road patterns; and • and the poor representation of characteristic semi-natural vegetation such as acid grassland and wet heath.

3.34. Incongruous landscape features are noted as: derelict land; busy roads; industrial estates; urban edges; and, old industrial artefacts.

3.35. Guidelines for the LCT in relation to tree and woodland planting note that large areas of additional woodland would impact on existing field patterns and potentially block views through the landscape.

3.36. The benefit of the more local level assessment of the LCA over the broader NCA guidance (from Natural England) is that it undertakes the assessment of landscape character at a more detailed level. Therefore, the finer grain of analysis accounts for the context of the wider landscape and places the site in a more specifically defined area of character.

South Staffordshire Council, Landscape Sensitivity Study

3.37. At a more local level the landscape around Great Wyrley and Cheslyn Hay has been considered as part of a Landscape Sensitivity Study (prepared in 2015 and updated in 2017). The study has considered the sensitivity of landscape areas on settlement edges to housing development.

3.38. The findings of the sensitivity assessment suggest that, in landscape terms, the most sensitive parts of the landscape are the areas between Great Wyrley and Cheslyn Hay. The site, along with a larger area to the south, is located within a parcel defined as GW6. This parcel, along with GW5 to the east (up to the A34), are each defined as ‘medium’ sensitivity; land to the east of the A34 (parcel GW4) is defined as low sensitivity.

3.39. The study defines such sensitivity as either having ‘some potential to accommodate housing development in some situations without significant character change or adverse

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effects and that thresholds for significant change are intermediate’ and that thresholds for significant change are intermediate.

3.40. In landscape terms the site is located within an area that has potential for housing development and consequently, landscape sensitivity matters do not form an absolute constraint for the site, but instead can be used to influence the design process of an emerging masterplan. Consequently, the landscape character and sensitivity studies are considered in relation to the landscape strategy for the site, as described later in this PLVA.

Visual baseline

3.41. This section provides a description of the nature and extent of the existing views from, towards and between the site and the surrounding area. It also includes reference to specific locations that will potentially be subject to potential impacts arising from proposed development of the site.

3.42. Establishing the specific nature of these views provides an understanding of the context and setting of representative viewpoints and the nature of views in terms of distance, angle of view, and seasonal constraints associated with specific visual receptors. The identification of key sensitive receptors and links to the representative viewpoint are carried forward to the appraisal process (refer to Figure 3, Viewpoint Locations and PROW and Figure 4, Viewpoint Photographs 1 to 8).

3.43. Views included in this PLVA have been selected to represent a range of receptors from a variety of distances and geographical directions from the site. This approach: provides an understanding of the landscape and the areas or locations from where potential development may be visible; tests specific locations as to the extent of potential visibility; and finally, the viewpoints provide a useful illustration to give an understanding of the local landscape character.

Overview

3.44. The visual envelope is the area of landscape from which a site or a proposed development will potentially be visible. It accounts for general judgements on the theoretical visibility of a site or proposed development and sets a broad context for the study area within which to address landscape and visual impacts.

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3.45. The extent of a visual envelope will be influenced by the physical landscape components of an area, such as hedgerows, woodlands or buildings and can also be influenced by distance from a site.

3.46. The broad visual envelope for the site is defined as follows:

• To the north, the visibility of the site is restricted by the existing settlement edge of Landywood. The north-western field parcel is contained to the north, west and south by residential development and to the east by the rail line – associated vegetation filters views however occasional views from Holy Lane are available. The north-eastern parcel is restricted by the industrial/commercial built form, however filtered views into the field parcel are available along the northern boundary of Holly Lane, which is defined by broken lengths of hedgerow with mature trees; • To the east, views to the site are generally restricted by the combined influence of vegetation and landform which serve to restrict inter-visibility with the wider landscape. A general lack of public access (via PROW) also limits availability of views. The existing school buildings also partially screen views to the site form the east; • To the south, there are views toward the wider extent of the site from Long Lane, however further south (toward Bloxwich) views to the site tend to be screened by the combined influence of landform and vegetation. A lack of public access (in terms of PROW) also limits available views; and • To the west, views of the site tend to be limited by the more extensive tree and woodland cover. There tends to be a better network of PROW in this area, however the combination of landform and vegetation tends to screen views. Some short distance views from the Wyrley and Essington Canal LNR are available, limited to the northern section and the sections closer to Long Land are situated in a deeper cutting.

