Internationale de .... -. INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DE SOCIOLOGIE Pinar 25, 28006 Madrid, Spain phone: (34-1) 26114 83,(34-1) 2611485

Melvin l. Kohn EXECUTIVE COMMIT- Publications Committee Jacques Dofny. Université de TEE 1986-1990 Johns Hopkins University. Bal- Montréal. Canada timore. USA Céline Saint-Pierre. Chair Wilfried Dumon. Catholic Uni- President T.K.Oommen International Sociology: versity Leuven. Belgium Margaret Archer Jawaharlal Nehru Univ. New Martin Albrow. Editor Salvador Giner. Universidad Delhi. India Department of Sociology Jacques Coenen-Huther. Switzer- Barcelona. Spain University of Warwick Gennady V. Osipov land Elizabeth Jelin. CEDES. Buenos Coventry CV4 7AL. U.K. Inst Sociological Research. Salvador Giner. Spain Aires. Argentina Moscow. USSR Lyuben Nickolov. Bulgaria Frank L. Jones. National Univ. D.M. Pestonjee Vice-President T.K. Oommen. India Canberra. Australia Indian Inst Management. Ahmed- Research Council Current Sociology: Chavdar Kluranov, Inst of abad. India EIse 0yen William Outhwaite. Editor Sociology. Sofía. Bulgaria Céline Saint-Pierre Health and Social Policy Maria Carrilho. Portugal Jacques Lautman. CNRS. Paris. Univ du Québec á Montréal. Studies. Univ of Bergen Velichko Dobrianov. Bulgaria France Fastings Minde Canada Kurt Jonassohn. Canada Juares R.B. Lopes. CEBRAP. 5014 Bergen. Norway Neil J. Smelser Sao Paulo. Brazil University of California. Berke- Sociological Ab.tract.: Leo P. Chall. Editor Claus Offe. University of Biele- Vice-President, Member- ley. USA Sage Studi es in Internatsonol feld. FRG ship & Finance Otoyori Tahara Sociology: T.K. Oommen. Jawaharlal Wilfried Dumon Tohoku Gakuin University. Wilfried Dumon. Editor Nehru University. India Department of Sociology Sendai. Japan Orlando Fals Borda. Colom- Gennady Osipov. Institute Catholic University bia of Social Research. USSR E. van Evenstraat 2b Executive Secretary Marie Haug. USA Ayse Oncü. Bogazici Uni- 3000 Leuven. Belgium Izabela Barlinska Jan Toschenko. USSR versity. Turkey Eucutive Committee EIse 0yen. University of Bergen. Vice-President, Program Hepresentati» e s : Norway & Publications Melvin l. Kohn. USA Neil Smelser. Univ of Cali- Artur Meier SUB-COMMITTEES C. Saint-Pierre. Canada fornia. Berkeley. USA Institute of Sociology Researcb: Coordinating Com- Shujiro Yazawa. Hitosubashi Humboldt University Research Coordinating mittee Repreuntative: D.M. University. Tokyo. Japan Hans-Loch-Str. 349 Committee Pestonjee. India Tatiana Zaslavskaya. Soviet 1136 Berlin. GDR EIse 0yen. Chairperson Oburver: Sociological Assoc. USSR Elizabeth Jelin Steven Barr. SAGE Janusz Ziolkowski. Univ of Past President 1982-1986 (EC representative) Poznan. Poland Fernando H. Cardoso Simi A. Afonja (RC 36) CEBRAP. Sao Paulo. Brazil Daniel Bertaux (RC 38) Program Committee Representatives to ISSC- Deniz Kandiyoti (RC 32) Artur Meier. Chair UNESCO Manfred Kuechler (RC 33) (Institute of Sociology. Hum- Delegates: EIse 0yen &< Jacques Petar E. Mitev (RC 34) boldt University. Hans-Loch- Dofny D.M. Pestonjee (RC 35) Str. 349.1136 Berlin. GDR) Alternates: Daniel Bertaux Neil Smelser (RC 02) Simi Afonja. Obafemi Awolowo &< Deniz Kandiyoti MEMBERS Representative to ICSSID- Univ. Nigeria Simi A. Afonja Inés Alberdi. Universidad Com- UNESCO: Obafemi Awolowo University. James Beckford. U.K. plutence Madrid. Spain Nigeria Representatives to UN Orlando Albornoz. Univer- Paolo Ammassari sidad de Venezuela. Venezuela New York: EIse 0yen &< Melvin University of Rome. Italy Kohn Paolo Ammassari. Univ of Daniel Bertaux Membership and Finance Vienna: Paolo Ammassari Rome. Italy C.N.R.S .. Paris. France Committee &< Max Haller Margaret Archer. Univ of War- Elizabeth Jelin Wilfried Dumon. Chair Geneva: Daniel Bertaux &< wick. U.K. CEDES. Buenos Aires. Ar- T.K. Oommen. India Jacques Coenen-Huther Albaka Carmasi. CERES. Tunisia gentina Gennady Osipov. USSR Representatives to WHO Deniz Kandiyoti Peter Q. Reinsch. José Cazorla. University of Hans Ulrich Deppe &< Philippe Richmond College. U. K. The Netherlands Granada. Spain Lehmann

The ISA BULLETIN is the official publication of the Secretariat of the International Sociological Association. Editor: Izabela Barlinska Cover design: Estuart-Ibañez Three issues per year appear in Spring. Summer and Autumn with an average printing of 5000 copies. The ISA BULLETIN is distributed free of charge to members of the ISA. Deadlines for submission of items of interest to our members are: Spring issue: January 1. Summer issues: May 15. Autumn issue: October 1.

Published by the International Sociological Association under the auspices of the ISSC and with the financial assistance of UNESCO. UNESCO subvention 1988-89jDDGj7.7.2jSUBjSHS Printed by Fareso. S.A .. Madrid. Spain. Depósito legal: M.25.817-1987 REPORT FROM THE EXECUTIVE We are aware of the exceptional contribution which Pro- COMMITTEE MEETING fessor Fei Hsaio- Tung and his many younger colleagues and students have made to the building of sociology with The annual meetings of the ISA Executive Commit- Chinese characteristics. tee and its sub-committees: Publications, Membership We ask you to take personal steps to guarantee freedom and Finances, were held on July 2 through 5, 1989, in of scientific inquiry and to permit and encourage Chinese Varna, Bulgaria. The meetings were hosted by the Bulgar- sociologists to continue to make the vital contribution to ian Sociological Association which also organized a series your countrys achievements which they have made since of seminars for young Bulgarian sociologists where some 1979. members of the Executive Committee gave lectures. We note additionally that their participation in interna- We would like to express our deep appreciation to all tional sociological activities has been particularly welcomed our Bulgarian hosts who ensured that the meetings run and we look forward to its further developmen t so that so- smooth Iy and satisfactory. A few highlights of the meet- ciology world-wide may benefit from their research. ings: Xllth WORLD CONGRESS OF SOCIOLOGY FROM THE MEMBERSHIP AND FINANCE Trauel Grants COMMITTEE ISA and CECOMS (Spanish Organising Committee) hope to receive funds from various institutions to be used for A possibility of including research commlttees' fees travel grants. Grants will be available only for ISA me m- into ISA individual membership payment was discussed. ber oming from the less developed countries and the Details will be elaborated by Wilfried Dumon, Vice-Presi- nOI. :Jnvertible currency countries, taking an active part dent in charge of the Membership and Finances, and af- in the program (organizingjchairing a session, being a dis- ter consultation with research committees a proposal will cussant or presenting a paper). Priority will be given be submitted to the ISA Council during the Madrid'90 to scholars participating in the Symposia, Applications Congress. should reach ISA Secretariat in Madrid by 15th March Moreover, it was proposed: 1990. (Application forms are available from the ISA Secretariat - to grant two full ISA memberships to each research and session chairs.) committee earmarked for officers from Third World countries on the research committees boards.

Participation 01 South Alrican Scholars - when a research committee receives a grant using The Executive Committee approved the below statement ISA name to organize a meeting, 5% should be paid on Apartheid and Participation by Scholars in South Africa to the ISA. (based on the Statement prepared by the Research Com- mittee on Ethnic, Race and Minority Relations): "The International Sociological Association is unequiv- It was also reminded that only research committees in ocally opposed to Apartheid in South Africa, as it is to good standing may receive a Newsletter grant. Le. where any system of structural inequality based on racismo The all officers are ISA individual members (art.1I1.4 and by- cumulative evidence of our scholarship makes it patently laws 7) and at least 50 research committees members are cle at there is no scientific basis for racist doctrines, also ISA individual members (art.XI.3 and recommenda- ano at ideologies, structures and processes linked to tions of the Research Council, Ljubljana'88). these doctrines are a fundamental impediment to societal development and human freedom. Sociologists who do not endorse the above statement are not welcome at the Congress. By registering at the Con- TABLE OF CONTENTS gress participants declare they are in agreement with the 1 - Report from the Executive Committee Meeting above principies," 2 - One World - Many Images by Artur Meier SUPPORT FOR THE MOVEMENT FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY IN CHINA 2 - Symposia Themes and Coordinators

In response to the recent events in Beijng, the Executive 4 - Spanish Organising Committee for the Xllth World Committee approved of the below text which was sent to Congress of Sociology Mr Deng Xiaoping, President of the People's Republic of 6 - Third Spanish Congress of Sociology China. "The International Sociological Association, working in 7 - In Memoriam: Stefan Nowak the interest of the world community of sociologists, wishes to draw your attention to the scientififc achievements of 9 - The First Forty Years: AHistory of the ISA by Kurt the community of Chinese sociologists. Jonassohn ONE WORLD - MANY IMAGES for a better lífe quality in material and non-material terms The Thematic Range of the Plenaries and that perhaps can also be defined as a worldwide " a- Symposia at the XIIth World Congress of trend". Fourthly, the wide range of issues under dl~ us- Sociology sion has evidently a political dimension, particularly when by we are searching for new social actors who by collective Artur Meier actions may be able to bring fundamental changes, espe- Vice President cially in the world power structure. And finally, all social, Chairman of the Program Committee technological. economic and political factors and currents are embedded in the entire cultural world situation (again: Pressing problems on a global scale and the challenges one or many?) that has a distinct moral dimension: moral for the discipline stemming from thern have led the ISA to . implications of an emerging global society, at least of its choose as the official theme for the coming World Congress: nowadays closer interrelated parts, which are definitely at Sociology for One World: Unity and Diversity. The re- stake. sponse of the international community of sociologists has What does it mean for sociology in general and for the di- been very positive irrespective of whether one tends to verse sociological theories in particular? The time is ripe assume that there is already one world, at least in the to discuss trends in contemporary sociology against the making, and internationalization is becoming the domi- background of that fast moving world shaking every sin- nant trend in the profession, or if one prefers to continue gle national society and providing us, often enough, with pointing out the division of mankind through which it ex- distributing new experiences. There are apparently many ists and to stress indigenization and a heavy weight of possibilities of postraying new directions transforming our national traditions in sociology. lives as well as bodies of our disciplin ary knowled nd consequently, many reasons to come to Madrid a" to Anyway, we can expect a strongly appealing intellectual jump into the discussions of the Plenaries and the Sym- adventure when sociologists from all around the globe will posia Sessions. Please. feel invited to come to one of the concentrate their efforts in an attempt to a new under- parallel Symposia sessions scheduled for each morning of standing of our rapidly changing world regardless whether the long Spanish day and do not miss the Opening and it is seen as one or as many. In the so-called Main Pro- Closing Plenaries which will be far from pure ceremonies gram consisting of an Opening and a Closing Plenary and but. on the contrary, where prominent scholars of quite dif- about twenty Symposia Sessions, invited scholars. cer- ferent intellectual origins will make an attempt to address tainly representing a variety of theoretical and doctrinal and to evaluate in a comprehensive way the fascinating viewpoints, are going to engage themselves in one way or Congress topic. another in an issue that inevitably has to be confronted nowadays. Although it would be unrealistic in such tur- bulent times to depart from a basic consideration that there exists something like one agreed world which could SYMPOSIA THEMES be approached through an universalistic concept, a broad AND COORDINATORS consensus seems to be possible about the dimensions the analyses should follow when the very existence of the SYMPOSIUM 1:Universal Discourse and Di- world and the many versions within which it occurs be- verse Paradigma come the focu s of our attention. Program Coordinator: Neil Smelser (Univ: ity of Califonia, Berkeley, USA)

