A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal
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Article ID: WMC003512 ISSN 2046-1690 A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal Corresponding Author: Dr. Sarun Koirala, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 56700 - Nepal Submitting Author: Dr. Sarun Koirala, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, 56700 - Nepal Other Authors: Dr. Soumya Bhattacharya, Professor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy, - Nepal Dr. Ishwari S Paudel, Doctor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy - Nepal Dr. Bishow N Yadav , Professor, B.P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, BPKIHS, Department of Human Anatomy - Nepal Dr. Sandip Shah, Doctor, Department of Anatomy, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences - Nepal Dr. Prakash Baral, Doctor, Department of Anatomy, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences - Nepal Article ID: WMC003512 Article Type: Original Articles Submitted on:27-Jun-2012, 04:55:45 AM GMT Published on: 27-Jun-2012, 07:09:51 PM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/3512 Subject Categories:ANATOMY Keywords:Anthropometry, Cephalic Index, Nasal Ergonomics How to cite the article:Koirala S, Bhattacharya S, Paudel IS, Yadav BN, Shah S, Baral P. A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal. WebmedCentral ANATOMY 2012;3(6):WMC003512 Copyright: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License(CC-BY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Source(s) of Funding: Funded from Institutional Research Grant Competing Interests: None WebmedCentral Peer Reviewed: Yes Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 1 of 26 WMC003512 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 15-Feb-2016, 04:24:08 AM Additional Files: Dr. sarun Anatomy, anthropometry Anthropometry Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 2 of 26 WMC003512 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 15-Feb-2016, 04:24:08 AM A Comparative Anthropometric Study of Mongoloid and Tharu Ethnic Races in Eastern Nepal Author(s): Koirala S, Bhattacharya S, Paudel IS, Yadav BN, Shah S, Baral P Abstract studies related to anthropometry have been carried out in Eastern Nepal, therefore present study was designed to provide database of certain Anthropometric measurements for Tharu and Anthropometry is the hallmark technique that deals Mongoloid ethnic races of Eastern Nepal so that it with the study of body proportion and absolute would be further useful as essential tool to the dimensions that vary widely with age and sex within researchers, clinicians and forensic experts related to and between racial groups. Over the centuries, there this field. have been remarkable changes in Anthropometric measurements due to geographical, cultural, genetic Materials and methods and environmental factors as well as worldwide mingling of races. The aim of this study was to find effect of ethnicity on cranio nasal anthropometric In the present study, subjects whose parent and measurement and to establish mean indices of cranio grandparent (both maternal and paternal) did not have nasal parameters. There was a racial as well as intercaste marriage were considered as pure race. Rai, sexual dimorphism in nasal ergonomics and Cephalic Limbu, Magar, Gurung, and Tamang communities are Index. Standing height helps in determining the levels placed in Mongoloid groups who have migrated from of nutritional support and monitoring the effect of Tibet as well as from Northen Burma, Assam, Bhutan nutritional intervention. The results of this study and Sikkim during 200 B.C. These people are revealed a clear ethnic as well as sex variations in scattered in eastern and central hill districts of Nepal.4 physical parameters. The sex and ethnicity had Mongoloid features include depressed nasal groove considerable effect in cranial, facial and height related and rounded jaws. The overall face presents rounded anthropometric measurements. The two communities and short slanted integumental lip, straight black hair, studied though belongs to different race (mongoloid) short medium build and muscular bodies. Following and Tharu showed significant variation possibly due to the Research and Ethical committee of Institute environment, genetic, geography and nutrition. Stature clearance, a total number of 1000 healthy people (500 is essential in determination of nutritional level support males and 500 females) aged between 25-45 years and intervention. To treat congenital, posttraumatic belonging to pure race of Tharu and Mongoloid facial disfigurements in members of these groups, communities of Sunsari and Morang district of Eastern surgeons require access to craniofacial databases Nepal were selected with door to door visit using non based on accurate anthropometric measurements. random sampling, snowball technique (Table-1). Introduction Purpose of the study was conveyed and confidentiality and anonymity was assured for each member involved in this