3.47. Overall, considering the wider site area there is limited visibility to the site. Notwithstanding this, [proposals for an emerging masterplan will need to consider the different parts of the site and context of the existing settlement edge in order that the perception of the settlement does not unduly increase.

3.48. Proposals for some form of built development would introduce elements that are situated above the existing ground plane of the site and consequently may be more visible from the local and wider landscape. The difference in the visual envelope of the ground plane of the site and the potential visibility of built elements is considered through the process

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of desk study and field survey work, and using professional judgement, subsequently appraised in relation to any likely visual effects.

3.49. Overall, views of the site area (and likely views of proposed development within this area) are likely to be limited to the site itself and the immediate context of the site. Such views can be addressed through appropriate mitigation, as considered in the following sections.

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4. LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL ANALYSIS

4.1. This section comprises an analysis of the landscape and visual attributes of the site and its context. This includes an analysis the role of the site in the local landscape context, highlighting pertinent points where relevant; and the subsequent identification of the key (development) constraints and opportunities in landscape and visual terms.

4.2. Green Belt matters are considered as part of the constraints and opportunities, whoever more detailed appraisal of the role of the site in respect of the Green Belt is provided in the following section of this PLVA.

Landscape and Visual Analysis

4.3. The contextual landscape and visual analysis can be summarised as follows:

• The site comprises a relatively ‘ordinary’ part of landscape that includes some positive attributes, but is also influenced by a number detracting features; • Across the site there are different levels of physical and visual containment – the northern part of the site is, on the whole, consistent with the existing settlement edge however the parcels to the west of the rail line are contained more strongly than those to the east, despite both being relatively elevated positions; • The southern part of the site sits lower within the landscape and physical containment is increased by virtue of the shallow valley formation – the southern boundary of the site comprises a sinuous linear belt of vegetation, aligned with a watercourse, which together form an enduring physical feature in the landscape; • In terms of scale, layout and as a landscape characteristic, the hedgerow field pattern contributes to the local landscape character and should be used positively to influence the layout and massing of the masterplan; • The north-eastern corner of the site is elevated relative to the surrounding landscape and there are filtered views across this to the landscape to the south; • Overall visibility to the site from the surrounding landscape is limited – in the main this is due to the combined influence of vegetation and landform, screening views from many vantage points (albeit that higher sensitivity vantage points are relatively limited anyway); • The rail line is relatively prominent in the local landscape context, particularly given the gantries and overhead power lines which tend to protrude above the surrounding field patterns, making it more visible and its linear form more apparent; and

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• The local road network on the north-western and western edges of the site comprises a series of narrow winding lanes, often lined by hedgerows with mature hedgerow trees – these are reflective of the local landscape character.

4.4. The analysis described above is illustrated on Figure 5, Landscape and Visual Analysis.

Development Proposals

4.5. The site is being promoted for residential development in relation to the South Staffordshire Local Plan ‘Spatial Housing Strategy & Infrastructure Delivery’ consultation.

4.6. This PLVA assumes a typical approach whereby a residential masterplan would incorporate a residential layout, associated infrastructure and public open space (including green infrastructure). Given the proximity of the existing school site there is also scope for considering this facility in relation to opportunities of the masterplan.

4.7. Considering landscape and visual matters at the early stage of the process enables related constraints and opportunities to be considered as part of the design process and to embed mitigation within the design (including green infrastructure and open space); this enables the proposals to be integrated with the local landscape context and avoid or minimise potential impacts on landscape and visual receptors.

4.8. On this basis, the proposals considered in this PLVA include the delivery of a sustainable, residential-led masterplan in the landscape on the edge of Landywood and Great Wyrley which address the site-specific context.

4.9. To inform judgements on the capacity of any given landscape to accommodate specific types of development (without an undue degree of landscape and visual impact) it is necessary to understand the nature and characteristics of the type of development proposed.

4.10. This section of the PLVA considers the specific type of development proposed (i.e. residential led development) and the nature of the impacts that are likely to occur; thereafter it draws the landscape and visual baseline information together and summarises the key constraints and opportunities in the existing landscape and incorporates these as part of an early strategy for development and mitigation.

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Likely Causes of Impact

4.11. Temporary impacts during construction will occur due to site clearance and accommodation works (including limited vegetation clearance where required), construction activity, construction compounds, earthworks and early phase infrastructure.