First, the awareness of growing global interdependencies Session 1: Emergence and Challenge of Rational leads conseq uently to question ing the social structures Choice Models in Sociology on a worldwide scale: the political organization of inter- Session 2: Is There a Distinctive Third World national relations, restructuring that has taken place in Perspective in Sociology? world economy, revolution of information, communication Session 3: Synthesizing and Integrating the and socialization patterns. Secondly, the new technoloqvee Macro and Micro Levels of Sociology call for a new way of looking at the international division of Session 4: Ontological and Epistemological labour. al technocracy and corporatism transcending the Foundations of Sociological Inquiry boundries of nation states, at interest conflicts on sev- eral levels and. above all. at the profound changes of work we are witnessing just now. Thirdly, social, economic, The theme of the symposium is the unity and diversity technological and polítical contradictions within and be- of sociological theory, and each session addresses a topic tween single societies are at present dramatically inter- under this general theme, in the context of recent the- twined in a way that causes global problems: the still un- oretical developmen ts. Session 1-1 ta kes accou nt of the resolved world war-and-peace question, environmentalism fact that the perspective of rational choice has recently as a truly global issue, the significance of world population made a visible reappearance in theory, partly as a result increase for our future, and last but not least, the striving of econornlsts' formulations and partly as a result of re-

2 sponsive elaborations by sociological theorists. The main In fact. this global interdependency appears to have a sig- qu ions to be addressed in the session deal with the the- nificant incidence on political and economical tendencies oree al strengths and weaknesses of rational-choice mod- as well as on changes in socialization patterns and on cul- els. and their relations to and potentialities for synthesis tural exchanges and communication. Therefore the debate with other llnes of sociological theory. Session 1-2 takes will raise fundamental issues concerning evolving patterns up one theme of whether sociology can be regarded as of dominance-subordination in international relationships. a universal social science. or whether it is particularized new forms of economic internationalization and polariza- by nation. region. culture. or other organizational bases of tion. effects and equivalences of different models of social- world society. In this session Third World Sociology will be ization. and globalization or diversification in information addressed. its continuities and discontinuities with other flow and cultural exchange. regional and national variants will be explored. Session 1- 3 will explore the themes of compatability-incompatability SYMPOSIUM 111:New Technologies and Soci- between the microsociological and macrosociological lev- etal Trends els. and evaluate efforts at synthesizing these two levels Program Coordinator: Chavdar Kiuranov (In- in the past decade. The theme of Session 1-4 - ontological stitute of Sociology, Sofia, Bulgaria) and epistemological foundations of sociological inquiry - is a long-standing one. but emerges in this symposium as Session 1: New Tech nology Interest Conflicts a final way of assessing unity and diversity of sociological and Social Movements theory by asking whether common meta-theoretical ele- Session 2: Technocracy and Bureaucracy and ments in apparently incomparable or conflicting perspec- Corporatism tiv an be discerned. Session 3: New Technology and Changes of Work Session 4: The Control of Technology and Dependency in International SYMPOSIUM 11:Changing Social Structures and Division of Labour Global Interdependency Program Coordinator: Paolo Ammassari (Uni- versity of Rome, Rome, Italy) SYMPOSIUM IV: Global Problema and Social Resources for Survival Session 1: Hegemony and Dependence within and Program Coordinator: Gennady Osipov (Insti- between States tute of Social Research, Moscow, USSR) Session 2: New Trends in Internationalizations of the Economy Session 1: Global Problems Session 3: Convergence and Divergence in Session 2: Peace Keeping versus Militarization Socialization Patterns Session 3: Quality of Life - Population and Health Session 4: Flow of Information and Cultural Session 4: Human Rights as Social Resources Exchanges for One World

Symposium 11articulates the Congress' theme with ref- SYMPOSIUM V: New Actors and New Identi- erence to unity and diversity of social and societal aspects ties of one world in which we live. As the title of the Program Coordinator: T.K. Oommen (Jawahar- Symposium points out. more than deallng with sociology lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India) itself. it focuses on current world-wide changes in social Session 1: Modernity and the Subject life and societal structures under the impact of increas- Session 2: Social Movements and the Issue of ing interdependence between states and national societies. Democracy Three major factors sustaining societal globalization can Session 3: Identities for Collective Actions be discerned: (1) the growing world economy. with its in- Session 4: New Actors in the World Power ternational division of labour. its transnational production Structure of goods and services. and its supranational financial net- works: (2) the concomitant development and diffusion of None of the three major theoretical orientations in con-

I rapid and cheaper means of transportation. with its effects temporary sociology - the modernization theory. the de- on temporary and long term migrations: (3) the increas- pendency school and the mode of production perspective ing flows of information due to the ubiquitous technology - provide an adequate and comprehensive social theory of of instant communication. These major trends are having social movements. the kernel of which is about collective far-reaching repercussions on the social life in sta te soci- actors. their actions and identities. eties and local communities. They are generally keen to Modernization theory based as it was on the limlted em- share all the advantages of a unitary. technologically and pirical experience of the 'advanced' industrial societies of socio-economically developed global society without giv- the First World. posited the problem as the tension be- ing up their deeper social identity and cultural diversity. tween the traditional order and rapid social transforma-

3 tion, mobilization and institutionalization and modernity Both Madrid and Barcelona, the two largest Spanish cities, and the subject. The dependency theory with its spe- had shown interest to hold the Congress. After a ;ful cific focus on the concrete history of the Third World study of both offers, CECOMS decided to accept Ma•.,..d's societies viewed modernization as constrictive and con- proposal as well as a very generous contribution made by centrated on the mode of exchange between the centre the Rector of the University Complutense of Madrid, Pro- and periphery as its problematique. The mode of pro- fessor Gustavo Villa palos, to provide CECOMS with ap- duction school. largely drawing its inspiration from the propriate premises for a celebration of the World Congress. praxis of the Second World, uderestimated the role of non- proletarian classes and shifted the emphasis from state to In the Fall of 1988 the ISA and CECOMS signed an Agree- society. While each of these orientations illumine one or ment establishing responsibilities for both parties in the another critical dimension, none apprehends the complex joint venture of organising the Xllth World Congress of totality. This theoretical fractionation is iII at ease with Sociology. Among other aspects included in the Agree- the pursuit of Sociology for One World. Pursuantly, Sym- ment, it was established that there would be three official posium V proposes to discuss and debate the following languages at the Congress: English, French and Spanish. sub-themes in its four sessions: Social Movements and (although except for the Opening and Closing Plenaries the Issue of Democracy, Identities for Collective Actlons. there will be no translation provided). Further. a proposal New Actors in the World Power Structure and Modernity will be submitted to the Executive Committee of the ISA and the Subject. The avowed objective of these sessions to have Spanish accepted as the third official language would be to draw upon the wide variety of experiences from of the International Sociological Association. The general the Three Worlds so as to attempt an authentic synthesis aims of the Congress were set out as follows: of theories. 1. The academic advancement of sociology SYMPOSIUM VI: Moral Issues in Global Soci- 2. The support and involvement of professional sociol- ety ogists throughout the world Program Coordinator: Janusz Ziolkowski [Uní- 3. The strengthening of the ISA's position and the versity of Poznan, Poznan, Poland) stimulation of sociology within the Spanish speaking communities Session 1: Moral Philosophy and Sociology Session 2: Beliefs and Religions in One World Session 3: Practical Ethics CECOMS: one single platform Session 4: Sociological Conceptions of Human for the Spanish sociological community Nature CECOMS operates on behalf of the main sociological institutions of Spain. lt is chaired by Salvador Giner, Pro- fessor of the University of Barcelona, who is also Pres- ident of the Federation of Spanish Sociological Associa- tions. A brief description of the institutions represented C.E.C.O.M.S. in CECOMS is given below. The Spanish Organising Committee for the Xllth World Congress of Sociology FASEE:, Federation of Spanish Sociological A. "ia- by tions, was founded in 1979 and is a category "A" member Luis Moreno of the ISA. It is composed of the following Regional Socio- Managing Director logical Associations: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Canary CECOMS (Comite Español para la Organizacion del Islands, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Congreso Mundial de Sociologia) was constituted in Septe- Murcia, Valencia and the Basque Country. FASEE was mber 1987 on the initiative of the Federation of the Spanish born in a progressive and democratic spirit during the Sociological Associations (FASEE). Earlier, FASEE had in- eventful years of Spain's transition to democracy. FASEE vited the ISA to hold its Xllth World Congress of Sociol- is governed by the Federal Council and the ExecutiveCom- ogy in Madrid. Upon ISA's acceptance, FASEE convened mittee. The Federal Council assembles at least once ayear a meeting of all representative bodies within the Spanish and it is composed of three delegates from each Regional sociological community together with the representatives Association. of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, in or- FASEE sponsored the organisation of three Spanish Con- der to form a national organising committee. From the gresses of Sociology: Zaragoza (1981) which was organ- very moment of its constitution, CECOMS made its chief ised with the help and support of the Sociological Asso- objective to secure an active participation of all Spanish ciation of Aragon; in Santander (1984) on "Conflict and sociological institutions and the official support from the Social Structure" which was organised in cooperation with Spanish Government. The response from both sources the International University of Menendez y Pelayo and the has been enthusiastic and generous. Sociological Association of Madrid; and in San Sebas-

4 From left to right: José E. Rodrfguez Ibañez. Angeles Valero. Salvador Giner. Silvia Filoche, Luis Moreno. José Cazorla and Pérez Iriarte.

tian (1989) devoted to the theme "Facing the Sociological professional involvement of sociologists and political scl- Challenges of the XXlst Century" organised by the Basque entists in Spanish society and to defend their professional So' ogical Association. claims. It also undertakes the task of promoting new ea- Th epresentative of FASEE to CECOMS is Professor reer opportunities for young graduates in sociology and Jose Cazorla. founding President of FASEE and Dean of political sciences. the Faculty of Political Science and Sociology at the Uni- Colegio is a category "E" member of the ISA and its cur- versity of Granada. rent Dean is Professor Miguel Angel Ruiz de Azua from the Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology of the Uni- versity Complutense in Madrid. Colegio Nacional de Doctores y Licenciados en The representative of Colegio to CECOMS is Professor Ciencias Politicas y Sociologia (National Society of Lorenzo Navarrete of the Faculty of Political Sciences and Doctors and Graduates in PoIitical Sciences and Sociol- Sociology of the University Complutense in Madrid and ogy) Vice-Dean of Colegio. Colegio is a Spanish society of professional sociologists and political scientists which was founded in 1953. It is governed by the Board of Directors which is elected by the CIS: Centro de Investigaciones Sociologicas General Assembly. Each year Colegio grants two awards (Centre for Sociological Research) for the best publication and research project in sociology or/and political sciences in Spain. Colegio regularly pub- CIS was created in 1963 to carry out government funded lishes a review Cuadernos de Ciencias Politicas y Soei- research. Its main activities concern planning. designing oloqia. and an informative newsletter Hoja Informativa. and elaborating analytical studies of the Spanish society, A its main objectives. Colegio pursues to strengthen as well as the development of documentation activities.

5 creation of data banks and dissemination of scientific re- Accordingly. accommodation will be more than ade late sults in the publications edited by CIS. CIS. which is a to meet CECOMS' expectations of no less than 'iDO category ..C" member of the ISA. has an extensive library Congress participants. Accommodation will be a choice specialised in sociology and political sciences as well as between hotels of different categories and student dormi- a comprehensive data bank. CIS publishes a quarterly tories. For the time when participants are not involved journal Revista Espanola de Investigaciones Sociologicas in the Congress activities. Madrid offers many attractions which has already edited 44 issues. It also publishes a ranging from the the Prado Museum famous for its paint- series of monographies with more than 100 titles. ings of Goya. Velazques. El Greco. Picasso. Rubens and The representative of CIS to CECOMS is Professor Ange- many other artists. It has excellent restaurants and open- les Valero of the Faculty of PoIitical Sciences and Sociology air bars. Much has been said about the hospitality of the of the University Complutense in Madrid and CIS Research people of Madrid and its cosmopolita n way of life. In- Adviser. teresting and beautiful places. such as Toledo. Aranjuez. Segovia and Escorial are all very near to Madrid and they can be visited in a day trip.

