A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Article ID: WMC003512 ISSN 2046-1690

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sarun Koirala, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 56700 - Nepal

Submitting Author: Dr. Sarun Koirala, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 56700 - Nepal

Other Authors: Dr. Soumya Bhattacharya, Professor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy, - Nepal Dr. Ishwari S Paudel, Doctor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy - Nepal Dr. Bishow N Yadav , Professor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy - Nepal Dr. Sandip Shah, Doctor, Department of Anatomy, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences - Nepal Dr. Prakash Baral, Doctor, Department of Anatomy, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences - Nepal

Article ID: WMC003512 Article Type: Original Articles Submitted on:27-Jun-2012, 04:55:45 AM GMT Published on: 27-Jun-2012, 07:09:51 PM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3512 Subject Categories:ANATOMY Keywords:Anthropometry, Cephalic Index, Nasal Ergonomics How to cite the article:Koirala S, Bhattacharya S, Paudel IS, Yadav BN, Shah S, Baral P. A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal. WebmedCentral ANATOMY 2012;3(6):WMC003512 Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Source(s) of Funding: Funded from Institutional Research Grant

Competing Interests: None WebmedCentral Peer Reviewed: Yes

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Additional Files: Dr. sarun Anatomy, anthropometry Anthropometry

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A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Author(s): Koirala S, Bhattacharya S, Paudel IS, Yadav BN, Shah S, Baral P

Abstract studies related to anthropometry have been carried out in Eastern Nepal, therefore present study was designed to provide database of certain Anthropometric measurements for Tharu and Anthropometry is the hallmark technique that deals Mongoloid ethnic races of Eastern Nepal so that it with the study of body proportion and absolute would be further useful as essential tool to the dimensions that vary widely with age and sex within researchers, clinicians and forensic experts related to and between racial groups. Over the centuries, there this field. have been remarkable changes in Anthropometric measurements due to geographical, cultural, genetic Materials and methods and environmental factors as well as worldwide mingling of races. The aim of this study was to find effect of ethnicity on cranio nasal anthropometric In the present study, subjects whose parent and measurement and to establish mean indices of cranio grandparent (both maternal and paternal) did not have nasal parameters. There was a racial as well as intercaste marriage were considered as pure race. Rai, sexual dimorphism in nasal ergonomics and Cephalic Limbu, Magar, Gurung, and Tamang communities are Index. Standing height helps in determining the levels placed in Mongoloid groups who have migrated from of nutritional support and monitoring the effect of Tibet as well as from Northen Burma, Assam, Bhutan nutritional intervention. The results of this study and Sikkim during 200 B.C. These people are revealed a clear ethnic as well as sex variations in scattered in eastern and central hill districts of Nepal.4 physical parameters. The sex and ethnicity had Mongoloid features include depressed nasal groove considerable effect in cranial, facial and height related and rounded jaws. The overall face presents rounded anthropometric measurements. The two communities and short slanted integumental lip, straight black hair, studied though belongs to different race (mongoloid) short medium build and muscular bodies. Following and Tharu showed significant variation possibly due to the Research and Ethical committee of Institute environment, genetic, geography and nutrition. Stature clearance, a total number of 1000 healthy people (500 is essential in determination of nutritional level support males and 500 females) aged between 25-45 years and intervention. To treat congenital, posttraumatic belonging to pure race of Tharu and Mongoloid facial disfigurements in members of these groups, communities of Sunsari and Morang district of Eastern surgeons require access to craniofacial databases Nepal were selected with door to door visit using non based on accurate anthropometric measurements. random sampling, snowball technique (Table-1). Introduction Purpose of the study was conveyed and confidentiality and anonymity was assured for each member involved in this study. Consent was received from each subject. Persons with any genetic , growth Anthropometry is the hallmark technique that deals related disorders such as diabetes mellitus and other with the study of body proportion and absolute endocrine, gastro intestinal, cardiac and renal dimensions that vary widely with age and sex within disorders or having any visible tumor or cyst in the and between racial groups.1 Over the centuries, there face and head region, history of trauma etc were not have been remarkable changes in Anthropometric included in this study. Pregnant lady and the subjects measurements due to geographical, cultural, genetic born of parent and grandparents (maternal and and environmental factors as well as worldwide paternal) of two different ethnic races were also mingling of races.2 Therefore, isolation of pure races excluded (mixed races). Considering the convenience has proved to be a difficult problem. However, of each subject, the personal, present and past anthropometric studies continue to play an important histories were taken. Presence of any growth related role in distinguishing pure race and local mingling of disorders and visible edema was also noted. Following races.3 Anthropometric variables differ in different this, the subject was asked to sit comfortably in a stool parts of the world and is influenced by sex, age, with arm hanging by side and head positioned in ethnicity, geographical distribution and since few