4.12. Permanent impacts relate to the built form of residential development, incorporating highways infrastructure. Other, positive impacts, will relate to mitigation integrated into the proposed development (i.e. green infrastructure and strategic landscaping), including retained trees, hedgerows, open space provision, SUDs and attenuation areas and new planting.

Constraints and Opportunities

4.13. In the context of the likely impacts the following key constraints and opportunities have been identified during the landscape and visual analysis (including reference to field work and to landscape character guidance) (refer to Figure 5, Landscape and Visual Analysis).

4.14. As set out at the start of this section, having undertaken an analysis of the landscape and visual baseline and considered the context of the site in this part of the Green Belt, the following section sets out the constraints and opportunities in respect of landscape and visual matters.

Constraints

4.15. Landscape and visual constraints for the site are summarised as follows:

• Existing vegetation on the boundaries of the site and dividing the site internally which contribute to the scale, pattern and green infrastructure network of the landscape and should, where possible, be retained as part of a green network; • The north-eastern part of the site where this coincides with a relative high point and where potential development may be more prominent in views; • Potential visibility (albeit heavily filtered) from nearby sensitive visual receptors, including the northern section of the local nature reserve and from sections of Holly Lane; and • Limited views/visibility from lower sensitivity receptors along Long Lane and from discreet parts of the wider landscape.

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Opportunities

4.16. Landscape and visual opportunities for the site are summarised as follows:

• The site is contiguous with the existing settlement edge and the northern parts are more strongly contained by the existing settlement pattern; • The southern parts of the site are more strongly contained by landform (of the shallow valley) and associated vegetation; • As such there is limited visual connectivity with the local and wider landscape; • Potential for higher sensitivity receptors are generally limited, particularly due to the absence of rights of way across the immediate landscape context, furthermore views into the wider site area are generally screened or partially screened; • Detracting features are present, effectively bisecting the site (rail line), but also in close proximity to the site- this influences the local landscape context; • Based on the landscape and visual analysis, the site has a limited role in terms of Green Belt purposes; • The potential for landscape and biodiversity improvement and enhancement as part of a comprehensive masterplan with an inherent landscape strategy.

Summary

4.17. Based on the analysis of landscape and visual constraints and opportunities, it is considered that there are two important issues in respect of strategic development potential for the site: firstly, the need to identify the extent of an appropriate ‘development envelope’ that can accommodate built form and infrastructure; and secondly, the need to establish a robust and enduring green infrastructure framework to balance with that.

4.18. Both elements can develop in response to the local landscape context which will in turn help to avoid or reduce impacts. These two aspects have largely defined the preliminary development and landscape strategy, as set out in the following section.

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5. PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE STRATEGY

Overview

5.1. The preliminary development and landscape strategy for the site considers landscape components, landscape character and visual amenity and how these can influence a proposal. This process draws on the baseline analysis of the PLVA and the early identification of constraints and opportunities identified for the site and study area.

Primary aims and principles

5.2. Adopting this approach ensures that the preliminary development and landscape strategy incorporates mitigation as an inherent component of the proposals, intending to avoid or reduce the adverse effects of a development proposal from the outset, including potential impacts on the Green Belt.

5.3. The principles for landscape and visual mitigation measures aim to:

• Retain and make best use of existing landscape elements and features and promote new green infrastructure and open space on and around the site; • Optimise protection and screening for visual amenity receptors and recreational opportunities, which will also limit the perception of built form and its influence on the ‘openness’ of the area in Green Belt terms; • Include green infrastructure and open space which promote an appropriate transition between urban and rural environments, and also forms a robust and enduring edge/buffer to the Green Belt; and • Avoid loss or damage to retained landscape elements and features (consequently also conserving and enhancing ecological fabric).

5.4. Together these place a particular emphasis on existing green infrastructure around and within the site. This also places an emphasis on the role that landscape characteristics and green infrastructure have in determining an appropriate boundary to the Green Belt. This is also consistent with the aims for landscape character at a strategic level.

5.5. The aims and principles can be taken forward through an iterative approach to inform an evolving design process at an increasing level of detail through the planning process.

Preliminary landscape and visual strategy

5.6. The components of the preliminary development and landscape strategy incorporated into the emerging proposals are summarised in the following table.

