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FF Issue 13.Indd future farm New options increase forage shrub potential ew EverCrop trial results According to EverCrop project leader, Dr highlight the potential of Rick Llewellyn, CSIRO, little previous work has been done to determine how well forage promising native perennial N shrubs will grow on different soil types. EverCrop researchers are investigating the shrub species for mixed plantings potential fi t for native perennial shrubs in low- across a range of soil types in low- “Our recent trial results suggest growth can rainfall farming systems across soil types. (Photos rainfall areas. still be strong and shrubs can provide reliable courtesy: Bill Davoren: pictured above, CSIRO) feed on heavy constrained swale soils that Many mixed farmers in the South Australian are risky for cropping. But higher growth species, yielding about 3 kg per plant (about Mallee already have a block of forage shrubs rates are likely on sandier soils where rooting 7 tonnes per hectare) (see Figure 1). on their farm, usually a type of old man depth is deeper,” Rick said. Results from 2012 saw edible biomass saltbush (Atriplex nummularia), which “While soil type impacts production, there increase, with old man saltbush and River delivers a range of benefi ts including: is a wide range of management factors that Murray saltbush producing more than 5 kg per reduced supplementary feeding during infl uence where a producer might place a plant (about 10 t/ha). autumn, forage options during drought, new block of forage shrubs and it is usually deferred grazing of regenerating annual not going to be on the soil where they might The low ground-covering creeping saltbush pastures on other parts of the farm, a handy grow best.” declined in edible biomass productivity over containment area during major cropping time and Australian bindweed, tagasaste and periods and a low-input production option on The EverCrop team is developing a forage tree medic produced little growth. areas of low cropping potential. shrub growth prediction tool to help estimate production under different seasonal Although old man saltbush was clearly the To date the Future Farm Industries CRC conditions on different soil types. most productive shrub, several shrubs show Enrich project team has focused on promise for inclusion in the low-rainfall identifying new native shrub species to According to Rick the outcomes of this grazing systems of the Mallee in terms of boost production and enhance livestock research will allow producers to estimate adaption and production according to Enrich health from these forage blocks. While they production rates and feed supply reliability project leader, Dr Jason Emms, SARDI. from shrubs planted in different parts of the have made signifi cant progress, the team is “Providing livestock with alternative feed landscape — particularly during the dry times currently investigating where these promising (plants) of different chemical and nutritional when the forage shrub feed is valued most. shrubs can best be placed in the Mallee attributes can boost production by allowing farming landscape. animals to mitigate excess anti-nutritional Enriching results factors,” Jason said. During 2009 the Enrich and EverCrop teams “River saltbush, old man saltbush, river established an experimental site at the key points Murray saltbush, ruby saltbush, tar bush, Mallee Sustainable Farming research site Mallee saltbush and thorny saltbush all at Waikerie, South Australia as part of the • Native perennial forage shrub appear to have potential as components of broader Enrich program, which includes many options in low-rainfall farming shrub-based grazing systems.” systems are set to increase other similar sites across southern Australia. follow the latest Enrich and Exploring soil type impacts EverCrop trial results. The team selected 15 potential forage shrub species based on earlier data from the Enrich Alongside the Enrich trial, EverCrop • Recent EverCrop trial results project (see Future Farm issue 7 for more researchers established a trial investigating show potential production of information), which suggested a range of shrub growth across a typical dune–swale shrub species across a range of potential benefi ts (see Table 1). landscape at the Waikerie, SA site. soil types. Species were measured for their survival, Old man saltbush (De Koch) and Mallee • Improved shrub options through productivity and general suitability between saltbush were grown in alternate rows 5 m FFI CRC projects could boost 2009 and 2012 and the site was grazed during apart with old man saltbush planted at 3.5 m profi tability of mixed-species autumn 2011 and 2012. intervals and Mallee saltbush at 2 m. plantings across a broader range of mixed farming