SEPS: Sociedad Espanola de Profesores de So- cíología (Spanish Society of Sociology Professors) CECOMS would like to extend its warmest invitation to sociologists throughout the world to come to Madrid next SEPS was created in 1987 in order to promote interests year (July 9-13) to attend the Xllth World Congress of So- of professors and lecturers in sociology at the Spanish ciology. The Spanish Organising Committee is con ent universities. A Board of Directors elected by the General that both academic programme and leisure activiti ...iill Assembly is the governing body of SEPS. Its main con- meet the expectations of those colleagues who decide to cern at present is related to the great increase of academic come. CECOMS believes that the event will prove a unique posts and new departments of sociology and political sci- opportunity to strengthen the ties that already unite the ences which has taken place in recent years in Spain. sociological community. It will also be a great opportu- The representative of SEPS to CECOMS is Professor Jose nity for sociologists to develop a closer relationship with E. Rodriguez Ibanez of the Faculty of Political Sciences and Spanish culture and people. Sociology of the University of Malaga.

In addition to the representatives of the sociological insti- tutions mentioned above. Dr Jose Luis Perez lriate. Gen- SAN SEBASTIAN: A MEETING POINT OF eral Vicedirector of the Ministry of Education and Sci- SPANISH SOCIOLOGY ence. represents this governmental body in CECOMS. Dr Third Spanish Congress of Sociology Luis Moreno is a managing Director and a member of CE- by COMS; Ms Silvia Filoche is Secretary of CECOMS. Arturo Garcia Fiel, Ana Garagalza Arrizabalaga, Josune Oiarbide Antia, Carmen Arnal Lopez de Lacalle Universidad Complutense, the venue; (Basque Sociological Association, Press O ~e) Madrid, the city; The Third Spanish Congress of Sociology whose main Although both Opening and Closing Plenary sessions of theme was Facing Sociological Challenges 01 tñe XXIst the Xllth World Congress of Sociology will be held in the Century was celebrated on September 28th through Oc- Congress Palace. all other sessions will take place in the tober 1st. 1989 in San Sebastian. premises of the Faculty of Medicine. Stomatology. Phar- The Congress was organized by the Basque Sociological macy and Mass Communication of the Universidad Corn- Association (a member of the Spanish Federation of Soci- plutense de Madrid. The venue is located in a small carn- ological Associations). The number of participants (1300) pus around Plaza de Ramon y Cajal. where a station of the as well as the number of presented papers (400) exceeded underground metropolitan transport which connects to an any possible expectations of the organizers. The Congress extensive network through the city is located. Congress Program consisted of sessions of 24 working groups and 4 premises are a ten-minute drive from the centre of Madrid. plenary sessions at which prominent Spanish sociologists AII Faculties have restau rants and cafeteria services. debated on various aspects of the forthcoming century.

Spain is tod ay the main tourist country in Europe. In The Opening Session was coordinated by Francisco Ayala. 1988. as many as 54 million people visited the country Nestor of Spanish sociology. who discussed the generic which is a much higher figure than the actual 38 million Congress theme and opened the first plenary session de- population of Spain. Madrid is a popular European choice voted to the theoretical and methodological challenges of for conventions and conferences. sociology. At the second plenary session the curre sit-

6 uation and perspectives of sociology in Spain were ad- the National Society of Doctors and Graduates in Political dr ~ d. The third and the fourth plenary dealt with the Sciences and Sociology. were represented by their execu- pro lems of democracy and the old and new social prob- tive officers. AII these circumstances helped to transform lems of the XXlst centu ry. San Sebastian into a meeting place and a high level dis- cussion forum of Spanish sociologists. It is important to point out that for the first time three generations of Spanish sociologists met at the Congress: The Congress gave also an opportunity to discu ss the from the oldest maestros like Francisco Ayala and Juan forthcoming World Congress of Sociology. ISA President. Linz to the youngest graduates. Also for the first time Margeret Archer and two Vice-Presidents, Else 0yen and the Federation of Spanish Sociological Associations and Artur Meier. addressed the audience elaborating on various aspects of the Congress program and organization.

Third Spanish Congress of Sociology

IN MEMORIAM through arranging trips. fellowships and assistantships. STEFAN NOWAK He helped organized the PoIish Sociological Association. and served as its President from 1976-1983. Stefan Nowak, Professor of Sociology at University of Warsaw, died on September 6, 1989. in Warsaw, at the In every scholarly discipline in every country, there is age of 64. Nowak was one of the most active members of someone who serves as the conscience of the field: exer- the International Sociological Association, having served cising absolute integrity. maintaining standards. imposing the Association in several capacities. He was a member them almost uncon sciously on those in the vicinity. Such of the Executive Committee of the ISA from 1974-1982: al, as a founder of Research Committee 33 of ISA on a person becomes larger than his work. constituting the Logic and Methodology of Sociology. moral center of the field. with an importance to it far be- yond specific contributions - by continually regenerating Nowak was a student of Stanislaw Ossowski in War- the discipline around the ideals it professes. Stefan Nowak saw. Carrying the emphasis on values in Ossowski's work into contemporary society.Nowak's most celebrated re- has. for the past thirty years, been that person for Pol- ish sociology. He fiercely defended the discipline from the search was his set of studies of intergenerational changes in values. He initiated in 1957 and continued through the outside. in part through his leadership of the uniquely in- 1980s a series of surveys of the values of Polish youth. dependent PoIish Sociological Association. But he equally work that was without precedent in Eastern Europe. He defended it from the compromises. intellectual. method- discovered the attachment of Polish youth to family and ological, and political. that some of its practitioners might nation, and their indifference to the state and other social otherwise find convenient. More than any other sociolo- institutions in postwar PoIand. Nowak wrote extensively gist. Nowak has carried the ideals of the discipline from on methodologlcaí issues in survey research. a combina- the time of its reconstitution in Polish academia in 1956 tion of original work of his own and exposition of work to the presento from the sociologists outside Poland. insuring that the so- Nowak was an international sociologist as well. Be- ciology taught in PoIand was state of the arto He continu- sides his long activity in the International Sociological As- ally endeavored to provide for Polish sociologists. both col- sociation. he lectured at many universities outside Poland. leagues and students. a window on the world. through his He was Visiting Professor at Universities of Lund, Stock- ow books. through bringing in books and journals. and holm. and Goteborg in Sweden.Columbia University and

7 University of Chicago in the United States. and the Univer- In sociology Professor Nowak had become an institu- sity of Helsinki in Finland. He lectured at many Universi- tion many years ago. '.¡ ties in Europe and North America. He was to have begun He wrote first basic modern textbooks on rnethodology a Fellowship at Russell Sage in New York this Fall. He in PoIand as as well as numerous other works in this field. had earlier (1974-75) spent a year as a Fellow at the Cen- He made several well known surveys of the values of Polish ter for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Stefan society. A study of his life was a survey of the ideology Nowak will be missed by sociologists everywhere. of Warsaw students after the anti-governmental revolt of October 1956. Paul lazarsfeld said that "a methodologi- cal inteligence" of that research surpassed everything that by James S. Coleman. University of Chicago existed on the European continent. In the last decade Professor Nowak concentrated on a global analysis of Polish society. He was a penetrating ob- server and an outstanding experto and his widely publicized diagnosis contributed to the shaping of consciousness of Polish society.

Stefan had always been very independent in thinking and in acting. Many people profited from his help and support in those difficult years when a price for courage was very high: ban on books. prohibition to travel abroad. humilating omitting in awarding academic degrees. .' Stefan was a very conciliatory person free of jealousy and doctrinism. full of scepticism and common sense. He always tried to reconcile people and theories. sought com- promises both in life and in science. But they were always compromises based on high undisputable values. Accord- ing to Stefan truth was truth for everybody and thus finally everybody had to accept it. He felt particularly satisfied when his opinions were quoted by all conflicting sides of any social or scientific dispute. A socialist in his pre-University years. all hls life he remained faithful to democratic. non-totalitarian values. He tried to construct an ideal of public life similar to real Stefan Nowak was a university scholar. an excellent science where there was no room for turbid ideologies. sociologist. a wonderful mano He grew up at the Univer- manipulative language. sity, there he spent nearly all his life and almost entire Always concerned about others. he knew how to listen. post-war history of Poland. Although he worked at many highly empathetic easily discovered thoughts and feelings foreign universities he valued most of al! his Alma Mater. hidden under a superficial behaviour or pure scientific data. Though not wreathed with many official science laurels. In hls work with young people he was like a patient r- he was an embodiment of academic values. dener who knew that in humanistics one needs long .·',e to mature. He was a very delicate. sensitive persono warm Professor Stefan Nowak was an enthusiast of science. con- and tolerant. It was a pleasure just being with him. sidered it his destiny and believed in it with a deep faith of the first positivists. He always treated science seri- Above all Stefan was able to keep a distance towards ously: expected reliability from a theory. clarity from a himself and had that very special gift with a help of statement. justification from any opinion expressed by a which Aristotle tried to define aman and Maria Ossowska researcher. He also treated seriously everybody. From any a model of a citizen in a democracy: a sense of humor. statement. either made by a classic or by a gradúate. he He knew how to laugh. He loved life. tried to derive a contri bution. even a very small one. to a general scientific knowledge. He was a marvellous discus- In his mortal iIIness he demonstarted incredible courage sant: used to call himself "a professional trouble rnaker". and moving anxiety about others. His last words to us Particularly heartwinning was his attitude towards those were "take good care of yourselves". who were just starting their academic career. He was a serious but at the same time a friendly reviewer for them: his critical comments were always constructive never dis- by Antoni Sulek. University of Warsaw couraging. Professor Nowak enjoyed sharing his knowl- edge. was a real friend of young people. his seminars were attended by a majority of sociology students.

8 .•...8 publications of the international sociological association

1~~r>;¡:J1':)'l:] S~'-"':J:):-):::: A~::,x:::;'''~ ,..../. CURRENr SOCIOLOGY .t. .)' }- ." la vocrrxoq r- c o-vr-r-po-o '"\('

Each issue of this unique journal is devoted to a com- SOCIOLOGIE CONTEMPORAINE est une revue unique prehensive trend report on a topic of interest to the inter- en son genre. Chaque numéro est consacré exclusivement =" enal community of sociologists. Authors review cur- a la présentation d'un rapport-synth~se sur la recherche rent trends and tendencies in all areas of sociological work dans un champ ou sur un theme sociologique en particulier. - theories, methods, concepts, substantive research and Ces rapports-synthése sont concus de manlere lt ce que national or regional developments. The alm 15 to review chaque numéro de la Revue puisse @tre intéressant pour new developments, to discuss controversies, and to pro- des sociologues travaillant lt l'intérieur d'un large éventail vide extensive bibliographies. From time to time, Com- de champs spécialisés puisqu'ils mettent I'accent sur les mentariu on n-end Report8 are published in subsequent concepts, les theories,les problemes et les méthodes. Ces issues of the journal. Recent reports have focused on in- rapports- synth~se fournissent une vue d'ensemble en dis- dustrial and post-industrial sociology, the sociology of hu- cutant des recherches les plus importantes réalisées sur le mour, agrarian relations and modes of production in the théme choisi a travers le monde, et en présentant une bibli- Middle East, sex roles, and inequalities of class and sexo ographie sélective des travaux des principaux auteurs sur la scene internationale. Tout en synthétisant les contenus et Issues are published in French or English, but a text en contribuant a la clarification conceptuelle, ces rapports in one language is always accompanied by an extensive se veulent un forum ou des démarches méthodologiques résumé in the other. CURRENT SOCIOLOGY is an offi- et théoretiques peuvent @treévaluées et des nouvelles ori- cial journal of the International Sociological Association. entations signalées. En tant que publication officielle de Its main aim is to review international developments in the I'AIS, le but principal de la revue LA SOCIOLOGIE CON- discipline and to provide a forum from which professional TEMPORAINE est de rendre compte des développements sociologists from all countries can communicate with the internationaux de la discipline et d'encourager les soci- w' est group of colleagues. ologues de métier de tous les pays lt entrer en contact et a communiquer avec le plus grand nombre possible de collégues. Editor: William Outhwaite School of European Studies, University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BNl 9QN, United Kingdom RECENT ISSUES: Members of the ISA will receive their copies of CUR- Vol. 36, NO.3, Winter 1988 RENT SOCIOLOGY at a discount, if pre-paid, from the ISA Secretariat (see ISA membership dues form). PARTICIPATION, TRADE UNIONS AND SELF- MANAGEMENTS by Gyorgy Széll Non-members should order directly from:

Vol. 31, No.l, Spring 1989 SAGE PUBlICATIONS THE SOCIOLOGY OF EVERYDAY LIFE 28 Banner Street, London ECl y 8QE, United Kingdom by Michel Maffesoli INTERNATIONAL ir SOCIOLOGY JOURNAl OF THE INTERNATIONAl SOCIOLOGICAl ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALf DE SOCIOLOGIE

INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGY, a quarterly, has been 6. An abstract of 100-200 words should also be typed established by the ISA to publish papers which deserve on a separate sheet. worIdwlde drculation and which reflect the research and 7. Figures, maps and diagrams should be precisely and interests of the international communlty of sociologists. boIdly drawn to permit photographic reproduction. AII branches of the discipline and all regIons of the world Use single quotation marks (except forquotes within are represented In its pages. quotes). Contributlons should be sent to In approprilte editor 8. Notes should appear at the end of the texto Ref- (see Guidelines for Contributors): erencing in the text should be as follows: (Archer 1982: 157) The recommended style of the bibliog- Editor: Martln Albrow (E",I"I&, G.rma",) raphy is: Populatlon Centre, Unlverslty of Wales CoIlege of Cardiff, Archer, Margaret S. ed. 1982. 51 Park Place, Cardlff CF1 3AT Wales, U.K. The Sociology of Educational Expansion. London: .Aaoc:late Editora: Sage Ishaq Y. AI-Qutub (Ara6ic) Sayad, Abdelmalek 1984.'Tendances et Courants .'. Department of SocIoIogy, University of Kuwait, POB 23558, des Publications en ScIences Sociales sur l'lmmi- Safat 13096, Kuwait gration en France depuis 1960'. Current Sociology Jacques Coenen-Huther (Frer&cl&,IJ.tcl&) 32: 219-304 Groupe de Recherche E.90, Unlversi~ de Genbe, Case 9. Edited word-processed copy will be sent to the au- Postale Rez Unl 11, 1211 Genbe 4, Swltzerland thor for checking, but proofs will be cometed by the Dal Kejlng (Cl&i•••• ) Editor Chlnese Academy of SocIal Sciences, No. 5, Jianguo Men- 10. Authors recelve 25 offprints free of charge and may nel Dajle, Beljing, China purchase extra ones if they order them when return- Ljuben Niclcolov (RulÚJ"', BwJ,.riar&) ing word-processed copy. Sofia University, Ruski 15, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria SUBSCRIPTIONS: Regular members of the ISA will Salvador Giner (Italiar&, S,.","I&) receive the joumal as part of thelr membership when pay- Facultad Sclencias Econ6micas, Universidad de Barcelona, ing for four years in advance. Diagonal 690, 08011 Barcelona, Spain One-year regular members and students may subscribe to T.K. Oommen (E",I"I&) I"".,.",.tior&al Sociolog, at the rate glven below by pladne School of Social ScIences, Jawaharlal Nehru Universlty, an order with the ISA when paying thelr membership dues: New Delhl 110 067, India Regular members: US $ 20 Guidelines for Contributors: Students and members in non-convertible currency coun- 1. Contributions may be submltted In any language, tries: US $15 but will be published only in English. Contributions Non-memben are welcomed to place orders with in Engllsh may be sent to the Editor or Associate SAGE Publications Ud, Editors, in other languages to the appropriate edi- 28 Banner Street, London EC1Y8QE, U.K. .• 1 tor, as Indlcated above. Where there is no indication or of editorial coverage of a language, advice should be SAGE Publications Ud, sought from the Editor. Authors of papers in other P.O.Bat 5096, Newbury Park, California 91359, USA languages may recelve translation assistance in suit- Subscription rates for non-members (per annum): able cases. Papers are refereed by an international Individuals: US $ 34 panel whose names appear In the fourth Issue of Institutions: US $ 60 each year. RECENT ISSUE Vol.~, No. ~,December 2. Contributions are considered for publication only on 1989 the understanding that they are not simultaneously Pa.per. jrom Cl&ir&u. SociolOf, under consideration elsewhere in English, that they LI LULU: Theoretical Theses on 'SocIal Modemisation' are the original work of the author(s), and that any YE KELlN, ZOU NONGJIAN and YE NANKE: The Estab- previous form of publication is disclosed. Copyright lishment of Market Town Sociology with Chinese Charac- is retained by the author, bllt the Journal is licensed teristics to reprlnt. THE INVESTIGATION GROUP OF NANKAI UNIVER- 3. Standard length of papers is 6000 words, but shorter SITY: Report on Nationwide Demand for Sociology Grad- contributions are also welcomed. They should be uates during the period of the Seventh Five- Year Plan typed, double spaced on one slde of paper wlth mar- OtA" Arliclu gins of 3 cm. NEIL J. SMELSER: External Influences on Sociology 4. Two copies should be submitted (although one will PETER TAYLOR-GOOBY: Welfare, Hierarchy and the New be sufficient). They will not normally be retumed, Right: The Impact of Social PoIicy Changes in Britain, so authors should ensure they keep a copy. 1979-1989 5. Title, author's name, full address and brief biograph- ANDREAS BUSS: The Economic Ethics of Russian-Ortho- ical note should be typed on a separate sheet. dox Christianity: Part 11 - Russian Old Believers and Sects b SACiE Studles In Intematlonal SOClology 5DOI~ DVme lmemattonal SOdOIogICaIAssocIatIonIlSA

This Series was established by the ISA in 1914 in place Orders can be placed with SAGE PUBLICATIONS of the transactlons of World Congress of Sociology, which at any of the addresses below: had been published since the Association's foundatlon in United Kingdom: 28 Banner Street, London ECl y 8QE 1949. U.S.A.: 215 S. Beverly or, Beverly HiIIs, CA 90212 India: 32 M "Block Market, 1 Greater Kakasch Port, New The Series contains topical volumes based on work pre- oelhi lXO 048 sented in the various sessions of WorId Congresses and reflecting the scientific activities of the ISA's Research Committees. RECENT TITLES IN TBE SERIES

T books contain a selection of papers chosen for their vol. 36 (1989): 0": tific quality, their international representativeness and NATIONAL TRAolTIONS IN SOCIOLOGY tlieir relevance to the various debates currently taking place NiJcolai Genov in the discipline. vol. 31 (1989): CHANGING FACE OF RElIGION Editor: Wilfried Dumon Jo.mel A. Bee1c/ord arad Tl&omal L.ckmarara Institute of Sociology Catholic University Leuven E. van Evenstraat 2b 3000 Leuven, Belgium

EDITORSHIP 01' S.S.I.S. New Editor for the SSIS book series will be required from January 1991. The ISA will be looking for an Editor who has com- mand over the English language, is in a country with good postal and telephone communications.

Persons interested for themselves, or who wish to rec- ommend others, should write before March 31, 1990 to the Chair of the Publications Committee:

Professor Céline Saint-Pierre oépartement de Sociologie Université de Québec a Montréal C.P. 888, Station A Montréal, Quebéc H3C 3P8 Canada ir

EdItor: Leo P. Chall SA desires to receive an abstraet together with a reprint of the doeument itself (article. monograph. essay. book). Co-sponsored by the ISA. Sociological A6dnada is pub- Publishers and editors are urged to send copies of new lished by Sociological Abstracts Ine.• a non-profit corpora- publieations for abstracting. or to initiate the preparation tion. It also publishes LiAg.ÚhC8 aAd LaApagu BeAafl- of abstracts on forms supplied gratis on request. ior A6dnacta and Social PlaAAiag/Polic, aAd Duelop- meAt A6atracta. SA appears 5 times ayear: April. June. Other serviees and pubHeatioD8available: August. Oetober. December. - Information entered into the database sinee 1963 is Sociological A6dnacta offers a eollection of nonevalu- availble online to lnformation professionals from BRS (file ative abstraets whieh refleets the world's serial literature label SOCA). Data-Star (file label SOCA). and Dialog (fi ~ in sociology and related disciplines. Eaeh of the five ls- 37) ," sues of SA eontains the following: a brIef user's guide: a - SocioaearcA - a serviee offering researehers and librar- Table of Contents eonsisting of 33 major and 79 subeate- ians an opportunity to eonsult with information specialists gories into which sociolog- ical subjects are eategorized: a who answer researeh questions with fast eomprehensive subject index: an author index: a source index: a supple- searches of SA and related databases: ment latematioaal ReVÚtu o/ P.6licatioM iA Sociology - Social PlaAAiag/Polic" aAd DuelopmeAt A6atnacta - eonsisting of a bibliography of books reviews taken from (SOPODA) - published since 1979 as a response to the the joumals abstraeted in the same issue: some issues also expressed needs of scholars and educators. for a eompres- eontain Supplement(s) consisting of abstracts of eongress sion of the applied sociology and social scienee litera ture papers. into an easily accessible format: Selection and coverage: three types of joumals have - Note Ua - a free newsletter to facilitate communi- been distinguished in the following order of priority: cation between the produeers of SA and its several thou- sands of users: Type 1 - joumals published by sociologieal associations. - A slide/tape show Sociological A6atnacta - iA Print groups. faeulties and institutes: and and Onli",e offering information and instruction on use of perlodieals eontaining the word "sociology" this comprehensive sociological database. The presenta- in their title. These are abstraeted fully. tion is available for purchase ($10) or it can be borrowed irrespective of language of publieation. for a two-week period. at no charge. Type 2 - journals from sueh related areas as anthropo- - A manual - a free brochure - Your Guide to Seo.rching logy. economies. edueation. medicine. Sociological A6dracta •• ing o. Peraonal Oomputer: eommunity development. philosopy. statisties. - The now eompleted first edition of the SA Thesaui .'\ politieal scienee. ete. Sueh journals are of Sociological Terms is being used to index all SA and abstracted selectivel~ SOPODA records: Dialog Information Services will mount Type 3 - journals from the humanities and journals of the online thesaurus: general cireulation wherein scholars and Subscription to SA is $ 325 per year. Single issues are laymen publish discussions or eriticism of $ 50. Orders and enquiries can be placed with: sociology and sociologieal topies. These journals are abstracted selectively. Soeiologieal Abatraets P.O. Bax 22206 San Diego, eA 92122-0206, USA gone into a temporary decline because some of its officers THE FIRST FORTY YEARS: had been associated with the rising forces of fascism in A HISTORY OF THE LS.A. Europe.