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Table 1: Summary of inherent landscape and visual mitigation

Strategy Key points component

Development • Sets the spatial footprint for the residential development parcels, envelope incorporating built form and road infrastructure; • Omitted from the north-eastern part of the site (which is more elevated relative to the surrounding landscape) and consequently minimising potential visibility by siting development in other, more enclosed parts of the site; • Includes set backs from the boundaries of the site so as to maintain sufficient stand-off to ensure boundary vegetation can be retained and potentially enhanced; • Internal parcels or blocks within the overall development envelope to make reference to the natural contours of the shallow slopes, so that potential built form sits more naturally along the local topography; and • Reflects a more substantial set back from the southern boundaries of the site so as to provide a generous landscape buffer, incorporating open space and landscape planting, which will reinforce the existing landscape feature of the watercourse and contribute to a robust Green Belt edge.

Existing • As far as possible, retain existing green infrastructure around the site vegetation boundaries to maintain the degree of enclosure to which this currently strategy contributes; and • Enhance the existing vegetation through a programme of supplemental planting and improved landscape management practices in the long term, to create greater density, diversity and longevity of vegetation.

Green • Inclusion of green infrastructure and open space as part of a connected infrastructure network across the site; and open space • Incorporating space for attenuation in the lower parts of the site; and • Inclusion of a generous linear open space along the southern edge of the site to create a landscape buffer with the open countryside to the south of the existing watercourse.

Environmental • A landscape strategy incorporating enhanced management of retained considerations areas of existing green infrastructure, to improve density, diversity and longevity; and • Supplemental planting using native species to create diversity within habitat types and a mosaic of different habitat areas across the different parts of the landscape strategy (for example, hedgerows, tree planting and wildflower areas).

Green Belt • Providing an integrated landscape strategy for the masterplan which considerations avoids or minimises potential impacts in terms of both spatial and visual considerations; • Incorporating additional access around the site and to the network of connected open spaces, including new and enhanced recreational provision; • New planting and enhanced green infrastructure; and • Inclusion of a generous belt of open space, concurrent with a natural landscape feature, which presents a robust and enduring Green Belt edge.

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5.7. In the context of the overall need for greenfield development, a degree of landscape and/or visual impact is an inevitable consequence for most, if not all, sites that come forward.

5.8. In relation to landscape and visual matters, for appropriate sites to come forward it is necessary to consider those where impacts are limited and where mitigation can be incorporated that can successfully minimise residual impacts.

5.9. It is considered that, with an appropriate approach to mitigation and the implementation of a robust landscape and green infrastructure strategy, a residential masterplan on the site will be physically contained and show clear defensible boundaries. Green infrastructure and open space as part of the proposals can also complement the existing recreational aspects of the landscape in respect of the transition to the wider landscape.

5.10. Consequently, subject to a high-quality scheme that addresses the constraints of the site, a proposed development at this location is considered to be acceptable in landscape and visual terms.

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6. GREEN BELT APPRAISAL

Overview of Green Belt matters

6.1. Previous sections of this PLVA consider the constraints and opportunities of the site and its surrounding context in order to inform a preliminary masterplan for the site. This is considered on the strengths and weaknesses of the site and incorporates mitigation to avoid or minimise potential adverse effects.

6.2. This section considers Green Belt matters in terms of the role and function of the site and its contribution to Green Belt purposes. It also considers how an appropriate Green Belt boundary can be defined using robust and enduring features within the landscape.

6.3. This PLVA includes reference to local landscape character and visual amenity and identifies constraints and opportunities for the site which are then considered throughout the design process and contribute to good design.

6.4. This illustrates how the process of PLVA can respond to the requirements of the NPPF through an iterative process of design and masterplanning.

The Site in the Green Belt

6.5. It is recognised that Green Belt designation is one of land use control, with policy designed to retain the essential characteristics of Green Belts: their openness and their permanence (NPPF para. 133). Green Belt is not a designation that seeks to protect a landscape of any particular quality or amenity value.

6.6. Notwithstanding the differentiation, the PPG on Green Belt (updated July 2019) recognises a connection between landscape and visual matters. The PPG addresses three areas in respect of Green Belt, including factors to be considered for potential impacts on openness, potential for compensatory measures to offset impact of removing land from the Green Belt; and mechanisms for securing such measures. The PPG states that:

6.7. "…openness is capable of having both spatial and visual aspects - in other words, the visual impact of the proposal may be relevant, as could its volume…"

6.8. The previous sections of this PLVA have dealt with the issues of landscape resources (i.e. elements and features), character and visual amenity. This section considers the site and its landscape context in relation to openness and the purposes of the Green Belt.