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Frankfurt plane. All the measurements i.e. maximum Discussion head length (g-op),head breadth (eu-eu), nasal length (n-Prn), nasal breadth (ala-ala), nasal height (Sn-Prn) were taken by using sliding caliper (straight and The result of this study showed significant difference curved type). Finally, the person was advised to stand (P< 0.001) in head breadth, NL, CI, NH, Weight and straight against the vertical scale (Martin type Height between males and females of Tharu and anthropometer) without shoes or slippers and Mongoloid, with males having higher values except for measurement for total stature was taken. All the the females CI was observed higher in females. collected data were summarized using SPSS 11.5 Whereas no significant differerence (p>0.05) was version and their significance was tested by student ‘t’ noted in CI, NH between both sexes of Gurung, and test. NB of Tamang male, females. For pure ethnic races Results Tharu and Mongoloid (Rai, Limbu, Magar, Gurung, Tamang) no such scientific somatometric data was available which indicate the head length, head breadth, The statistical analysis was done firstly between both nasal ergonomics and total stature to mark the sexes of same race and later on analysis was difference.5 However critical survey suggested that performed between Tharu and Mongoloid community race as well as sex can be determined accurately with persons of both sexes by using student ‘t’ test. All the head measurements (Cephalic Index), which varied parameters were taken in millimeters and weight in Kg. between major races and even smaller ethnic When different parameters were compared among groups.6 Besides this, several studies revealed males and females of both races (Table-1), higher marked differences exist in cranial shape between value was observed in Mongoloid male with respect to males and females 7 head length of males being HB, HL, NL, NH. Higher value was observed for NB larger than the females.8 The human nose differs in and height among the Tharu male. anatomy and morphology among racial groups. The Table-1 also showed Statistically a highly significant racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the nasal difference (P< 0.001) between MHB, NL, NH, CI, ergonomics in the world population have been the Weight and Height in both sexes of Tharu and focus of investigation 9. The size, shape and Mongoloid. Whereas, no significant difference (p>0.05) proportion of the nose is very valuable for cosmetic was observed with respect to MHL and NB between and plastic surgeons, undertaking repair and both sexes of Tharu and Mongoloid.Table 3. reconstruction of the nose 10. Present study Table-1 revealed highly significant differences exist in demonstrated that there were racial as well as sexual MHL between Tharu and Mongoloid female (p< 0.001) dimorphism in nasal ergonomics. Several studies whereas, moderately significant difference was showed sexual differences in NL, NB, NH, CI.11 The present between Tharu and Mongoloid male (p< 0.05). study conducted by Milgrim also showed that there A highly significant difference was observed between were racial differences in nasal breadth 12. They both sexes of Tharu and Mongoloid (p< 0.001). The found the mean nasal breadth of white females was 31 value for cephalic index, NL, Weight, and Height was mm and South American females 34.4mm. We also found highly significant between both sexes of Tharu found differences in nasal breath between females of and Mongoloid. Table 1 showed p-value less than two communities. Nasal breadth of females of Tharu 0.001 with respect to NH between both sexes of Tharu was 33.4 and Mongoloid 33.5 respectively. According and Mongoloid except for Tharu and Magar female to his study, the mean nasal height of Caribbean where no significant difference was observed females were 18.4 mm, Whites 19.7 mm and Central (p>0.05). A highly significant difference was observed Americans 19.3 mm which showed considerable in NB between male and females of Tharu and Rai, difference than the results in the present study Tharu and Tamang male (p< 0.001) whereas no population which ranged from 11.8-11.3 mm among significant difference was seen in Tharu and Limbu, Tharu and 11.2- 13.4 mm among Mongoloid. However, Tharu and Tamang female (p>0.05). No significant nasal length of Rai females 44.7 mm, Limbu females difference was revealed in weight between Tharu and 44.5 mm, Magar 43.9mm, Gurung 44.4mm, Tamang Limbu, and Tharu and Gurung female (p>0.05). 43.2mm and Tharu 40.5mm as observed in this study, Moderate significant difference was observed between presented similar values like Caribbeans 39 mm, males of Tharu and Tamang (p< 0.05) whereas no Central Americans 39.5 mm and South Americans 42 significant difference present between Tharu and mm. However we could not find any reference to Limbu females in Height (p>0.05). compare the values obtained for nasal height in males.