by THE FOUNDING OF THE ISA. Kurt Jonassohn 1. Concordia University On the initiative of the Social Science Department of Montreal, Canada UNESCO, a group of sociologists carne together in Paris on 14 October 1948 to consider the desirability and feasibility of establishing an active and effective worldwide INTRODUCTION. organization in their field of study. Present at this meeting were: The research for this project was started just about Georges Davy (Sorbonne, Paris) ten years ago, when I was still an Executive Secretary of A.J.N. den Hollander (University of Amsterdam) • the ISA. While I was on a sabbatical leave I did a library Georges Gurvitch (Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques, Paris) search, interviewed a number of former officersof the René Konig (Zurich) Association and of UNESCO, and asked the Research Paul F. Lazarsfeld (Columbia University, New York) Committees to prepare histories of their own. The latter Gabriel Le Bras (Sorbonne, Paris) have appeared in several issues of the ISA Bulletin (see: Erik Rinde (Norwegian Social Science Association, Oslo) Appendix). Shortly afterwards, I was invited to give a Louis Wirth (University of Chicago) preliminary report on this work at an ISA meeting. Although I Arvid Brodersen, Acting Head of the Social Science thc ht that I had made it quite c1ear that this was my own Department of UNESCO, acted as chairman and was prl.': t, supported by an outside grant, and did not assisted by Otto Klineberg, Director of the International represent an activity or a position of the ISA, I was promptly Tensions Project. T. H. Marshall of the London School of misunderstood. The first question asked concerned the role Economics had been consulted before the meeting, but was of the ISA and who had authorized me to speak in its name. unable to attend it. This incident convinced me that all my statements to the The group discussed the state of sociological study, contrary would not convince certain people that it is teaching and research in the different countries of the world possible to keep my role as an Executive Secretary and as and the degree of international collaboration achieved a sociological researcher apart. In order to avoid the between sociologists, and concluded its work by issuing for complications that such a misunderstanding would cause I distribution and publication an unanimous 'statement' urging decided not to publish anything further until well after my the need for an "International Sociological Association" and retirement from the former of these roles. Now, it has been emphasizing the importance of the functions that an suggested to me that the fortieth anniversary of the ISA association of this kind might fulfill. The group appointed would be a good time to go public, even though the data are Erik Rinde to be its rapporteur and requested staff aid and not up-to-date any more. funds from UNESCO to carry on the work initiated by this meeting. THE BACKGROUND.2. The General Conference of UNESCO, in Beirut in November 1948, passed a resolution instructing the Scholars always seem to have had a metropolitan Director General of UNESCO to take steps to continue the tendency to want to associate with their peers, regardless promotional work and to ensure the definitive establishment of geographical distance, in order to exchange information, of an International Sociological Association.Similar coz re the results of their work, and to engage in debates. resolutions were passed for worldwide associations in So~ ,ogists are. no different in this respect. economics, political science, and comparative law, and a The first international organization for this purpose sum of $ 8,000 was set apart for each of the associations in was established by René Worms in 1893 as the "Institut UNESCO's 1949 budget. international de sociologie";. it was based on the The rapporteur contacted sociologists around the membership of individual scholars who were elected by their world and, having received a considerable number of peers. Its constituency appears to have drawn heavily on positive replies, called another meeting of this Preparatory Latin countries such as France and Italy, and later on Latin Committee on 29-30 June 1949 at which it was decided to America. In 1933, Duprat organized an "International hold a Constituent Congress for the ISA in Oslo from 5-10 Federation of Sociological Societies and Institutes" as part September 1949, at the invitation of the Norwegian Social of the liS; this Federation was not exactly successful, Science Association. Of those who were invited the according to L. J. Rhodes. (ASA Footnotes, April 1980, following were actually present: p.4) Prof. L. Wirth, U.S.A. (Chairman) Interests in international contacts, whether at the Praf. G. Davy, France (Vice-Chairman) individual or at the organizational level, took a variety of Praf.S. Verosta, Austria forms: the main ones were study abroad, informal and Prof. P. De Bie, Belgium formal meetings, reading, correspondence, and translation. Prof. C. Dawson, Canada It was not until after World War 11and the establishment of Prof. R. Agramonte, Cuba the ISA that such contacts were expanded to include Prof. Th. Geiger, Denmark collaboration in comparative research, sociological Praf. A. Zaki, Egypt institutes, and joint publications. By this time, the liS had Prof. K. Wikman, Finland

9 Prot. L. von Wiese, Germany submit papers for discussion were sent to almost 500 Prot, J. N. Khosla, India sociologists in 66 countries, as well as to a great num " I Prol. S. N. Eisenstadt, Israel universities, research centers, and societies in varióus Proí. C. Gini, Italy countries. By April 1950, 130 acceptances had been Prof A. den Hollander, Netherlands received from 31 countries, including some 60 papers falling Proí. S. Holm, Norway within the framework of the general theme. Prof. S. Ossowski, Poland The First World Congress took place as planned on Prof. T. Segerstedt, Sweden 4-9 September, 1950 in Zurich and was attended by more Prof. R. K6nig, Switzerland than 120 delegates from 30 countries. Papers were Prof. H. Ülken, Turkey distributed beforehand and not read, but discussed. In spite Prof. M. Ginsberg, U.K. of plans to the contrary, the publication of the proceedings Prof. 1.Ganon, Uruguay never took place. Mr. E. Rinde, Norway (Rapporteur) The also newly formed International Political Mr. G. Duran (Representative 01 UNO) Science Association decided to hold its own Congress Dr. A. Ramos, Head, UNESCO Social Science Department concurrently and the two associations arranged a joint Miss B. Kolbourn, UNESCO Secretariat Roundtable on "The Role of Minorities in International Prot. A. Sommerfelt, Norwegian Committee Affairs." Dr. A. Brodersen, Norwegian Committee Unlike the liS or the national associations, the ISA This Constituent Congress unanimously adopted a based its membership on so-called collective members, that set 01 statutes, constituted itsell into a Provisional Council is: national associations, institutes and departments. At the to manage the allairs 01 the organization during the interim business meetings, applications Irom 29 sociological belore the lirst Council meeting, and then declared the ISA organizations in 20 countries were presented and all re in existence. admitted to membership. Several of the na .~¡al A working program was established, dealing with: associations thus affiliated had been formed as a direct Facilitation 01 Contacts, Dissemination 01 Inlormation, result of the establishment of the ISA. A number of others Research, and Services which the Association can render were about to be formed and were expected to join the ISA to the United Nations. The first committee to be established in the coming year. The Latin American sociologists in was a "Research Committee" which was authorized to Zurich took the initiative to launch an Asociación establish subcommittees on different subjects or projects Latinoamericana de Sociologia, to be formally constituted at as the need or occasion arose. a Latin American Congress of Sociology to be held in A Provisional Executive Committee was elected Buenos Aires in1951. which was to hold office until the lirst regular meeting 01 the The statutes were amended to provide for an Council, at which time the provisions 01 the statutes tor the associate membership tor organizations and institutions election 01 the Executive Committee were to be put into interested in the social sciences in the broader sense of the operation. The results 01 the election were as lollows: word, but not directly active in sociology as such. Although Presiden!: L. Wirth the statutes of the day provided that "membership in the Vice-Presidents: G. Davy and M. Ginsberg Association, in principie, shall consist only of sociological Members: 1.Ganon, Th. Geiger, J. N. Khosla, organizations", a great number of applications for individual R. K6nig, S. Ossowski, A. Saki membership were received. However, the Executive This Provisional Executive Committee then met and Committee and the Council ruled that such membership voted unanimously to elect Mr. Erik Rinde as Executive should be granted only (1) as a provisional measure pending Secretary- Treasurer 01 the ISA and that the temporary seat the establishment and affiliation of local or national bodies

01 the ISA and the location 01 its Secretariat be in Oslo. in the country of the applicant, or (2) as an exce '1 al Prolessor Ginsberg was appointed Chairman 01 the measure in the rare cases of sociologists not eligible vi or Committee on Research and he invited Prols. Davy and not wanting membership in the relevant local or national Geiger to be members 01 this committee. bodies affiliated to the Association ("Sauvages", "Lone It was decided to plan for a first World Congress in Wolves"). September 1950, together with a meeting of the Provisional On the basis 01 the regular membership, a lirst Council. regular Council was established with 38 countries Prolessor René K6nig was instrumental in obtaining represented by delegates. For the period 1950-53, Mr. Erik local support for holding the First World Congress in Zurich Rinde was reappointed as Executive Secretary-Treasurer, on 4-9 September 1950. A Local Arrangements Committee with the Secretariat remaining in Oslo. The elections for the and a Congress Committee were set up. The theme and Executive Committee for 1950-53 produced the following sub-themes were agreed upon as lollows: results: Sociological research in its bearing on international Presiden!: Prof. Louis Wirth (University of Chicago) relations: Vice-Presidents: Prol. Fernando de Azvedo (University of a) General arrd methodological problems Sao Paulo) b) National characteristics and attitudes Prof. Georges Davy (University of Paris) c) Sociological aspects of relations between nations. Prof. Morris Ginsberg (London School The Committee also allowed for a fourth group of 01 Economics and Political Science) papers falling outside these sub-themes, but advised the Members: Prof. Pierre de Bie (University of Louvain) Executive Secretary to discourage presentation of such Prol. Theodor Geiger (University of papers. Formal invitations to attend the Congress and Aarhus)

10 Prof. G. S. Ghurrye (University of (2) Academic developments: We deal here with two Bombay) related aspects. The more general development concerns Prof. René K6nig (University of Zurich) the impressive expansion of higher education in all parts of Prof. Kunio Odaka (University of Tokyo) the world. Existing universities expanded at the same time Prof. Stanislaw Ossowski (University of as new ones were established in many countries. The Warsaw) general post-war prosperity and the demand for qualified Dr. Abdel Hamid Zaki (Cairo School of staff increased academic salaries. At the same time, funds Social Work) available for research, publications, and meetings became The ISA was now welllaunched: it had a secretariat, more freely available. The more particular development an organizational structure, a membership, and a series of relevant here concerns the growth of sociology. In addition activities under way. But, in arder to understand the trends to the expansion of academia, sociology became more in its history and growth, it is important to keep in mind some recognized as having a contribution to make and became of the post-war developments that took place in the world at established in many countries where it had hardly existed in large. These were of several kinds. pre-war times. (1) Technological developments: Since one of the The combination of these two developments majar aims of the ISA is to facilitate "contacts between produced a dramatic increase in the number of practicing sociologists throughout the world", developments in sociologists, in communication among them, in research communication took on a particularly strong significance. activity, and in the resulting publications. The newly We take the modern jet plane so much for granted today established ISA developed and grew against this that we may forget that air travel is of very recent origino background. Thus, the first president of the ISA had to ask for the cl[. ing of the dates of a meeting because the only boat SOME TRENDS IN THE GROWTH OF THE ISA_ a\ ~ ble from New York would dock in Europe only two days after the start of the meeting. The jet plane has made travel In a quite general way one can say that the ISA has much faster, more frequently available, and considerably progressed, in its first forty years, from the exuberance of less expensive. This has had a tremendous impact on the youth to the responsibilities of middle age. For those who possibility of holding international meetings more prefer sociological jargon, this development has been frequently, with less notice, and in a wider variety of analogous to that from social movement to institution. places.3. In its youth the ISA was imaginative and The airplane has also speeded up international enterprising. The first World Congress was held in 1950, communication by mail, at least until it slowed down again in barely ayear after its founding convention. This was not a recent years for other reasons. Similarly, communication by paper-reading meeting of the kind that we are all toa familiar telephone and telegram, although invented well before the with today. Instead, sessions were carefully planned, establishment of the ISA, has become more widely available themes were defined, and colleagues were invited to give and considerably less expensive. The much more recent papers that met the demands of the programo These papers availability of international communication by computer were distributed beforehand and not read during the modem or fax machine is only just beginning to have an sessions where they were discussed. It is true that a effect. provision was made for submitted papers that fell outside Another development related to technology has the themes of the program; but the secretary was instructed been the growth in the volume of publications, both books to discourage such papers. and journals, and the lowering of their cost due to mass The youthful ISA also took the initiative, often production and new printing technologies. Associated with together with UNESCO, in several other areas. For H-, end was the increasing interest in the work of scholars instance, its Research Committee initiated international and in other countries. The publication of their work was comparative research projects. Some of these were more facilitated by the lowering of printing costs and by the successful then others; but there existed a spirit of prestige associated with doing translating. Both of these adventure and excitement about the early work of our important trends have been partially reversed in the colleagues in the ISA that has since evaporated. In its seventies and eighties. In the case of printing costs this middle age, the ISA takes initiatives more rarely. It makes reversal is due partly to rising costs, partly to inflation, and every effort to keep the enterprise going and to respond to partly to the pricing policies of some publishers, with the demands that come from outside. Perhaps such a result that many publications are again beyond the means development was inevitable; but reading about its early of colleges and libraries, especially in the poorer countries. years, digging through old archives, and talking to In the case of translation this reversal was partly due to the colleagues who were active in its youth, leaves one with a decline in linguistic ski lis among younger sociologists, and sense of nostalgia -- and some regret at the loss of partly due to the loss of prestige of translation as an imagination and enterprise which becomes evident in its appropriate scholarly activity. later years. Perhaps that just reflects the state of the Finally, commercial computers became available in discipline. In any case, here are some trends that one could the fifties and have had a tremendous influence on observe in some of the specific areas of its activities. developments in the techniques of analysis, on the storing THE WORLD CONGRESSES: The over two dozen and manipulating of large amounts of data, and via collegues interviewed were unanimous in their judgement time-sharing networks over long distances they have also that the World Congresses have become much toa large. increased opportunities for cooperation and comparative They differed in their judgements of whether they are res arch. important and, if so, in what way. Some emphasized the

