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Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 32, No. 4 - 2000

Field Notes- St6:16 Fortification Sites- Permits SERIALS SERVICES RECEIVED APR - 4 2001

UNIVERSITY OF VICTOR:A McPHERSON LIBRARY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF A MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA Published four times a year by the Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resources Archaeological Society of British Columbia and the spread of archaeological knowledge.

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SuBMISSIONs: We welcome contributions on subjects germane to BC archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Submis­ Affiliated Chapters sions should be directed to the appropriate editor at the ASBC address. Nanaimo Contact: Pat [email protected] President: Mary Durdle (250) 754-9681 Copyright Monthly lectures at Malaspina College, 900 Fifth Street, Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC. Nanaimo, BC It is unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means whatso­ Victoria Contact: Shirley Cuthbertson (250) 382-0288 ever, without the Society's permission, which is usually gladly given. Internet: http://www.museumsassn.bc.ca/-bcmalmuseums/asbc Contributors this issue Meetings on the third Thursday of the month at 7:30pm at the Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. Karen Brady, Richard Brolly, Jean Bussey, Renee Carriere, Rob Commisso, Anne Edwards, Ray Kenny, Andrew Mason, Eric McLay, Sheila Minni, Heather Myles, David Schaepe

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The ASBC greatfully acknowledges the fmancial assistance meetings in Vancouver featuring illustrated to this project provided by the British Columbia Heri­ lectures are usually held on the second tage Trust to support conservation of our heritage re­ sources, gain further knowledge, and increase public un­ Wednesday of each month from September to derstanding of the complete history of British Columbia. June at 8:00P.M. in the Auditorium of the Vancouver Museum at 1100 Chestnut Street. BRITISH COLUMBIA New members and visitors are welcome. [J!Jrltage Admission is free. Next lecture: II April, Dr. James Russell: "Zeno, qr~ the !saurian, the archaeology of an early Byz­ antine emperor." Joint ASBC/AIA meeting. a THE IDDEN

Volume 32 No. 4, 2000 In this issue

Rock Wall Fortifications in the Lower Fraser Canyon 2 by David Schaepe Field Notes Areas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. 5 Cariboo Heritage Archaeological Consulting 6 Chunta Resources 7 Coast Research 7 Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. 8 Sheila Minni Research and Consulting 9 St6: lo Nation 9 The British Columbia Heritage Trust 2001 10 by Anne Edwards I Abdrew Mason Seriation, Stratigraphy, and Index Fossils: 11 The Backbone of Archaeological Dating. Edited by Michael J. O'Brien and R. Lee Lyman. Review by Rob Commisso Permits 12 Lectures 16 Who's Who at the Archaeology Branch Inside back cover by Ray Kenny Conferences 2001 Outside back cover

Cover Page The cover photo, taken by Eric McLay, shows shell midden coring on Valdes Island. From left to right are Kimberley Williams and Stewart ·Thomas (Lyackson First Nation) and Robert Liang (Penelakut Tribes). Coast Research's fieldwork summary, written by Eric McLay, is presented on page 7.

