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Review of the Japanese Species of Alatotrochus and Sphenotrochus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Turbinoliidae), with Description of a New Species, A

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Review of the Japanese Species of Alatotrochus and Sphenotrochus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Turbinoliidae), with Description of a New Species, A 国立科博専報，（47）： 39–50，2011年4月15日 Mem. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Tokyo, (47): 39–50, April 15, 2011 Review of the Japanese Species of Alatotrochus and Sphenotrochus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Turbinoliidae), with Description of a New Species, A. japonicus. Hiroyuki Tachikawa Natural History Museum and Institute, Chiba, 955–2 Aoba-cho, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260–8682, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Japanese species of the two genera of the azooxanthellate scleractinian family Turbinoliidae, Alatotrochus Cairns, 1994 and Sphenotrochus Milne Edwards and Haime, 1848, are reviewed. Two species are recognized in Alatotrochus: A. rubescens (Moseley, 1876) and A. japonicus n. sp. The new species, collected from the Ogasawara Islands, Izu Islands, and Satsu- nan Islands, is distinguished from A. rubescens by its smaller, flattened and taller corallum, few- er number of the septa, and lamellar columella. Although this new species is assigned to Ala- totrochus because it shares with A. rubescens two apomorphic characters, it is also superficially similar to Sphenotrochus wellsi Cairns, 1997 in the calicular and costal morphology. One species of Sphenotrochus, S. hancocki Durham and Barnard, 1952, is recorded for the first time from Ja- pan. Key words: Scleractinia, Turbinoliidae, Alatotrochus, Sphenotrochus, new species. new species, A. japonicus. In addition, Sphenotro- Introduction chus hancocki Durham and Barnard, 1952, previ- Alatotrochus Cairns, 1994 is a monotypic ge- ously known from the eastern Pacific and the nus of the scleractinian family Turbinoliidae that tropical western Pacific, is reported for the first is characterized by having alate thecal edge time from Japan. crests, costal number being twice as many as that of septa, linearly aligned papillose columella, and Materials and methods lacking pali and paliform lobes (Cairns, 1994, 1997). The sole representative of the genus, Ala- Most of the material used in this study were totrochus rubescens (Moseley, 1876), is known collected during research cruises of training or re- from the western Pacific including Japanese wa- search vessels belonging to Japanese universities: ters (Cairns, 1994; Ogawa et al., 2002), as well as TR/V Shin’yo-maru (SN), Tokyo University of Pleistocene fossils from the Ryukyu limestone of Marine Science and Technology (formerly Tokyo the Okinawa Island (Cairns, 1994). In the course University of Fisheries); R/V Tansei-maru (TA), of examining specimens of Alatotrochus collected Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo from Japan, two morphologically distinct species (ORI; now belonging to the Japan Agency for were recognized. One of these species was A. Marine-Earth Science and Technology); TR/V rubescens and the other was considered at first to Toyoshio-maru (TO), Hiroshima University; TR/ be a species of Sphenotrochus Milne Edwards V Nagasaki-maru (NA), Nagasaki University. In and Haime, 1848, because it bears similarity to addition, specimens collected from the Oga- Sphenotrochus wellsi Cairns, 1997. However, sawara Islands by R/V Koyo of the Ogasawara careful examination showed that it could be as- Fisheries Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Govern- signed to Alatotrochus, and here described as a ment, were also examined. Collected specimens 40 Hiroyuki Tachikawa were cleaned with domestic bleach solution and 1876. Original designation. stored as dry specimens and are deposited at Emended diagnosis. Corallum solitary, free and Coastal Branch of Natural History Museum and cuneiform, with prominent thecal edge crests; Institute, Chiba, Japan (CMNH), and National calice elliptical in cross section. Corallum medi- Museum of Nature and Science, Japan (NSMT). um to large in size for the family, up to 20 mm in Measurements were taken directly with a dial GCD. Costae independent in origin, granular, and caliper or optically using an eyepiece micrometer number twice as many as that of septa (C: S=2); attached to a Leica MZ8 binocular microscope. intercostal region shallow, smooth and not pitted. To enhance the contrast in conventional black and Edge crests transversely ridged. Septa highly ex- white photographs, some specimens were stained sert and hexamerally arranged in 4 cycles; S4 dark with cyanine blue solution and then coated complete or incomplete (40 to 48 septa). Pali and with sublimed ammonium chloride prior to taking paliform lobes absent. Columella composed of photographs. The scanning electron micrographs linearly fused papillae or a lamella aligned in the were taken using a JEOL JSM-5310LV scanning plane of GCD. electron microscope in CMNH in low vacuum Remarks. The genus Alatotrochus was estab- mode. All the photographs were taken by the au- lished by Cairns (1994) for Platytrochus rubes- thor. cens. Cairns (1994) suggested similarity between Abbreviations of morphological terms used in his new genus and Platytrochus Milne Edwards the text are as follows: CD, calicular diameter; and Haime, 1848, but differentiated Alatotrochus GCD, greater calicular diameter; LCD, lesser from Platytrochus by having a much larger coral- calicular diameter; HT, height of corallum; Sx lum, an additional cycle of septa, and having and Cx, xth cycle of septa and costae, respective- twice as many costae as septa. As Cairns (1994) ly. In describing the septal insertions, numbering noted, Alatotrochus is also very similar to Sphe- of the half-systems of the calice follows the defi- notrochus, and indeed, the type species, A. rubes- nition proposed in Cairns (1997: 26): 12 half-sys- cens, was once assigned to Sphenotrochus by tems are numbered in clockwise direction starting Moseley (1881). Cairns argued that Alatotrochus with one adjacent to one of the principal septa. In differs from Sphenotrochus in having a papillose the section of “Material examined”, locality name (not lamellar) columella, a larger corallum, “ser- is followed by cruise number and station number rate” costae and twice as many costae as septa. of the vessel, then position and depth of the sta- The new species described in this study is as- tion, number of specimens and their catalogue signed to Alatotrochus because it possesses a number in parentheses. combination of two apomorphic characters pre- sented by Cairns (1997): cuneiform corallum bearing alate edge crests; and the costal number Systematics being twice of the septa (C: S=2). The generic di- Order Scleractinia agnosis given above is amended to accommodate Family Turbinoliidae Milne Edwards and the new species. Haime, 1848 Cairns (1997) inferred phylogenetic relatin- Genus Alatotrochus Cairns, 1994 ships among the genera of the family Turbinolii- [New Japanese name: Futaetsutsumisango-zoku] dae based on skeletal morphology. His analysis shows that Alatotrochus is placed in one of the Platytrochus. – Moseley, 1876: 552 (in part). three major clades, which contain only two gen- Sphenotrochus. – Moseley, 1881: 157 (in part). era, Alatotrochus and Pleotrochus Cairns, 1997, Alatotrochus Cairns, 1994: 68; 1995: 84; 1997: united by a single apomorphy, i.e., costoseptal ra- 14. tio of 2. Nevertheless, it has been found that some Type species. Platytrochus rubescens Moseley, plesiomorphic character states of Alatotrochus Alatotrochus and Sphenotrochus from Japan 41 used in Cairns (1997), e.g., morphology of colu- Sphenotrochus rubescens. – Moseley, 1881: 157– mella, septal cycle, and corallum size, are rather 159, pl.6, figs. 8, 8a. polymorphic, and consequently these characters Alatotrochus rubescens. – Cairns, 1994: 68–69, are difficult to use in phylogenetic analysis. Reas- pl. 29g–l; 1995: 84, pl. 24a, b; 1998: 390; sessment of phylogenetic relationships among the 1999: 108–109; 2004: 288, fig. 5E. – Cairns turbinoliid genera is strongly recommended. and Zibrowius, 1997: 141–142, fig. 18h. – Ogawa et al. 2002: 30 (in part: specimens de- Alatotrochus rubescens (Moseley, 1876) (Figs. 1, posited in Tohoku University), pl. 3, fig. 5. 2) [New Jn.: Futaetsutsumisango] Not Alatotrochus rubescens. – Ogawa et al. 2002: Platytrochus rubescens Moseley, 1876: 553. 30 (in part: specimens from the Ogasawara Is- Fig. 1. Sampling localities of specimens used in this study. Alatotrochus rubescens (triangle), Alatotrochus japonicus (star) and Sphenotrochus hancocki (diamond). 42 Hiroyuki Tachikawa Fig. 2. Alatotrochus rubescens. A–C, F, Lateral, edge and calicular views and detail of costae of a corallum (CMNH- ZG 04348-1); D, E, oblique calicular views of two coralla (CMNH-ZG 04348-2 and CMNH-ZG 02678, respective- ly); G, lateral view of a corallum with low edge crests (CMNH-ZG 04348-3); H, lateral view of seven juvenile cor- alla showing bifurcate corallum base and variation in development of edge crests; I, J, detail of costae and lateral view of a corallum with prominent edge crests and coarsely granular costal edge (CMNH-ZG 02532); K, L, lateral view and detail of costae of a corallum with enlarged lateral C1 and smooth costal edge (CMNH-ZG 04023). Scale bars: 2 mm in A–E, G, J, K; 1 mm in F, I, L; 5 mm in H. Alatotrochus and Sphenotrochus from Japan 43 lands), pl. 3, figs. 4a, b. (=Alatotrochus japoni- two-thirds width of S1–2. S4 about 1 mm exsert cus n. sp.) and one-third width of S3. All septa independent. Materials examined. Satsunan Islands–Hirase, Columella papillose, consisting of papillae linear- SW off Yakushima: TA KT-02-03, St. A-1, ly arranged in plane of GCD; base of papillae 30°05.08′N, 130°10.08′E, 498 m, Apr. 14, 2002, fused into solid plate; linear arrangement of pa- 1 (CMNH-ZG 02532); TA KT-02-03, St. A-1-2, pillae often slightly irregular in center of fossa. 30°05.13′N, 130°10.09′E, 498 m, Apr. 14, 2002, Theca of well-preserved coralla dark reddish 25 (CMNH-ZG 02546); TA KT-02-03, St. A-2, brown; septa and columella white. 30°04.99′N, 130°07.1′E, 376–392 m, Apr. 14, Distribution. Pleistocene: Ryūkyū limestone of 2002, 2 (CMNH-ZG 02568). Amami Islands–S Okinawa Island, Japan (Cairns, 1994). Recent: off Amami-ōshi ma: TA KT-02-03, St. B-1, Kyūshū to Ryūkyū Islands, Japan (Cairns, 1994; 28°00.90′N, 129°22.45′E, 263 m, Apr.
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