systems in low- When researchers assessed edible biomass The 140 m long rows run from the heavier rainfall areas. before the fi rst grazing during 2011, River constrained swale soil up to the deep sand at Murray saltbush was the most productive the top of the dune. 12 ISSUE 13 APRIL 2013 Focus on Research future farm inno V ation in profitabl E P E R E nnial farming S Y st E ms Table 1 Waikerie trial species and reason for inclusion “Plants established well and although the site does not reflect an extreme soil-type Common name (species name) Reason for inclusion gradation by Mallee standards, there were River saltbush (Atriplex amnicola) Biomass production large differences in growth between the Coastal saltbush (Atriplex cinerea) Biomass production swale and dune soil types,” Rick said. Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia Commercial standard cv. Eyres Green) During early autumn of 2011 and 2012, edible River Murray saltbush (Atriplex rhagodioides) Biomass production biomass was almost twice as high on the dune Creeping saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata) Biomass production sand (see Figure 2). Tagasaste (Chameacytisis prolifer) Commercial standard “Edible biomass at the end of autumn this Nitre goosefoot (Chenopodium nitrariaceum) Anthelmintic potential, antimethanogenic potential year (2013) will be largely determined by Australian bindweed (Convolvulus remotus) High fermentability, anthelmintic potential early autumn rainfall due to the extremely Ruby saltbush (Enchylaena tomentosa) Antimethanogenic potential, moderate biomass dry 2012 spring and 2012–13 summer, which Tar bush (Eremophila glabra) Anthelmintic potential, antimethanogenic potential has restricted summer growth,” Rick said. Tree medic (Medicago strasseri) High nutritive value Fleshy leaved saltbush (Rhagodia crassifolia) Antimethanogenic potential “Being a less-selected and developed Mealy saltbush (Rhagodia parabolica) Anthelmintic potential, antimethanogenic potential, species, Mallee saltbush has far more moderate biomass variability between plants but average results Mallee saltbush (Rhagodia preissii) Biomass production, anthelmintic potential, indicate a similar gradient on growth from antimethanogenic potential swale to dune.” Thorny saltbush (Rhagodia spinescens) Biomass production Interpreting the results According to Rick, Mallee mixed farmers want improved forage block options to help manage livestock around their cropping program. The ongoing trial results do not mean producers now have a ‘silver bullet’ new forage shrub option, but it does mean Figure 1 Average edible biomass during autumn 2011 and 2012* new native species and improved types of old man saltbush have the potential to make 6.0 forage shrubs a more valuable option across more mixed farming systems. 2011 5.0 “If the feed quality of available shrub options 2012 stays the same, a few producers might establish small shrub plantings on their most 4.0 marginal soils as we see now, Rick said. “Forage shrub blocks are likely to remain only 3.0 a small proportion of the whole-farm area on typical mixed farms. But if higher quality, 2.0 more productive options become available, the options become more profitable and Edible biomass (kg/plant) attractive to more producers. 1.0 Our whole-farm economic analysis shows 0 that improving feed quality drives the whole- farm value of forage shrub blocks and they can become a more attractive option on Tagasaste Tar bush Tree medic better soils.” River saltbush Ruby saltbush Mealy saltbush Coastal saltbush Nitre goosefoot Mallee saltbushThorny saltbush Old man saltbushCreeping saltbush River Murray saltbush Australian bindweed Rick is quick to point out that finding suitable Fleshy leaved saltbush *Error bars indicate the standard error plant species is only one part of developing sustainable grazing systems. “Through the EverCrop project, the next Figure 2 Average edible biomass of the De Koch old man saltbush 2012 across soil types at phase involves looking at the broad range Waikerie from the heavy constrained swale soil to the sandy dune soil (more reliable cropping soil) of feedbase options and their best fit for mixed farmers in the low-rainfall zone.” 4.00 Better cropping soil 3.50 For more information on saltbush research, read ‘Saltbush development 3.00 narrows the field’, Future Farm, Issue 11 August 2012. 2.50 contact 2.00 1.50 • EverCrop, Dr Rick Llewellyn, CSIRO Constrained cropping soil T: (08) 8303 8502 Edible biomass (t/ha) 1.00 E: [email protected] 0.50 • Enrich, Dr Jason Emms, SARDI T: (08) 8303 9602 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 E: [email protected] Landscape position (swale-dune) 13 www.futurefarmonline.com.au ISSUE 13 APRIL 2013.
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