The Midden 3214 ROCKWALL FORI1F1CATIONS IN THE LOWER FRASER CANYON

by David Schaepe THIS ARTICLE FOCUSES On my preliminary gated on southern Vancouver Island and analysis of a unique class of pre-con­ more broadly throughout the Northwest tact site- rock wall fortification fea­ Coast. Historic accounts of early explor­ tures-never before reported on the ers and Hudson Bay traders in the Gulf of Northwest Coast. I link my analysis of Georgia region describe villages sur­ these features to the nature of pre-con­ rounded by wooden palisades and wide­ tact Coast Salish leadership and politi­ spread occurrences of warfare and inter­ cal organization as it existed among the tribal conflicts. In at least one instance, central Coast Salish of the Gulf ofGeor­ painter Paul Kane captured on canvas a gia/Puget Sound regions in late pre-con­ scene of actual warfare being waged at a tact times. This topic is the focus of an Coast Salish settlement. In general, ongoing debate among social anthro­ though, warfare has so far gone relatively pologists and ethnohistorians. The na­ uninvestigated, anthropologically or ar­ ture of the anthropological and chaeologically, and on the Northwest etlmohistorical information applied to Coast and in the Gulfof Georgia and Puget this debate, however, is frustrated in Sound regions in particular. various and often uncertain ways by the Researchers at St6:16 Nation have, of effects of smallpox epidemics on "tra­ late, focused some effort on the investi­ ditional" Coast Salish society. Breach­ gation of warfare and inter-tribal conflict ., ing this "smallpox barrier" requires the a. among the central Coast Salish. St6:lo oral .<:::" use of Aboriginal oral history and/or ar­ "'0 histories, together with archaeological, chaeological data from pre-smallpox ·"'"0;; historical, and ethnohistorical data, reveal times, preferably immediately preced­ 0.. the workings of a late pre-contact defen­ >­ .0 ing the first smallpox outbreak to af­ 0 sive system in the lower Fraser Canyon. 0 fect the central Coast Salish, circa 1782. a..<::: At the centre of our studies are recently Although the nature of this argument Figure / . The view downriver from the main identified rock wall fortification features logically entails a "pre-contact" per­ wall feature at Lexwts 'o:kw 'em to the lyem that provide insight into the workings of spective, archaeologists have so far not locality. this defensive system. Apparently unique contributed to this debate. The recent within the Northwest Coast region, these findings and analysis of a number of features are constructed ofloosely stacked Defense against the attacks of enemies unique archaeological features- rock rock slabs or boulders, sometimes three and raiders was a central concern of wall fortifications in the lower Fraser Can­ or more courses high, with individual St6: 16 society that affected many aspects yon-present an opportunity to engage in rocks measuring over a metre in length and of St6: 16 culture and the broader Coast this discussion from an archaeological likely weighing in excess of a quarter ton. Salish culture, including village location perspective. These fortification features, These rock alignments, some over five and layout, house architecture, and in­ now identified at five sites in the lower metres in length, are built oflocally avail­ ternal social organization. Archaeologi­ Fraser Canyon, provide insights into the able talus from the heavily fractured bed­ cal evidence for significant inter-commu­ nature of St6:16 warfare and defensive rock of the Fraser Canyon. Simply in re­ nity violence on the Northwest Coast strategy as applied to the Fraser Canyon. gard to their construction, these features dates back at least 3,000 years. In the I speculate that these walls were con­ represent considerable investment in la­ Gulf of Georgia region, warfare appears structed and functioned within a central­ bour and coordination, which is