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Standing height is an ideal technique for estimating structure of Chenchu and other South Indian tribal the stature of individuals, which helps in determining groups: relationships between genetic, anthropometric, the levels of nutritional support and monitoring the dermatoglyphic, geographic and linguistic distances. effect of nutritional intervention 13. Both genetic and Hum Biol. 1994; 66: 865-84. environmental influences on stature had a significant 4. Salter J, Gurung H. Faces of Nepal. Himal carry over effect from birth to late adolescence 14. Association, Lalitpur, Nepal. 1996 June. When community wise and sex wise comparisons 5. Gautam R, Thapa Magar AK. Tribal ethnography of were performed by us, it showed statistically Nepal. Book Faith India 1994 Vol (I & II) significant difference with males being taller than 6. Shah GV, Jadhav HR. The study of Cephalic index females. Study conducted by Kertzman H et al found in students of Gujarat. J Anat Soc India 2004; 53: 25-6 significant difference (p< 0.001) in total height 7. Pietrus.ewsky M. Craniofacial variation in between different ethnic groups in both sexes 15. Australasian and Pacific populations. Amer J Phys Researchers found differences in the average height Anthropol 1990; 82: 319-40. of Caucasian Americans (180.6 cm) and Japanese 8. Guihard-Costa AM, Grange G, Larroche JC, (171.8 cm) revealing that the Caucasian Americans Papiernik E. Sexual differences in anthropometric were significantly taller (p< 0.001) than Japanese measurements in French newborns. Biol Neonate which they suggested due to genetic effect. Results 1997; 72: 156-64. from several other studies have shown that the height 9. Farkas LG, Kolar JC, Munro IR. Geography of the of male and female varies with males being taller than nose: a morphometric study. Aesthetic Plast Surg the females. Singh SP et al found the average height 1986; 10: 191-223. of Jat-Sikh male to be 170.4 cm which was 10. Ahmet Uzun, Hayati Akbas, Sait Bilgic, Mehmet significantly different from the mean height of females Emirzeoglu, Ozgur Bostanci, Bunyamin Sahin, Yuksel 16. The results of this study revealed a clear ethnic as Bek. The average values of the nasal anthropometric well as sex variations in physical parameters. The sex measurements in 108 and ethnicity had considerable effect in cranial, facial young Turkish males. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33: and height related anthropometric measurements. The 31-5. two communities studied though belongs to different 11. Schimittbuhl M, Le Minor JM. New approaches to race (mongoloid) and Tharu which showed human facial morphology using automatic significant variation possibly due to multi factorial quantification of the relative position of the orbital and etiological factors i.e. environment, genetic, geography, nasal apertures. Surg Radiol Anat 1998; 20: 321-7. nutrition and other related. Stature is essential in 12. Milgrim LM, Lawson W, Cohen AF. Anthropometric determination of nutritional level support and analysis of the female Latino nose. Revised aesthetic intervention. This study has provided data on physical concepts and their surgical implications. Arch variations but the actual scientific reasons for this Otolaryngol Head, Neck Surg 1996 122: 1079-86. sexual and ethnic variations are still not clear. 13. Shahar S, Pooy NS. Predictive equations for Therefore, there is a need for further studies to estimation of stature in Malaysian elderly people. Asia establish the scientific reasons for variation in Pac J Clin Nutr 2003; 12: 80-4. measurements among these pure race ethnic study 14. Kirsi H. Pietilainen, Jaakko Kaprio, Maija Rasanen, populations of Nepal Aila Rissanen, and Richard J. Rose. Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Tracking of Body References Size from Birth to Early Adulthood. Obes Res 2002; 10: 875-84. 15. Kertzman H, Livshits G, Green MS. Ethnic 1. Martin R. Lehrbuch der Anthropologie. In: Lawrence differences in indices of body mass and body fat H. Bannister, Martin M. Berry, Patricia Collins, Mary distribution in Israel. Int’l J Obes Relat Metab Disord Dyson, Julian E. Deusek, Mark W. J. Ferguson, editor. 1994; 18: 69-77. Gray’s Anatomy. 38th edition. London: Churchill 16. Yasuto Nakanishi, Vincent Nethery. Livingstone; 1995, 432-5. Anthropometric Comparision between Japanese and 2. Irajuddin SM, Duggirala R, Craford MS. Population Caucasian American male University Students. Appl structure of Chenchu and other South Indian tribal Human Sci 1999; 18: 9-11. groups: relationships between genetic, anthropometric, 17. Singh SP, Sidhu LS, Malhotra P.Body dermatoglyphic, geographic and linguistic distances. measurements and somatotypes of young adult Jat Human Biol 1994 Oct; -Sikh men of Punjab, India. 3. Sirajuddin SM, Duggirala R, Craford MS. Population