study. Consent was received from each subject. Persons with any genetic , growth Anthropometry is the hallmark technique that deals related disorders such as diabetes mellitus and other with the study of body proportion and absolute endocrine, gastro intestinal, cardiac and renal dimensions that vary widely with age and sex within disorders or having any visible tumor or cyst in the and between racial groups.1 Over the centuries, there face and head region, history of trauma etc were not have been remarkable changes in Anthropometric included in this study. Pregnant lady and the subjects measurements due to geographical, cultural, genetic born of parent and grandparents (maternal and and environmental factors as well as worldwide paternal) of two different ethnic races were also mingling of races.2 Therefore, isolation of pure races excluded (mixed races). Considering the convenience has proved to be a difficult problem. However, of each subject, the personal, present and past anthropometric studies continue to play an important histories were taken. Presence of any growth related role in distinguishing pure race and local mingling of disorders and visible edema was also noted. Following races.3 Anthropometric variables differ in different this, the subject was asked to sit comfortably in a stool parts of the world and is influenced by sex, age, with arm hanging by side and head positioned in ethnicity, geographical distribution and since few Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 3 of 26 WMC003512 Downloaded from http://www.webmedcentral.com on 15-Feb-2016, 04:24:08 AM Frankfurt plane. All the measurements i.e. maximum Discussion head length (g-op),head breadth (eu-eu), nasal length (n-Prn), nasal breadth (ala-ala), nasal height (Sn-Prn) were taken by using sliding caliper (straight and The result of this study showed significant difference curved type). Finally, the person was advised to stand (P< 0.001) in head breadth, NL, CI, NH, Weight and straight against the vertical scale (Martin type Height between males and females of Tharu and anthropometer) without shoes or slippers and Mongoloid, with males having higher values except for measurement for total stature was taken. All the the females CI was observed higher in females. collected data were summarized using SPSS 11.5 Whereas no significant differerence (p>0.05) was version and their significance was tested by student ‘t’ noted in CI, NH between both sexes of Gurung, and test. NB of Tamang male, females. For pure ethnic races Results Tharu and Mongoloid (Rai, Limbu, Magar, Gurung, Tamang) no such scientific somatometric data was available which indicate the head length, head breadth, The statistical analysis was done firstly between both nasal ergonomics and total stature to mark the sexes of same race and later on analysis was difference.5 However critical survey suggested that performed between Tharu and Mongoloid community race as well as sex can be determined accurately with persons of both sexes by using student ‘t’ test. All the head measurements (Cephalic Index), which varied parameters were taken in millimeters and weight in Kg. between major races and even smaller ethnic When different parameters were compared among groups.6 Besides this, several studies revealed males and females of both races (Table-1), higher marked differences exist in cranial shape between value was observed in Mongoloid male with respect to males and females 7 head length of males being HB, HL, NL, NH. Higher value was observed for NB larger than the females.8 The human nose differs in and height among the Tharu male. anatomy and morphology among racial groups. The Table-1 also showed Statistically a highly significant racial and ethnic morphometric differences in the nasal difference (P< 0.001) between MHB, NL, NH, CI, ergonomics in the world population have been the Weight and Height in both sexes of Tharu and focus of investigation 9. The size, shape and Mongoloid. Whereas, no significant difference (p>0.05) proportion of the nose is very valuable for cosmetic was observed with respect to MHL and NB between and plastic surgeons, undertaking repair and both sexes of Tharu and Mongoloid.Table 3. reconstruction of the nose 10. Present study Table-1 revealed highly significant differences exist in demonstrated that there were racial as well as sexual MHL between Tharu and Mongoloid female (p< 0.001) dimorphism in nasal ergonomics. Several studies whereas, moderately significant difference was showed sexual differences in NL, NB, NH, CI.11 The present between Tharu and Mongoloid male (p< 0.05). study conducted by Milgrim also showed that there A highly significant difference was observed between were racial differences in nasal breadth 12. They both sexes of Tharu and Mongoloid (p< 0.001). The found the mean nasal breadth of white females was 31 value for cephalic index, NL, Weight, and Height was mm and South American females 34.4mm. We also found highly significant between both sexes of Tharu found differences in nasal breath between females of and Mongoloid.