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Green Belt Policy for South Staffordshire

6.9. The evidence base for policy within South Staffordshire includes a Green Belt Review, undertaken by LUC on behalf of the Council (initially undertaken in 2014). A partial review was completed in 2016.

6.10. In the partial review, the site formed part of a much wider parcel of land, identified as parcel 3B (to Great Wyrley) (refer to Plate 2).

Plate 2: Extract from Partial Green Belt Review showing Great Wyrley Parcel 3B

6.11. In relation to Parcel 3B the review defines the ‘contribution to Green Belt Purposes’ as ‘making a contribution’, however this includes a far more extensive area of landscape, outside of the site, and including areas between Great Wyrley/Landywood and Cheslyn Hay that may be more sensitive in Green Belt terms (due to coalescence), as they are in landscape terms (that area being defined as high sensitivity in the Council’s landscape sensitivity assessment).

6.12. In relation to Great Wyrley, the supporting text to the study notes that ‘relatively significant pockets of development combined with the urban edge of Great Wyrley bordering the northern, eastern and western edges of the northern half of the parcel compromise the openness of and urbanise the countryside within their immediate vicinity.

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This judgement is something supported by the findings of this PLVA, as set out in previous sections.

6.13. Following the 2016 Partial Review, a new study was prepared by LUC (on behalf of the Council) in 2019. This study considers the contribution of land to Green Belt purposes, but also an assessment of harm from release of land from the Green Belt.

6.14. Notwithstanding the findings of the earlier studies, the 2019 study defines the assessment parcels around the settlement edge of Great Wyrley differently; relevant to the site, the parcel (reference S16D) excludes the area of landscape between Great Wyrley and Cheslyn Hay, instead extending across the physical boundary of the A34 to include an extensive part of the countryside to the east of Great Wyrley (refer to Plate 3).

Plate 3: Extract from Partial Green Belt Review showing Great Wyrley Parcel 3B

6.15. The 2019 study tends to draw judgements based on the land parcel itself, with little recognition of the immediate context. For example, under ‘contribution to restricting sprawl’ the study notes that land is adjacent or lose to the large built up area but does not recognise the influence the settlement has in terms of context and enclosure. The study notes that the wider parcel of S16D makes a ‘strong’ contribution to four Green Belt purposes (including the fifth) and a weak/no contribution to purpose four (reserving historic setting).

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6.16. Overall, both the 2016 partial review and 2019 study undertake an assessment of Green Belt at a strategic level, incorporating the site within far larger strategic parcels of land. In both instances, defined physical boundaries within the landscape, such as the local road network, the A34, the rail corridor, and the local watercourse have not been used to influence land parcels despite the NPPF requirement that Green Belt boundaries should be defined ‘using physical features that are readily recognisable’.

6.17. This approach distorts the conclusions on how the site itself contributes to the purposes of the Green Belt, a matter which needs to be considered at a more local level on the basis that the published studies are undertaken at a strategic level.

6.18. Sub-division of the assessment parcel, or consideration of the promoted site itself, would draw on more detailed matters pertinent to the local landscape context, as has been undertaken in the earlier sections of this PLVA.

Strategic Analysis

6.19. To establish whether a site is suitable for release from the Green Belt, it is necessary to understand the ‘role or function’ of the site in Green Belt terms when considered against landscape and visual issues. This is important because there is an inherent link between the perception of ‘openness’ and the physical components of a landscape, its character, and views to, from and within a landscape.

Purposes of the Green Belt

6.20. The following strategic analysis provides an appraisal of the site’s contribution towards Green Belt purposes in respect of landscape and visual matters.

6.21. The analysis considers the potential impact of changes on site in terms of introducing built form and the impact of removing the site from the Green Belt. This is undertaken on the basis of determining to what extent the site can accept residential development without an undue degree of impact on the landscape.

6.22. The NPPF sets out under paragraph 1342 the five functions of the Green Belt, as follows:

a) To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas; b) To prevent neighbouring towns merging into one another; c) To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment;

2 MHCLG, NPPF (July 2018)

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d) To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns; and e) To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.

6.23. The following sections of the analysis consider each of these aspects.

To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas

6.24. The northern parts of the site are contained by the existing areas of the settlement, including areas of built form; to the south, the southern boundary is defined by the enduring landscape feature of the local watercourse, associated vegetation and topographical changes of the shallow valley formation. On the basis of these physical characteristics, the perception of ‘sprawl’ arising from potential development on the site will be limited. Furthermore, an appropriate landscape strategy for the site can further reinforce landscape characteristics to restrict the perception of sprawl.