indica­ to have increased in scale and intensity ized leadership system aimed at defend­ tive of some form of coordinated effort I ,500-1 ,000 years ago, establishing at ing and regulating access to the entire and leadership. I have now documented this time the need for defensive sites and lower Fraser Canyon rather than to indi­ five such fortification sites between the fortified villages as a part of everyday vidual villages. This application of ar­ entrance to the Fraser Canyon between life among these central Coast Salish. chaeology provides a perspective and data Lady Franklin Rock and Lexwts'6:kw'em, Numerous defensive features, includ­ set useful in evaluating the multi-disci­ roughly 4.5 miles upriver. ing trenches, embankments, and refuge plinary debate over traditional Coast sites, have been identified and investi- Salish leadership.

2 The Midden 3214 Figure 2. The main wall feature at Lexwts '6: kw 'em.

other rock wall fea­ tures were 'identified in other parts of the canyon-partly by chance and partly through predictive modelling. Ken Malloway of the Tzeachten First Na­ tion informed me of a second rock wall/ platform-type con­ struction on the Xethlath Reserve op­ posite Lady Franklin Rock. My investiga­ tion of this feature also confirmed its cultural nature. Malloway's descrip- tion of at least one St6:16 Nation Historian Keith Carlson In our interviews with Chief Charles, he rock "ball" found in association with this and I were initially introduced to the first recalled oral history describing the use of rock feature matched that of the slingshot of these unique features in the summer of the rock wall at Lexwts' 6:kw'em. The pellets found at Lexwts' 6:kw'em and de­ I 998. During the time of the St6: 16 elders wall, more extensive long ago than the sur­ scribed by Duff. From the spatial attributes Fraser Canyon protest fishery in the area viving discontinuous sections, was used to of these two sites, I developed a predic­ of Lexwts'6:kw'em, St6:16 Grand Chief guard against coastal raiders (primarily tive model which, when tested, led to the Archie Charles of Seabird Island brought southern Kwakwaka'wakw warriors) who identification of a third site in the Saddle the location of a stacked rock wall to our manoeuvred their ocean-going attention. Engaging in a multi-disciplinary canoes up the Fraser River to archaeological!ethnohistorical effort, we plunder stocks of canyon wind- investigated Chief Charles' report. Our dried salmon and take slaves. Lexwts '6:kw'em investigation entailed in-field review of Chief Charles collected a this feature along with documentary re­ number of stone slingshot pel­ N search and interviews with Chief Charles. lets from behind one wall sec­ Our field review confirmed the cultural tion, as though cached in readi­ nature of the feature described by Chief t ness to pelt raiders. Other Charles, a prominent rock wall section artifacts ofwar--chipped stone Asel~w situated at the break of slope above the arrowheads and a filed iron Fraser River. We also identified at least dagger from the early contact two more rock wall sections at the same period-were also found near site. Though located in close proximity the fortification at to the original Caribou wagon road, we Lexwts'6:kw'em. The Q'aleliktel could find no association, through either slingshot pellets and chipped field survey (including metal detection) stone points found by Chief or historic research, between historic, non­ Charles match exactly the de­ Aboriginal activities, and the construction scriptions ofweapons used for of this feature. Rather, this fortification is purposes of war published by directly associated with a recorded ethnographer Wilson Duff in • Suk, pithouse settlement known to have been his study of the St6:16. ·- occupied by the St6: 16 into the nineteenth Soon thereafter, a number of Figure 3. Rock wall sites (*) and late pre-contact Fraser century. Canyon St6: 16 settlements.