11 crucial role of colleagues being able to interact has spread to most countries of the world, it is often s en face-to-face, while others considered the research as a dangerous discipline, and our colleagues are ' n committee sessions the most valuable parto AII thought that seen as having an influence to which some may aspire but their format needs to be reconsidered and many had which they only very rarely achieve. Thus, in many parts of concrete suggestions to offer. One aspect of very large the world, sociology is not seen as an academic discipline meetings mentioned by several observers was that many which should be allowed to work under the protection of sociologists do not know how to cope with the very large complete academic freedom. One of the on-going efforts of number of simultaneous sessions; they proposed that the ISA, not always successful, is to serve as a legitimating knowing how to get the most out of such a 'foire' requires agency for the study of society and for the practitioners of special skills that have to be learned. There was a good deal such study. of nostalgia about the period when the World Congresses The amendments to the ISA statutes that were were small enough not to require such learning, when there passed in Varna in 1970 made available individual was a fairly stable consensus about the nature of . membership to all interested colleagues for the first time. sociology, and when Congresses were characterized by Although such individual membership gave no direct voice serious debates among friends. The beginning of the sixties in the governance of the Association, its popularity did was the period when this consensus broke down, when seem to indicate a wide-spread interest in the activities of Congresses became too large, and when they became a the Association. However, it also indicated that the ISA was meeting of strangers rather than of friends. However, it also following the trends in the discipline at large. In its early was the period when the 'iron curtain' was lifted for the ISA years it tended to a somewhat elitist orientation; its most and when Eastern European colleagues participated in active people were often the most prominent sociologists in Congresses, Research Committees, and the administrative their respective countries, or sometimes the only ones. In affairs of the ISA for the first time. It was also the period the sixties, the great expansion in the numb of when colleagues from Third World countries became active. sociologists produced a more populist trend which is .so The ISA was well on its way to becoming truly international reflected in the ISA membership. The ISA responded to the rather than mainly Western in its composition. Most pressures to encourage younger colleagues from all regions interviewees agreed that the World Congresses had a very of the world, to give increasing prominence to the work of great influence on the development of sociology in those women sociologists, as well as that of various countries where they were held, especially if sociology had underrepresented minority groups. In these trends the ISA only recently been introduced there. World Congresses not responded to outside pressures and only rarely took the only encouraged the local sociologists who often felt like initiative. unappreciated pioneers, they also broadened their Many of those interviewed commented on the perspectives, prevented them from becoming too parochial changing administrative structure of the ISA, and thought it in their interests and orientations, and helped them to appropriate that the ISA should have changed with establish lasting ties with the ISA. The appreciation of the changing realities. Most thought that the Council with its influence of the World Congresses on the host countries delegates from member countries should remain, although was certainly the nicest thing that was said about them. some felt that these delegates should be more carefully MEMBERSHIP: As mentioned above, at its founding . selected. Clearly, this is a very delicate issue and it was the ISA had 20 countries on its membership list. It suggested by some that the Executive Secretary should encouraged the founding of national associations in travel a lot to establish and maintain personal contacts with countries where they did not already exist, as it still does the national bodies. Others pointed to the changing realities today. At the same time, sociology spread to countries that have made research the locus of scholarly activity in where it had not existed and where the establishment of the the ISA; they suggest that not only the Research discipline also led to the establishment of organizations. Committees, but also the research centers that 9 Through its linkage with UNESCO and its expanding collective members should have a voice in the governance activities, the ISA became rapidly accepted as the locus of of the Association and that they should be encouraged to international, comparative, and cooperative activity in playa much more active role. No clear consensus arose on sociology. Over sixty countries were soon represented in how this was to be implemented. the ISA through their national associations and/or other RESEARCH: One of the first committees set up by 'collective member', such as research centers, academies, the newly founded ISA was a Research Committee. Its etc. This included not only countries where sociology had enthusiasm forced it to expand into several subcommittees, been newly established, but also a number of countries each dealing J..ith a different research project; later it was where sociology reappeared after a period of repression. decided to have several Research Committees. By the The most prominent example was the U.S.S.R. which did not sixties, there developed the tendency to set up a separate participate in the activities of the ISA until after the death of Research Committee for each of the specialties within the Stalin. It is unfortunate that sociology, in large parts of the discipline. Since there was no consensus as to the number world, is still a long way from being accorded the status of of such specialties, the number of Research Committees some older disciplines that are able to continue their work has depended on interested groups of colleagues who under the protection of academic institutions regardless of proposed to collaborate in a special area. The nature of the changes in the larger society. In many countries, a such collaboration also changed over time. Several change of government has profound effects on sociology; comparative research projects were mounted. While they these may range from the curtailing of funds to total accomplished some of what they set out to do, they were repression, or to the reinstatement of financial support and not totally successful. The difficulties of organizing revitalization after previous repression. Although sociology comparative research in several countries, making the a

12 collecting instruments truly comparative, raismq the methods were quantitative. In the sixties and seventies, e ous lunds required, and linding the qualilied staff, this domination was challenged Irom several directions.4. ptJ~ 3d almost insurmountable. Since these early efforts, Marxist theory was rediscovered in the West and the the Research Committees have limited themselves to participation 01 Soviet sociologists made it possible to comparing the lindings 01 research that was not designed enlarge the scope 01 the debate. The concrete problems 01 as a multi-country project. They have lound it more development produced serious challenges to sociological productive to organize seminars and meetings with clearly theory Irom several directions in dillerent regions 01 the delined topics and aims. However, comparative research world, and the World Congress in Uppsala in 1978 was became institutionalized in the Vienna Centre and several 01 devoted to the exploration 01 these challenges. the ISA Research Committees have participated actively in Quantitative methods also came under attack and a variety its work. 01 other approaches were competing lor attention. However, As the Research Committees became increasingly no new consensus or dominant perspective seemed to be active they lound the regulations 01 the ISA increasingly arising. Perhaps a new synthesis will come out 01 the conlining. Initially, they simply lound ways to get around current debates. But lor the time being, the variety 01 these regulations. Then, they met to discuss how these approaches in theory and method is so diverse as to put regulations might be changed or how the statutes 01the ISA into question even the very nature 01 the discipline. might be amended in order to lacilitate their work. PUBLlCATIONS: The increase in membership Eventually a Constitutional Commission met in December posed a need lor more effective communication within the 1966 and lormulated recommendations to the Council tor its ISA. Therelore the ISA Bul/etin (Iormerly the irregularly meeting during the World Congress in 1970. A quite detailed published Newsletter) has become established as a regular discussion 01 the early history 01 the Research Committees publication 01 the Secretariat, appearing three times per up to this point was written by Stein Rokkan and has been year and carrying reports 01 meetings as well as inlormation r€ ted as an introduction to the histories 01 the Research on all other activities that might be 01 interest to members. COII mittees that were published in the ISA BULLETlN Current Socioloqy, which also appears three times per year, starting with number 27 (Autumn 1981, 26-31). One 01 the has become independent 01 the Internationa/ Bib/iography consequences 01 the growth in the number and size 01 of Socioloqy (the two used to be published jointly) and Research Committees has been their increased inlluence continues to specialize in trend reports on quite narrowly within the ISA. This inlluence linally was lormalized by the delined specialties. Since each trend report with its establishment 01 the Research Council in 1970, to which bibliography lills one number 01 the journal, these are also each committee sends a delegate. Since this Research available as single issues. Beginning with the Second World Council also elects members to the Executive Committee it Congress, Transactions were published. The growth 01 the has a direct input into the policies and activities 01 the ISA. World Congresses, their diversity, and the costs 01 In an effort to preserve some 01 the history 01 the publishing multi-volume Transactions, lorced their ISA, each Research Committee was asked to provide a discontinuance. The Transactions of the 7th Wor/d history 01 its own activities. These were published in various Congress in Varna were the last ones to be produced. They issues 01 the ISA Bul/etin, as space permitted. (A list 01 the were replaced by a series 01 books appearing under the histories will be lound in the Appendix.) collective title 01 Sage Studies in Internationa/ Sociotoqy. Here is an are a that produced total unanimity among While this series 01 books was based on the work 01 the the sociologists interviewed; all 01 them considered the World Congresses, it also published work Irom the Research Committees and their work 01 central importance Research Committees. In addition, many 01 the Research in the activities 01 the ISA. AII agreed that the Research Committees 01 the ISA produced newsletters, journals, and Committees should continue to be the main Iocus 01 books in their own area. Finally, in 1986, the Publications a ity, even il some 01 them thought that several Committee decided to launch a new journal that would o izational details might well be changed or revised. actually publish individual papers: /nternationa/ Socioloqy, TEACHING: In the early years 01 the ISA, the which appears lour times ayear. AII 01 these publications teaching 01 sociology, in countries where it had become taken together represent an intensilication and expansion newly established, was a matter 01 concern. Several 01 the activities 01 the ISA in this area which contributes to surveys, meetings, and workshops were organized at that communication among sociologists. However, the potential time. There also was some effort devoted to organizing 01 such communication remains unlullilled because specialized seminars, especially on the developing linancial restraints limit the distribution 01 these techniques 01 quantitative research. This are a 01 activity publications. One interesting sidelight on the degree 01 has been discontinued, although it is not clear whether this decentralization and the lack 01 sell-promotion in the ISA is was because the lelt need lor it disappeared, or whether the the lact that there exists no bibliography 01 work produced ISA had become an inappropriate vehicle lor improving within, or under the sponsorship 01, the ISA. It probably is teaching methods around the world. Only quite recently, now too late to embark on such an enterprise. A partial perhaps in response to the declining number 01 students substitute will be lound in the bibliographies attached to the and the economic retrenchment 01 universities in many individual histories 01 the Research Committees, though countries, has there been a renewed interest in teaching. many 01them are incomplete. Sessions on teaching methods that were organized during Those interviewed lound the publications important, recent World Congresses have been well attended. but voiced several reservations. Many lound that the THEORY: Here too the changes in the ISA rellected publications did not have the impact that they deserved the changes in the discipline. In the lifties, the dominant because 01 weak distribution and lack 01 visibility in the orientation was a lunctionalist one and the dominant lield. Others, thought that they served English speaking