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Illustrations Illustration 1

Table 1

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Illustration 2

No significant difference was\nrevealed with relation to\nhead length(g-op) in Tharu\nand Mongoloid males, also\nnasal breadth (al-al) was\nfound non significant in\nTharu and Mongoloid\nfemales (p>0.05).

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Illustration 3

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Illustration 4

Map of Nepal showing Mongoloid distribution

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Illustration 5

Map of Nepal showing Tharu people distribution

Illustration 6

Gurung male and females

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Illustration 7

Rai males and females

Illustration 8

A Gurung Female

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Illustration 9

Rai male and females

Illustration 10

Limbu male and females

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Illustration 11

Magar females

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Illustration 12

Tamang females

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Illustration 13

Tamang males at their festival

Illustration 14

Tharu females at their house

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Illustration 15

Tharu males

Illustration 16

A Tharu female at her house work

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Illustration 17

Tharu females in their festivals

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Reviews Review 1

Review Title: A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Posted by Dr. Shivarama B Perla on 06 Sep 2012 09:11:18 AM GMT

1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? 3 Is this a new and original contribution? 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative?

Rating: 8 Comment: This study will provide enough statistical data for further studies on other mongoloid races.

Competing interests: Anthropology and racial studies Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Nil

Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Perla S.A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal[Review of the article 'A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;3(9):WMCRW002224

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Review 2

Review Title: Comparative Cephalometric Study of Mangloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Posted by Dr. Anas I Yahaya on 26 Jul 2012 05:04:55 PM GMT

Rating: 5 Comment: No

Competing interests: No Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: I have been a lecturer in Anatomy for years and a researcher in this field of anthropometry for years.

Publications in the same or a related area of science: No References: No

How to cite: Yahaya A.Comparative Cephalometric Study of Mangloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal[Review of the article 'A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;3(7):WMCRW002140

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Review 3

Review Title: A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Posted by Mr. Cenk Kilic on 25 Jul 2012 11:12:09 AM GMT

Rating: 7 Comment: NA

Competing interests: NA Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Anatomy

Publications in the same or a related area of science: No References: No

How to cite: Kilic C.A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal [Review of the article 'A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;3(7):WMCRW002131

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Review 4

Review Title: Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal

Posted by Dr. William J Maloney on 27 Jun 2012 08:25:39 PM GMT

Rating: 9 Comment: This study showed significant differences in various measurements between males and females of Tharu and Mongoloid backgrounds as the article itself states.There is a need for further studies to establish the scientific reasons for variations in measurements among these pure race ethnic study populations of Nepal.

Competing interests: No Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: Clinical associate professor

Publications in the same or a related area of science: No How to cite: Maloney W.Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal[Review of the article 'A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;3(6):WMCRW001995

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