The Midden 3214 3 seum of Civilization, Ottawa. Duff, Wilson. 1952. The Upper Stalo Indians ofth e Fraser River ofBC , Anthropology in British Columbia Memoir No. 1. British Co­ lumbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC. Keddie, Grant. I 997. Aboriginal Defensive Sites Part III : Modern Archaeologists Col- lect Evidence. Discovery. . Maschner, H.D.G. 1997. The Evolution of Northwest Coast Warfare. In Troub led Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past, edited by D. Martin and D. Frayer, pp. 267- 302. Gordon and Breach, New York. Moss, M.L., and J.M. Erlandson. 1992. Forts. Refuge Rocks, and Defensive Sites: The Antiquity of Warfare along the North Pa­ cific Coast ofNorth America. Arctic Anthro­ pology 29:73-90. Schaepe, David M. 1999. Rock Wall Fortifi­ cations in the Lower Fraser Canyon: Pre­ liminary Insights into Pre-contact Warfare and St6:lo Political Organization. Paper pre­ sented at the BC Studies Conference, Van­ Figure 4. Dave Schaepe standing next to the main rock wall section at Lexwts '6:kw 'em. couver. Schaepe, David M. 200 I. Rock Wall Fortifi­ Rock/lyem locality. Two additional sites century when, under the influence of co­ cations: Reconstructing a Fraser Canyon have since been identified, both of which lonial assimilation policies emphasizing Defensive Network. In A St6:1o Coast Salish Historical Atlas, edited by Keith fall into the range of site attributes of the agriculture over fishing, the St6: 16 mi­ grated from their canyon settlements to Carlson. Douglas & Mcintyre/University of predictive model. Washington/St6: lo Heritage Press, Vancou­ take up farming in the Fraser Valley. The five documented fortifications ver. share similar site attributes, representing Continuing to evaluate this hypothesis, the data on which it is based, and other a spatial and functional pattern that ex­ Dave Schaepe is archaeologist for the warfare-related information will provide plains their predictability. To summarize St6:1o Nation centered in Chilliwack. He the main points ofmy findings, all are lo­ critical links to a fuller understanding of received his MA in Archaeology from cated: (I) in narrow, turbulent places in the structure of pre-contact Coast Salish Simon Fraser University in 1998. the canyon which act as natural barriers leadership and political organization. Such to upriver canoe travel; (2) on prominent pursuits complement archaeological stud­ lookout points or high bluffs situated im­ ies of changing settlement patterns, com­ mediately above the river and affording munity development, and social status. line-of-sight communication with sur­ The outcomes of such studies will likely rounding settlements and neighbouring serve to expand the sphere of influence fortification sites; and (3) near St6:16 set­ and utility of archaeology, allowing the tlements occupied at the time of contact. contribution of archaeological perspec­ It is highly unlikely, within the rugged can­ tives to multi-disciplinary studies and de­ yon terrain, that these shared qualities are bates in which archaeologists have not merely coincidental. From these factors, yet participated. the oral history provided by Chief Charles, and the association between Bibliography weapons and rock wall features, I hypoth­ Carlson, Keith (editor). 1997. You Are Asked esize that the fortification sites were stra­ To Witness: The St6:1o in Canada sPa cific tegically selected as a series of guard sta­ Coast History. St6:Io Heritage Trust, tions along the river and as links to Chilliwack. inter-village line-of-sight communication. Charles, Archie. September 1998. Conver­ These factors also suggest that the defen­ sations with Keith Carlson and Dave sive system involved a coordinated and Schaepe, Seabird Island Reserve. cooperative multi-village effort aimed pri­ Cybulski, Jerome. I 992. A Greenville Burial marily at regulating river passage into and Ground: Human Remains and Mortuary Elements in British Columbia Coast Pre­ through the canyon. The system seems to history. Archaeological Survey ofCanada, have operated from the time of its pre­ Mercury Paper No. 146., Canadian Mu- Figure 4. Sonny McHalsie standing behind cont~ct origins until the mid-nineteenth the main rock wall at Lexwts '6:kw 'em.