13 colleagues adequately, but did nothing Ior the rest of the established prestige of the ISA would enhance their own world. Still others thought that some of the volumes of the prestige. Research Committees are widely quoted without the ISA LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION: At its foun 111g, getting any of the credit. Several suggested that the the ISA decided that its official languages would be English Bulletin should be distributed much more widely and carry and French; this has not been changed. During its early news about Research Committee publications, in addition to years, this presented no problems because almost all of its its usual content. participants were multilingual enough to be able to THE ISA AND POLlTICS, OR THE POLlTICS OF THE communicate in one or the other of these languages. Since ISA: If this heading sounds a little cryptic, it is meant to then, the dominance of English as the language of refer to the kinds of political issues that affect the ISA from international communication has increased. The trend within outside and the other kind of politics that are a part of life the ISA has been toward an almost exclusive use of within any organization. Most of the issues of the first kind English. Since the translation of published materials and the seemed to arise from misunderstandings about the nature simultaneous interpretation at meetings were quite beyond of the ISA Council. This Council was patterned on the model the modest financial resources of the ISA, the Association of the United Nations and of UNESCO in that each member had, in fact if not in theory, become an anglophone country was represented by a delegate. However, there was association. Like many of the other trends within the ISA, a fundamental difference in that the delegates that made up this one also was not planned, but occurred quite the ISA Council did not represent the governments of their spontaneously. Unfortunately, it had consequences that countries but rather the sociologists in their countries and ran counter to the declared purposes of the Association. Its their organization(s). In many countries sociological declared aim was to "advance sociological knowledge organizations are organs of the government and the throughout the world" (ISA statutes, article 11). It was not delegates from these countries are not necessarily free to the intention of those who drafted these statutes to limi e ignore their governments' wishes or instructions, even if world to those who possess a knowledge of English. T ,.S they would have preferred to do so. In this way it has a case where following the trends in the world-at-Iarge happened that serious political issues were introduced into clearly becomes dysfunctional for the Association. Perhaps the debates within the ISA. The other misunderstanding this is a case where the ISA should become a leader in derived from the ISA's membership in UNESCO, which had setting trends for international sociology, rather than on occasion resulted in strong pressure to have the ISA following such trends. conform to positions voted in UNESCO. Even UNESCO's governance had not always recognized the ISA's right to A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE. distance itself from political issues and to interpret its international relations strictly in professional terms that Any future trends must have a basis in the present, would support sociology world-wide. For these reasons, my and it is only from such present trends that extrapolations interviews contain a number of suggestions that might into the future can be made. It is already quite evident that improve the situation, including the proposal that member fewer and fewer sociologists are multilingual, or that their countries be diplomatically, but firmly, guided as to the multilingualism includes English. Obviously, this statement nature of Council and the qualifications that they should is subject to considerable regional variations; but on a consider in nominating their delegates. global scale it appears to be empirically true. There are a Some aspects of the internal politics of the ISA number of reasons for this, and these reasons also vary derived directly from these misunderstandings about the from region to region. The number of universities that will role of the Council because it is this Council that elects the grant advanced degrees without a language exam has been majority of the members of the Executive Committee. Thus, increasing; professors hesitate to assign reading matter in the nominations and elections of officers have, on any language other than the local one because student e occasion, generated a considerable amount of arm-twisting not able to carry out such tasks; students resent ",e and block-voting in terms of political considerations rather implication that they need more than their mother tongue for then professional ones. My interviews provided quite a an advanced degree.In many areas this trend is both number of critical comments about the way professional caused and reinforced by ethnocentrism and nationalism, considerations often became secondary to regional and there is every indication that it will not be reversed in representation and interest 9 roup participation in the the near future. Executive Committee. This had led to nominations in which At the same time, there is an increasing demand for experience in international sociology and previous activity the translation of published materials; but in many cases in the ISA played very little parto The process may also be such translations are actually on the decrease. In part this looked at from the point of view of the nominee, who may is a matter of economics; the costs of translation and have allowed his/her name to stand for election because it publishing are rising at the same time as the purchasing would impress a dean or look good on a curriculum vitae, power of the customers is declining. In addition, qualified rather than because they planned to devote a great deal of translators are becoming harder to find. Until fairly recently, time and energy to further the work of the ISA. Perhaps many of the best sociologists made translation part of their these trends may also be framed in the perspective of the work because they thought it important that good work in ISA's growth to middle age. In its youth many of the most other languages should become available in their own prominent sociologists were very active in it and lent their language. It seems to have been a serendipitous result of established prestige to the ISA. In its middle age many the publish-or-perish syndrome that translation has become sociologists were willing to be elected without any intention less prestigious. Few sociologists now produce translations of becoming very active because they hoped that the because the implication in some places is that they may

14 have nothing of their own to sayo student delivered a competent translation, prefaced by an g These trends vary not only regionally, but also with introduction which places the work into an intellectual th -Ianguage concerned. A considerable volume of context, then the student would certainly have learned as translation into English is still produced because the market much or more than if he/she had written a so-called 'original' for English translations is so large. This do es not guarantee thesis. And if the student, as part of the degree program that it is the most important work that gets translated; rather took some courses on translating, he/she would also it is the work for which competent translators can be found acquire the relevant skill which, once acquired, might be put and that publishers judge to deserve their attention, either to use more than just once. Of course, such a program in terms of profitability or other criteria. This clearly means would be relevant only to those students who already knew that certain types of work in certain languages are going to another language. The ISA could lend its prestige not only be over-represented in English translations. Analogous to the legitimation of such new programs, but also to the considerations apply to translations into other languages, overcoming of the institutional inertia of universities in with analogous results. implementing new programs. Needless to add, once such Whatever the regional variations, it seems clear that translations have been produced, they should not remain international communication will become increasingly hidden in departmental files and libraries. The ISA could restricted to a multilingual elite.In academia, the playa useful role in sponsoring the publication of the best of importance of linguistic skills is declining. While a unilingual these translations and in publicizing their availability. academic may have been until quite recently a contradiction The initiatives suggested here would not only in terms, he/she is becoming an increasingly common and rejuvenate the ISA, they would also make it more central to acceptable phenomenon. If my analysis of this situation is international sociology. correct, the ISA will find itself faced with two quite simple ch ices. If it continues to follow the trends it faces in the ENDNOTES la society, it will have to resign itself to restricting its relevance to a shrinking multilingual elite; this hardly seems 1. I was an Executive Secretary of the ISA from congruent with the mandate that it set itself in 1949. If it 1974-1982, at the same time that I was a faculty member of do es not cherish this prospect, it can choose to start my university. The former role gave me access to the ISA setting new trends, as it did when it was still young. Such network and the latter role allowed me to apply for new trends should focus on making the activities of the ISA independent research funds. This project was supported by accessible to colleagues in their own language. Only in this a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research way will international sociology remain meaningful in the Council of Canada. In order to avoid misunderstandings, it future. must be emphasized that this is my personal project and in This is not the place to elaborate the ways by which no way represents an official position of the Association. I such a new trend could be implemented. But, in order to want to thank the many colleagues who gave of their time to forestall the criticism that such a program would be far be interviewed for this project, and I apologize for not using beyond the financial resources of the ISA, I want to mention more of their data in this brief version of the study results. I quite briefly two modalities of implementing such a new am solely responsible for errors of fact and would trend -- modalities that do not imply serious financial appreciate it if readers would inform me of any errors found. consequences. These two modalities deal with oral and written communication respectively. 2 . Earlier versions of this chapter have appeared in Oral communication at meetings, conferences, and Soziologie in weltbürgerlicher Absicht: Festschrift für René seminars is now restricted almost exclusively to English. K6nig zum 75. Geburtstag. (Sociology in Cosmopolitan Since simultaneous interpretation is much too costly, there Perspective: In Honour of René Kónig's 75.Birthday.) Heine i y one practical way of opening up such encounters to von Alemann and Hans Peter Thurn, eds. (Wiesbaden: t a colleagues who do not understand English: to provide Westdeutscher Verlag, 1981) and in Spoleczenstwo i oral translation or summaries on the spot -- a method that is socjologia: Ksiega Poswiecona Profesorowi Jenowi already in use in some sessions. This could be organized Szczepanskiemu. (Society and Sociology: The collection quite informally by the organizers of such encounters, and it of papers in honour of Professor Jan Szczepanski.) Jolanta would be facilitated if papers were available to the Kulpinska, ed. (Warsaw: Ossolineum, 1985) translators beforehand.It would only require the prestige of the ISA to legitimate this not-quite-so-new format. 3. S. Rokkan,"A Ouarter Century of International Written communication represents a dual problem in Social Science: Ouestions and Reflections." in A Quarter that neither the money nor the competent translators are in Century of International Social Science: Papers and good supply. I shall propose one modality that would not Reports on Developments 1952-1977. S. Rokkan, ed. (New require large sums of money and which would increase the Delhi: Concept Publ. Co., 1979) supply of competent translators. At the moment, there are very few universities that would accept a translation in 4. T. Bottomore, "Sociology in its International fulfillment of the requirements for a B.A. or M.A. thesis -- in Context." in S. Rokkan, ed., op.cit. spite of the fact that few such theses represent an 'original contribution to knowledge'. A change in such requirements would have several consequences. If the piece to be APPENDIX 1: HISTORIES OF THE translated were carefully selected in consultation with a RESEARCH COMMITIEES. thesis committee, then it is likely that much important material would become available in other languages. If the Research Committee - published in - Bulletin Number

15 01 Armed Forces and Conflict Resolution 32, Summer 1983 Leopold von Wiese, FRG 02 Economy and Society 33, Autumn 1983 Secretary: T. B. Bottomore*, UK 03 Community Research 32, Summer 1983 Members: Pierre de Bie*, Belgium 04 Sociology of Education 27, Autumn 1981 K. A. Busia, Gold Coast 05 Ethnic, Race and Minority Relations 30, Autum n 1982 L. A. Costa Pinto", Brazil 06 Family Research 44, Summer 1987 G. S. Ghurye, India 07 Futures Research 29, Summer 1982 Kunio Odaka, Japan 08 History of Sociology 30, Autumn 1982 T. T. Segerstedt*, Sweden 09 Social Practice and Social H. Z. Ülken, Turkey Transformation 29, Summer 1982 10 Participation, Workers' Control and 1956-59: President: Georges Friedmann, France Self Management 30, Autumn 1982 Vice-President: L. A. Costa Pinto*, Brazil 11 Sociology of Aging 30, Autumn 1982 A.N.J.den Hollander*,Holland 12 Sociology of Law 44, Summer 1987 H. Z. Ülken, Turkey 13 Sociology of Leisure 32, Summer 1983 Secretary: T. B. Bottomore*, UK 14 Sociology of Culture, Knowledge and Members: Robert C. Angell*, USA Communication 44, Summer 1987 K. A. Busia, Gold Coast 15 Sociology of Medicine 33, Autumn 1983 René Konig*, FRG 16 Social Movements and Imperialism D. P. Mukerji, India 17 Sociology of Organization S. Ossowski, Poland 18 Political Sociology 27, Autumn 1981 W. J. H. Sprott, UK • • addendum 29, Summer 1982 T. T. Segerstedt*, Sweden 19 Sociology of Poverty, Social Welfare & Social Policy 1959-62: President: T. H. Marshall*, UK 20 Sociology of Mental Health Vice-President: René Konig*, FRG 21 Regional and Urban Development D. P. Mukerji, India 22 Sociology of Religion 36, Autumn 1984 S. Ossowski, Poland 23 Sociology of Science 29, Summer 1982 Secretary: Pierre de Bie*, Belgium 24 Social Ecology 29, Summer 1982 Members: Herbert Blumer*, USA 25 Sociolinguistics A.N.J.den Hollander*, Holland 26 Sociotechnics 27, Autumn 1981 Georges Friedmann, France 27 Sociology of Sport 36, Autumn 1984 Henning Friis*, Denmark 28 Social Stratification and Social Gino Germani, Argentina Mobility 31, Spring 1983 W. J. H. Sprott, UK 29 Deviance and Social Control 33, Autumn 1983 Renato Treves*, Italy 30 Sociology of Work 31 Sociology of Migration 29, Summer 1982 1962-66: President: René Konig*, FRG 32 Women in Society 40, Spring 1986 Vice-President: Herbert Blumer*, USA 33 Logic and Methodology in Sociology 40, Spring 1986 Gino Germani, Argentina 34 Sociology of Youth Renato Treves*, Italy 35 Committee on Conceptual and Secretary: Roger Girod*, Suisse Theoretical Analysis 33, Autumn 1983 Michel Bassand*, Suisse 36 Alienation Theory and Research 29, Summer 1982 Members: Raymond Aron*, France 37 Sociology of the Arts 31, Spring 1983 Henning Friis*, Denmark F. V. Konstantinov, USSR APPENDIX 2: THEHISTORYOF THE Charles Madge, UK EXECUTIVE COMMITIEES Kunio Odaka, Japan Stein Rokkan*, Norway 1950-52: President: Louis Wirth, USA Jan Szczepanski*, Poland Vice-President: Morris Ginsberg, UK Georges Davy, France 1966-70: President: Jan Szczepanski*, Poland Secretary: Erik Rinde (1950-1). Norway Vice-President: Raymond Aron*, France Stein Rokkan* (1952), Norway Reinhard Bendix, USA Members: Pierre de Bie*, Belgium Stein Rokkan*, Norway Theodore Geiger, Denmark Secretary: Roger Girod*(1966-67) Suisse G. S. Ghurye, India Michel Bassand*(1966-67)" René Konig*, Suisse Angelo Pagani, Italy Kunio Odaka, Japan Guido Martinotti*, Italy Members: Franco Ferrarotti, Italy 1953-56: President: Robert C. Angell*, USA F. V. Konstantinov, USSR Vice-President: Georges Davy, France Charles Madge, UK Morris, Ginsberg, UK Ehsan Naraghi, Iran Kunio Odaka, Japan