To prevent neighbouring towns merging into one another

6.25. In the context of the Green Belt between Great Wyrley/Landywood and Bloxwich to the south, the scale and location of the site is such that it has a very limited contribution to the separation of the settlement areas. Further south from the site Long Lane (and associated ribbon development) sits between the two settlements with more extensive areas of open landscape to the south of Long Lane.

To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment;

6.26. To a large degree the site is enclosed by the urban environment, particularly on its northern and eastern edges, and to a lesser extent on its western edge. It is also bisected centrally by prominent rail infrastructure. This presents a stronger sense of the urban fringe for the site and less so, one of open countryside. Furthermore, the perception of character is limited by the lack of public access in terms of recreation, with the experience of the landscape available more generally via the local road network. Notwithstanding these influences, the site and its context remain ‘countryside’, however this is considered to be relatively ‘ordinary’ in landscape and visual terms. Notwithstanding the role the site plays in respect of this purpose, proposed development in the form of the illustrative masterplan (incorporating a strong landscape strategy) would create a sympathetic settlement edge with an appropriate ‘softer’ interface with the countryside. Together with the proposed generous green infrastructure and open space that provides a landscape buffer on the southern edge of the site, this will create a robust Green Belt edge and safeguard the adjacent countryside.

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To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns

6.27. The site does not play a role in preserving the setting and special character of an historic town.

To assist in urban regeneration by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land

6.28. This purpose, and the principles behind it, are applicable to all sites within the Green Belt.

Openness and Visual Aspects

6.29. Openness is not defined in the NPPF. It is commonly taken to be “an absence of development”. Development can mean built form of many types, to include buildings of various function, style, scale and merit; engineering operations; infrastructure to include roads and the highways network in general together with supporting infrastructure including lighting and signage; and utilities including electricity pylons and line, or telegraph poles and lines.

6.30. The overall scale and presence/absence of these elements, and how they present themselves in a given part of a Green Belt, serves to generate an understanding of the spatial dimension of openness.

6.31. Visual connectivity, view corridors, and public views can also contribute to the visual dimension in terms of what can be seen from specific locations, including public viewpoints, and how this serves to influence the openness of the Green Belt.

6.32. In the vicinity of the site, the spatial dimension of the openness of the Green Belt is influenced locally by:

• residential development off Upper Landywood Lane and farm complexes off Landywood Lane (to the west); • the more consolidated urban edge off Holly Lane, comprising residential areas and commercial/industrial areas (to the north); • the school site, including prominent school buildings and associated playing fields; • the existing rail line and associated infrastructure (gantries, power lines, security fences); and • Slightly further from the site, highways infrastructure of the A34 and ribbon development along Long Lane.

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6.33. In the wider context, the spatial dimension is influenced by various settlements including Bloxwich itself; Essington/Springhill; Cheslyn Hay/Great Wyrley; Newtown and in many instances the ‘fragmented’ character of their built edges in some locations including educational and recreational land uses and associated infrastructure. Cutting across the area amongst the different settlements, the M6 corridor comprises a major infrastructure element which influences openness along its corridor.

6.34. In the vicinity of the site, the visual dimension is enclosed by virtue of the various combinations of landform and vegetation which serve to screen vies to the site, in particular the woodland areas to the west, the valley formation that forms part of the site and to the south of the site, and the A34 to the east.

Green Belt strategy

6.35. In accordance with the NPPF, Green Belt boundaries should be defined clearly, using physical features that are readily recognisable and likely to be permanent.

6.36. This PLVA, and the process of its preparation, have informed emerging proposals for the site, a key consideration being the nature and appropriateness of the interface between the potential development and the adjacent landscape.

6.37. This is reflected through the analysis of constraints and opportunities and subsequent development of the preliminary development and landscape strategy (refer to Table 1 and Figure 6, Preliminary Development and Landscape Strategy).

6.38. Such an approach includes incorporated mitigation that addresses the interface between the settlement edge and the wider countryside and how this can influence prospective amendments to the Green Belt boundary.

6.39. Consequently, the use of existing landscape components to guide the landscape strategy and subsequent augmentation of these components can define an appropriate, robust and enduring boundary to the Green Belt.