4 The Midden 3214 FIELD NOTES

and re-recorded, including an extensive ARCAS CONSULTING shed, near Junction Creek (tributary of the and locally dense scatter of fire-altered Yalakom River), and in the McKay-Siok ARCHEOLOGISTS LTO. rocks and flaked stone debitage. Ground Creek drainages. stone was not nearly as prevalent, but in­ Little previous archaeological research A TOTAL OF I 03 PROJECTS were conducted cluded a nephrite hammerstone and celts. has been done in the Yalakom River drain­ in I999. By the end of the year, 13 full­ The reserve lands are distinguished by age, and the Junction Creek investigation time archaeologists, two draftspersons many large and small mounds, which, resulted in the identification of eight sites, (one full-time, one part-time), four admin­ upon testing, proved to be remnants of a the most interesting of which was a small istrative staff, and two company princi­ massive mid-Holocene landslide from Mt. village comprised ofmedium to large, rec­ pals were employed at Areas. In addition, Cheam. tangular to sub-rectangular, shallow cul­ ten assistant archaeologists and dozens of As in past years, forestry-related impact tural depressions with flat bottoms and First Nations assistants were employed on assessments and overviews dominated the well-defined rims. These features are sus­ field projects, most during the summer and Interior projects. Overall trends saw less pected to represent winter matlodge dwell­ fall months. fieldwork done in the Chilcotin and 100 ings, a habitation feature not often re­ Less work was conducted on the Coast Mile House forest districts, more in the ported in the archaeological literature. compared to previous years, especially on Quesnel Forest District, and considerably Another interesting aspect of the Junction the North Coast. Together with assess­ more in Northwestern BC and in the Creek sites is that most could be relatively . mentsconducted for past forestry clients Lillooet Forest District. As a change of dated in relation to a layer of Bridge River in the Campbell River and Port McNeill pace, preparation of an exhaustive ar­ volcanic tephra, which fell approximately forest districts, forestry impact assess­ chaeological and traditional-use-study 2300 BP. Thus, ofthe eight sites observed, ments were carried out in the Squamish workplan for the proposed Prosperity four had cultural occupations pre-dating and Chilliwack forest districts. Among the Mine Project east of Taseko Lake repre­ the ash-fall, and six sites had cultural ma­ tedious multitude ofCMTs typically found sented a different Chilcotin-based project. terials that post-dated the ash. during coastal forestry projects, there were Six sites-lithic scatters, CMTs, and a The Pavilion Creek impact assessments two discoveries of particular interest on trail with associated CMTs-were identi­ were among the most interesting field the Coast in I999. A nearly intact cedar fied in the Quesnel Forest District. All projects undertaken in the Southern Inte­ bentwood box, filled with ceremonial re­ were recorded west of the Fraser River rior during I999. The study area is a me­ galia, was found in a secluded rockshelter around Pelican Lake and Pantage Lake. dium- to high-elevation watershed on the near a proposed forestry cutblock in Further south, impact assessments were west side of Pavilion Mountain, northeast Seymour Inlet. This site is about I km conducted for forestry developments in ofLillooet. Surveys have been conducted from EgSt 2, where many such boxes were the Peterson Creek, Robertson Creek, by different archaeologists on a number collected and analyzed by RBCM archae­ Mow Creek, and Bonaparte Lake water­ of occasions prior to 1999, representing ologists in the 1970s. Another interesting sheds of the Kamloops Forest District. an unusual level of effort for a subalpine new site from this region was an undocu­ Nineteen sites were found, including setting in BC. A well-defined network of mented pictograph on Tumour Island, CMTs, heritage trails, cultural depres­ traditional trails has been identified intra­ portraying what appears to be a high-sta­ sions, and lithic scatters. In the Robertson ditional use studies; these trails include tus woman flanked by images of two cop­ Creek locality, an interesting discovery routes up to the alpine zone of Pavilion pers and a conical chief's hat. was a shaped cobble digging-tool, found Mountain and cross into the neighbour­ The most interesting project in the amidst an extensive scatter of basalt and ing Maiden Creek drainage, an important Lower Mainland region was a brief test chalcedony debitage on a high-elevation, source of cryptocrystalline and basalt excavation at a rockshelter site near the south-facing slope where balsarnroot cur­ lithic materials. Approximately 36 sites confluence ofthe Elaho and Squamish riv­ rently grows. In the Lillooet Forest Dis­ were known from the study area prior to ers. Among the finds in 50+-cm-deep cul­ trict, an assessment of several proposed 1999, of which five conflicted with the tural deposits were small side-notched woodlots and a forestry road on the south forestry development areas examined this projectile points, as well as further evi­ shore of Carpenter Lake in the Tommy year. A total of 53 new sites were identi­ dence that lithic raw_materials were being Creek locality was conducted in associa­ fied in 1999, including several in areas procured from nearby alpine environ­ tion with the Seton Lake Band. One CMT thought to have low archaeological poten­ ments. Another interesting project was an site and six historical mining/trapping sites tial. Sites recorded include traditional impact assessment for a proposed devel­ were identified. Much more fieldwork was trails, lithic scatters, small and medium opment on the Popkum Indian Reserve carried out for one forest-industry client cultural depressions, and CMTs, both east of Chilliwack. Part of the traditional in the Lillooet Forest District. Work was cambium bark-strips and kindling-collec­ St6:1o village of papk 'um was relocated done in the upper Pavilion Creek water- tion trees. Unsurprisingly, a strong corre-