16 Leopold Rosenmayr', Austria Khatchik Momdjian, USSR Aldo E. Solari, Chile Joji Watanuki, Japan Past President: Ulf Himmelstrand, Sweden 1970-74: Presiden!: Reuben HiW, USA Secretary: Felix Geyer, Holland Vice-Presiden!: Tom Bottomore', UK Izabela Barlinska, Poland Jivko Ochavkov, Bulgaria Peter Reinsch, USA Aldo E. Solari, Chile Members: Erik Allardt, Finland Secretary: Guido Martinotti", Italy Margaret Archer, UK Enzo Mingione', Italy Alessandro Cavalli, Italy Members: Hubert Guindon", Canada S. C. Dube, India Kiyomi Morioka, Japan Wilfried Dumon, Belgium Gennadi Osipov, USSR Salvador Giner, Spain Angelo Pagani, (1970-72) Italy A-M. Guillemard, France Michel Bassand", (1972-74) Melvin L. Kohn, USA Leopold Rosenmayr', Austria Philip M. Mbithi, Kenya Erwin Scheuch", FRG Artur Meier', GDR M. R. Srinivas, India Enzo Mingione', Italy Assoc.Members:A. Abdel-Malek', Egypt Else 0yen, Norway Robert K. Merton, (1970-72) USA Erwin Scheuch", FRG Morris Janowitz, (1972-74) USA Alexander Szalai, Hungary Adam Podgorecki, Poland Stein Rckkan", Norway 1986-90: President: Margaret Archer, UK Vice-President: Wilfried Dumon, Belgium 1974-78: Presiden!: Tom Bottornore", UK Artur Meier', GDR Vice-President: A. Abdal-Malek", Egypt Else 0yen, Norway Ulf Himmelstrand, Sweden Past President: Fernando E. Cardoso, Brazil Alain Touraine", France Secretary: Izabela Barlinska, Poland Secretary: C. Saint-Pierre, Canada Members: Simi A. Afonja, Nigeria, K.Jonassohn, Canada Paolo Ammassari, Italy Members: A. Akiwowo, Nigeria Daniel Bertaux, France Michel Bassand", Suisse Salvador Giner, Spain Reuben HiJl*, USA Elizabeth Jelin, Argentina Guido Martinotti', Italy Deniz Kandiyoti, UK R. Mukherjee, India Melvin L. Kohn, USA M. N. Rutkevich, USSR T. K. Oommen, India M. Sokolowska", Poland Gennadi V. Osipov, USSR Assoc.Members:Joseph Ben-David, Israel D. M. Pestonjee, India Morris Janowitz, USA C. Saint-Pierre, Canada Juan Linz', Spain Neil J. Smelser, USA Stefan Nowak", Poland Otoyori Tahara, Japan 'These colleagues were interviewed for this study. 1978-82: Presiden!: Ulf Himmelstrand, Sweden Vice-President: Fernando E. Cardoso, Brazil M. Sokolowska", Poland Ralph Turner, USA Secretary: K. Jonassohn, Canada Marcel Rafie, Canada Members: A. Akiwowo, Nigeria Joseph Ben-David, Israel APPENDIX 3: THE WORLD CONGRESSES Jacques Dofny, Canada Leela Dube, India 1. World Congress 1950, Zurich, Switzerland A-M. Guillemard, France 2. 1953, Liege, Belgium Shogo Koyano, Japan 3. 1956, Amsterdam, Holland Juan Linz', Spain 4. 1959, Milan/Stresa, Italy Guido Martinotti", Italy 5. 1962, Washington, USA Khatchik Momdjian, USSR 6 1966, Evian, France Stefan Nowak", Poland 7. 1970, Varna, Bulgaria Pamela Roby, USA 8. 1974, Toronto, Canada Alexander Szalai, Hungary 9. 1978, Uppsala, Sweden Francisco Zapata, Mexico 10. 1982, Mexico City, Mexico 11. 1986, New Delhi, India 1982-86: President: Fernando E. Cardoso, Brazil 12. 1990, Madrid, Spain Vice-President: Jacques Dofny, Canada E PD ES

JU:8KAJ1C11 COMMITTBIIS O:r TIIII LSA. COMlTZS DB Jt.BCJIBB.CIIJ: DB L'A.I.S. 01 Anned Fon:es alld ContIct ResoI.tioII 01 Fon:es anMes et ñIoIutlon des contllts 02 ECOIIOIIIJalld Sodety 02 ECOIIOIIIIael lCICI4U 03 ComIllUlllty R_rdI 03 Redterdte. communautalres 04 SocJolo&y of Educatlon 04 SocIoJo&le de 1'''lIcatlon 05 Etlllllc, R_ alld Mlnority ReJatlon. 05 R.ttou entre les races, les ethnles el les mllIOI'Itis 06 Famlly R_ch 06 Recherdte. sur la famllle 07 Futu •••• R_n:h 07 Reclterdte. sur la futuroloste 08 HIstory of SocIoIog 08 Historie de la socloJosle 00 Social Practlce IIId Social Tranlfonnltlon 00 L. proceIIU d'hI_tIon dan. le chln&ement social 10 Partldpatlon, WorJcers' Control, alld SeIf-Ma.apment 10 PlI1Idpatlon, COIItr8ledes travaIIIeurs et autopstiolt 11 SocJolo&y of Aglnl 11 SocIoJo&Iedu vlellllssement 12 SocIolOlJ of La. 12 Soclolocle du drolt 13 Soclolou of Lelsure 13 Socloloc\e du IoIsir 14 Soclolou of Commllnlcltlott, KnowIedCe llId CuIture 14 Soc:IoIoc\e del communicltlons, de la connllulllce et 15 Soclolou of Haltll de II culture 16 Natloaal Mcwemeats llId Imperiallsm 15 Soc\olocle de II SlnbE 17 Soclolou of Orpnizatlott 16 Soc:IoIoc\e del mouvements nationaux el de 1'lmp6'illisme 18 PalltIcaI Soclolou 17 Socloloc\e del OI'IlniSltions 19 Soclolou of Pw.tJ, Social WeIfare llId Social PoIicy 18 Soc\olocle poIltique 20 Comparltive SocioIo&Y 19 Soc\olocle de II pauvret', du blen-Itre socill el de 21 Rec\OIIaI alld UrNn De.elopmeIIt la poIltlqlle soclale 22 Soclolou of RellcJon 20 Soc\olocle compantlve 23 Soclolou of Sclence 21 DWeIoppement ñcional el urbaln 24 Social EcoIocY 22 Soc\olocle de II rellcion 25 Soc\ollnplstlcs 23 Soc\olocle de II sdence 26 Sociotedlnlcs - SocJoIocIcaI PractIce 24 Ec%cIe sodlle 27 Soclolou of Sport 25 Soclolincuistique 28 Social Stratlficatlon SocIal 26 Soclotechnique - Pntique Social 29 Dev\ance IIId Sodll CotItraI 27 Socloloc\e du sport 30 SocIolO&J of Work 28 Stratlficatlon IOdale 31 Soclolou of Ml¡ntlon 29 OñIlnce el contr&le sodll 32 Women In Soc\ety 30 Socloloc\e du trlVlII 33 LocJc Ind MetltoclolOlJ la Soclolou 31 Soclolocle des mlcrations 34 SoclolOU of Youth 32 Femmes el sod~' 35 Committee on Concept •• 1Ind TermlnoloclClI Anllysi. 33 LI locIque el le m~hodoloCIe dans II sodoloCie 36 AI\enltlon Theory IIId Raelrch 34 Sociolocle de II jeune5se 37 SoclolOlJ of Arts 35 ComibE sur I'anllyse conceptuelle el terminoloclque 38 BiOCrlPhy and Soclety 36 Th~ el recherche sur ral.nation 39 SoclolOCJ of D1S1sters 37 Soclolocle des arts 40 SocIolOlJ of AptcuIture 38 BiocnPhle el soc~ 41 Soclolou of Populltloa 39 Soc\olocle des d~stre5 42 Soclll PsycholO&J 40 Socloloc\e de la acriculture 41 Socloloc\e de la population 42 PsychoJocle socia\e INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSBIP DUES - METHODS 01' PAYMENT

Payment must be made either in US OoIlars or Spanish Pesetas.

1. Personal cheques or bank drafts - drawn on orth American bank/branch: in US DoUars omy 2. Intemational Postal Money Order I Post Giro: in Pesetas only

3. Direct bank transfers:

in US Dollars only. lo: in Spanish Pesetas only. to: ISA Account no. 82.31027.Z ISA Account no. 3O.01611.G Banco Exterior de España. Agencia 50 Banco Exterior de España. Agencia 50 Paseo de la Castellana 32 Paseo de la Castellana 32 28046 Madrid. Spain 28046 Madrid. Spain

Please note that both this form ancl ycu payment must reach the ISA Secretariat in order to validate your membership. Do not endose money for the Research Committee(s)' fees. as you will be billed separately by the Research Committee(s). INTERNATIONALSOCIOLOGCALASSOClATION- ASSOClATIONINTERNATIONALEDES IOLOGIE Pioar 25 ~06 Madrid. Spain

INDIVIDUALMltlBDSBlP DUBSPORH

Naae RBSEARCHCOttKlTTEESapplications aad renewals. Please enter here the nu.ber aad naae of the Research eo..ittee(a) of your intereat

Mailing address

HEMBERSBlPCATEGORY OBLIGATORY SUBSCRlPTION "Internatioaal "Current HEMBERSBlPFEE FEE TO: SociololY" SociololY"

Life $ 250 I Pts 32.500 sratis $ 20 I Pts 2.600 available after ase 60 a year

SupportiDg 1990 $ 75 I Pts 9.750 gratis gratis

1990-1993 $ 300 I Pts 39.000 gratis sratis

Regular 1990 $ 25 Pts 3.250 $ 20 I Pts 2.600 $ 20 I Pts 2.600

1990-1993 $ 100 Pte 13.000 sratis $ 80 I Pts 10.400 ------Studente aad IIeIlbers 1990 $ 10 Pts 1.300 $ 15 I Pts 1.950 $ 20 I Pte 2.600 in non-convertible currency countries 1990-1993 $ 40 I Pte 5.200 $ 60 I Pts 7.800 $ 80 I Pts 10.400

Please circle cbosen categories. Total 8IIOunt due: See aethods of payaent on reverse side. FEMINIST RESEARCH reflecting a general interest in women's conditions in the Scandinavian welfare states,particularly among fe- male sociologists. In recent yearsActa Sociologica has published a number of articles on this subject. The following are only a fewexamples:

Kari Wéerness: A Feminist Perspective in the New lde- ology of "Community Care" for the Elderly. (No. 2 1987) Terrtu Luukonen-Gronow: Un iversity Career Opportu- nities for Women in Finland in the 1980s. (No. 2 1987) Birte Siim: The Scandinavian Welfare States - Towards Sexual Equality or a New Kind of Male Domination. (No. 3/4 1987) Aino Saarinen: Feminist Research: In Search of a New Paradigm. (No. 1 1988) Helga M. Hernes: Scandinavian Citizenship.(No. 3 1988) Susanne Thorbek: Women and Urbanization. (No. 4 1988) Publisher: Universitetsforlaget (Norwegían University Press),P.O. Box 2959 Teyen, 0608 0510 6, Norwdy. U.s. Offlee: do Publieations Expediting Ine., 200 Meaeham Ave., Elmont, NY 11003, USA.

-~------Please send me the following issues of ACTA SOClOLOGICA------. Price: US015.00 (ordinary price USO 27.00): O No. 2-87 O No. 3/4-87 O No. 1-88 O No. 3-88 O No. 4-88 Postage not included.

I wish lo become a subscriber O from No. 1-1989 O from No. 1-1990. Subscription price USO 73.00. Four issues ayear. Postage included. Name: . Address: . O Send invoice. O Charge my Visa/American Express/Eurocard* account no Expiry date (*delete as appropriate)

Signature: . 002