6.40. In the context of Landywood and Great Wyrley, this includes the formation of the shallow valley to the southern edge of the wider site, being reinforced with a generous landscape buffer. This is further defined by the existing watercourse and associated linear tree belt; the green infrastructure here can be reinforced further through additional landscape proposals.

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Summary

6.41. The potential conflict of proposed development on the site with aspects of Green Belt policy will be limited to the site level. Notwithstanding some conflict with this purpose, the impact of development on the site would be very limited due to the containment of the site by existing and established physical features, including the existing settlement edge as well as other elements such as the road network, watercourses and green infrastructure. In the wider landscape context, proposed development on the site, would not conflict with the purpose or function of this part of the Green Belt.

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7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Overview

7.1. This report has been prepared to consider constraints and opportunities of the site off Holly Lane, Great Wyrley, in respect of landscape and visual matters.

7.2. The PLVA identifies the key constraints and opportunities in respect of the site and surrounding landscape context. The analysis considers the specific nature of the type of development being considered and informs the inherent proposals for a preliminary development strategy. The development consequently incorporates a landscape mitigation strategy which will avoid, reduce or remedy adverse impacts.

7.3. Given the scale of development required, any location for growth in the area is likely to result in some harm in relation to landscape and visual matters and also likely to require release of Green Belt land.

7.4. However, this analysis shows that the site can accommodate a sensitively designed residential scheme with only limited landscape and visual effects at a localised level and that such impacts can successfully be avoided or reduced through effective mitigation.

7.5. The preliminary development and landscape strategy aims to maintain and enhance the existing green infrastructure network and provide a series of proposals for existing and green infrastructure and open space that respond to local landscape characteristics such as landform, field boundaries, tree belts etc; all physical features in the landscape.

7.6. Consequently, the use of existing landscape components to guide the landscape strategy and subsequent augmentation of these components can set an appropriate, robust and enduring boundary to the Green Belt.

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FIGURES

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Viewpoint 1 View looking north-east from Long Lane.

Viewpoint 2 View looking north from Long Lane, close to the access to the Wyrley and Essington Canal Nature Reserve. Land South of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley Fig. 4: Viewpoint Photographs Drawing Ref: P19-2919_04 Client: WALLACE LAND Date : 27/11/19 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS Drawn by : JT Checked by : JWA Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. Crown copyright, All rights reserved. 2015. Ordnance Survey Copyright Licence number 100042093. Promap Licence number 100020449 Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus’ express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk Viewpoint 3 View looking north from a break in the vegetation, along the Wyrley and Essington Canal Nature Reserve.

Viewpoint 4 View looking north-east from the Wyrley and Essington Canal Nature Reserve, close to Upper Landywood Farm. Land South of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley Fig. 4: Viewpoint Photographs Drawing Ref: P19-2919_04 Client: WALLACE LAND Date : 27/11/19 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS Drawn by : JT Checked by : JWA Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. Crown copyright, All rights reserved. 2015. Ordnance Survey Copyright Licence number 100042093. Promap Licence number 100020449 Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus’ express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk Viewpoint 5 View looking south from Strawberry Lane.

Viewpoint 6 View looking south-east from Holly Lane, at Upper Landywood. Land South of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley Fig. 4: Viewpoint Photographs Drawing Ref: P19-2919_04 Client: WALLACE LAND Date : 27/11/19 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS Drawn by : JT Checked by : JWA Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. Crown copyright, All rights reserved. 2015. Ordnance Survey Copyright Licence number 100042093. Promap Licence number 100020449 Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus’ express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk Viewpoint 7 View looking south from Holly Lane, adjacent to the rail corridor.

Viewpoint 8 View looking south from Holly Lane, south of Landywood Enterprise Park. Land South of Holly Lane, Great Wyrley Fig. 4: Viewpoint Photographs Drawing Ref: P19-2919_04 Client: WALLACE LAND Date : 27/11/19 PLANNING | DESIGN | ENVIRONMENT | ECONOMICS Drawn by : JT Checked by : JWA Copyright Pegasus Planning Group Ltd. Crown copyright, All rights reserved. 2015. Ordnance Survey Copyright Licence number 100042093. Promap Licence number 100020449 Pegasus accepts no liability for any use of this document other than for its original purpose, or by the original client, or following Pegasus’ express agreement to such use. T 01285641717 www.pegasusgroup.co.uk