The Midden 32/4 5 lation was observed between sites and the merous microblades, scrapers, bifaces, route of the Pavilion Creek Trail-an ob­ and a projectile point were also found, servation also made by previous authori­ and this inventory is not yet completed. ties. We also saw a striking relationship The usual mix of post- and pre-1846 between limestone outcrops and chert­ CMT sites, cultural depression sites, nodule primary reduction workshops. The lithic scatters, and heritage trails (includ- ~ nodules originated in carbonate rocks and ing the Cheslatta trail) were identified ~ are now found in the glacial drift surround­ elsewhere in the northwest this past year. l! ~ ing the outcrops. It is hypothesized that To the west in the Houston area, only :!l, prehistoric toolmakers may have sought CMT sites were identified, but one ~ out the highly visible limestone outcrops cambium-stripped lodgepole pine was :; 0 as favoured places to prospect for chert dated to AD I 730. A project east of ~ nodules. Together with abundant evidence Babine Lake resulted in the documenta- ~ of traditional forest utilization, the results tion of a major heritage trail, leading ~ of our work in the upper Pavilion water­ from Fort Babine to Takla Lake. Far to Figure I: Complete projectile point from shed adds to the increasing body of evi­ the north on Atlin Lake, an assessment Siwash Bridge. dence that alpine and subalpine environ­ was conducted on a property that con­ ments were particularly attractive to First tained abundant evidence of late-19th-cen­ were employed during the fieldwork in the Nations people. tury mining activities. Chilcotin Forest District this year. A number of field projects were done In northeastern BC, impact assessments Less work was undertaken in the I 00 on the Osoyoos Indian Reserve in the were conducted for 45 oil and gas devel­ Mile House Forest District. Several cut­ south Okanagan. An impact assessment opments. A total of nine lithic scatters ting permits were assessed on behalf of was conducted for a proposed vineyard were recorded, three of which contained Jackpine Forest Products Ltd. and ori a high glacial outwash terrace east of diagnostic projectile points. Of particular Weldwood of Canada Ltd., I 00 Mile Oliver, but no sites were discovered in this note, large lanceolate projectile points House Operations. One small subsurface sun-baked desert setting. Better luck was have been reported from H iRo I 0, on the lithic scatter was found. Two representa­ had during a reconnaissance of a proposed north side ofthe Sikanni Chief River. Ex­ tives from the High Bar Band and two rep­ winery and resort complex at the south­ cavations are planned for three locations resentatives from the Canim Lake Band ern end of the reserve near Osoyoos, in the coming year, to compensate for un­ assisted during fieldwork undertaken in the where a buried lithic scatter with a well­ authorized project disturbances. I 00 Mile House Forest District. An archaeological impact assessment formed micro blade core was found. In the - RlCHARD BROLLY. north Okanagan, an assessment was car­ was completed for Ministry of Highways ried out for proposed improvements at at Siwash Bridge. Siwash Bridge is a large Kekuli Bay Provincial Park on Kalamalka CARIBOO HERITAGE site consisting ofhousepits, cache pits, and Lake. Sadly, the park's name proved illu­ ARCHAEOLOGICAL an extensive surface and subsurface lithic scatter across the first terrace above Chilko sory, being the winning entry in a nam­ CONSULTING ing-competition among Vernon-area el­ River. A total of 397 stone artifacts (pri­ marily basalt with lesser quantities of ob­ ementary schools. None of the titular C ARIBOO H ERITAGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL CON­ sidian and chalcedony) were recorded pithouse depressions, or indeed anything SULTING completed forestry-based AlAs in else, was discovered in this park. Further the Chi leo tin and I 00 Mile House forest within the project area, including one com­ northwest, an impact assessment was un­ districts in 2000. An archaeological im­ plete projectile point (see figure). A total dertaken in Tunkwa Lake Provincial Park, pact assessment was also conducted for of I85 animal bone fragments were also between Logan Lake and Savona, where the Ministry of Highways for proposed recovered (mammal and bird, but no fish). a systematic surface collection was made culvert installation at Siwash Bridge, near Intact cultural deposits were observed at a site threatened by improvements to a Bull Canyon. within one evaluative unit and consisted campground. The bulk of the work was completed in of well-defmed concentrations of charcoal, ash, and heat-altered sediments. Fire-al­ In northwestern BC, 60 new sites were the Chilcotin Forest District: approxi­ recorded during assessments of forestry mately 8,000 ha and nearly 70 krn of roads tered rock was abundant and a number of developments in the Vanderhoof Forest were assessed on behalf of Riverside For­ small oval cobbles, broken into irregular District. A further 26 sites were found by est Products Ltd., Lignum Ltd., Jackpine pieces (interpreted as discarded boiling ''" a site survey at Moose Lake in Ulkatcho Forest Products Ltd., Chilcotin Forest Dis­ stones), were also observed. Recommen­ traditional territory, where little or no ar­ trict, and Tsi Del Del Enterprises. A total dations to limit impacts to the site during chaeological work had been done. Numer­ of I 0 sites were found in the Chilcotin For­ culvert installation were provided to the ous artifacts were observed during the in­ est District consisting of cache pits, one Ministry of Highways.- KAREN BRADY. ventory, and all lithic scatter sites in this isolated find, and several CMTs. A total area (n= II) were rich in obsidian (reflect­ of eight representatives from Tsi Del Del, ing the nearby Anahim Peak source). Nu- Yunesit'in, and Xeni Gwet' in First Nation

6 The Midden 32/4 CHUNTA RESOURCES LTO.

IN THE 2000 FIELD SEASON, Renee Carriere ofChunta Resources Ltd., and Chris Burk conducted numerous forestry-based AlAs in the Chilcotin and Vanderhoof forest districts. An impact assessment was also completed for a BC Access and Lands (BCAL) lot, on the southeastern aspect of Charlotte Lake, near the community ofNimpo Lake. Approximately 3,200 ha of forestry de­ velopment areas (i.e., proposed cutblocks and roads) were assessed in the Chilcotin ... r:~~~:~~-{t:. Forest District, on behalf of West :--· ....~ . Chilcotin Forest Products Ltd. (WCFP). A total of 30 sites were identified in WCFP's operating areas. The sites con­ sisted primarily of the following site types: CMTs, cache pits, lithic scatters, and isolated finds. Among the CMT sites identified was a single pre- I 846 CMT located approximately I km NE of the Dean (Salmon) River, and ca. 28 km NW Figure 2: Stewart Thompson, Lyackson First Nation, mapping one ofth e gr;ve houses dating of Anahim Lake. The AlA of a 7.6-ha from the 1870s at the historical cemetery at Shingle Point, Valdez Island. BCAL lot was surveyed at the request of One Eye Guide Outfitters. A single site was identified along the southern aspect COAST RESEARCH in the interior landscape of Valdes Island of the BCAL lot, adjacent to C::harlotte sampled select inland micro-environments, Lake. The site consisted of a lithic scatter IN 2000, Coast Research directed several including stream valleys, lake margins, and isolated finds. Field assistants in the research projects in collaboration with the swamps, and high-elevation cuestas, to Chilcotin Forest District included Lyackson First Nation and Hul'qumi'num help refine our knowledge of inland ar­ Ulkatcho'ten First Nation members: Treaty Group on southeastern Vancouver chaeological site distributions. A range of Andrew Cahoose, Elroy Cahoose, Kevin Island. coastal archaeological sites, including a Cahoose, Lyndy Dorsey, Cheryl Anne On behalfofthe Hul'qumi'num Treaty variety of shell midden size-classes, house Group, an archaeological inventory study Gilbert, and Crystal Holte. depressions, rock shelter habitations, cul­ was initiated to ground-truth traditional In the Vanderhoof Forest District, ap­ tural depressions, and a defensive earth­ proximately 2000 ha of forestry develop­ use sites in the Chemainus district of the work, were test-excavated to explore the southern Gulflslands. This pilot study in­ ment areas, consisting of proposed roads nature of these specialized site types. Fi­ volved integrating archaeological, archi­ and cutblocks, were assessed on behalf of nally, a large-diameter soil corer, custom­ Plateau Forest Products L,td. Fifteen sites val, and ethnographic evidence from a se­ built by UBC's Earth and Ocean Sciences lect range of culturally significant sites to were found in Plateau Forest Products Centre, was used to collect stratigraphi­ act as a forum for the community discus­ Ltd.'s operating area, consisting of the cally intact, datable material from the ba­ following site types: CMTs, cache pits, sion of issues concerning traditional use sal cultural layers of deep, stratified shell site conservation and management. cairn, lithic scatters, and isolated finds. A middens across Valdes Island. This ar­ ln cooperation with the Lyackson First CMT survey of a 12-km road near Gatcho chaeological information is being used to Nation, a large-scale inventory study was Lake was also conducted on behalf of the construct a chronology of settlement pat­ directed to document the distribution, di­ Ministry of Forests. Two CMT sites were terns on Valdes Island, intended to identified and recorded in the Gatcho Lake versity, and antiquity of archaeological contextualize past use of the Gulf Island settlement patterns on Valdes Island. Di­ Road area. Two field assistants from the landscape within a regional, diachronic rected by Eric McLay, Colin Grier, and Ulkatcho Band participated in the MoF perspective. This research has also served CMT assessment, while three Ulkatcho Neil Miller, three First Nations field as­ to help build the baseline archaeological sistants received paid educational train­ Band members and one member of the information needed by the Lyackson First ing in archaeological field methods and Saik'uz First Nation participated in the Nation to draft a community management issues of heritage resource management. Plateau Forest Products AlAs. - RENEE strategy for the future governance of her­ Building upon a complete survey of the CARRIERE. itage resources in their ancestral territory. coastal strata, exploratory transect surveys Lastly, a feasibility study was directed

The Midden 3214 7 to help conserve the Lyackson First Na­ Southern Crossing Pipeline between the seventh consecutive year that archaeo­ tion's historical cemetery at Shingle Point, Oliver and Yahk. It was the fourth year logical investigations were undertaken for IR 4, Valdes Island. This unregistered Ro­ for this project, and inventory and impact the EKATI™ Diamond Mine located near man Catholic cemetery, established ca. assessments were undertaken in conjunc­ Lac de Gras (approximately 300 km north­ 1876, exhibits a unique blend of Coast tion with Wayne Choquette, an independ­ east ofYellowknife). This is the only pro­ Salish and Christian mortuary architec­ ent consultant, and Martin Handly and ducing diamond mine in Canada and ar­ ture, including several unique, brick­ Rob Lackowicz ofKutenai West Heritage chaeological investigations hav~ been vaulted sarcophagi, or gravehouses. Un­ Consulting Ltd. Points West also con­ conducted in advance of exploration and fortunately, many of these graves have ducted systematic data recovery at a site development activity to minimize the im­ become vandalized and desecrated since (DgQj 1) located near Trai I that was pact to archaeological resources. Twelve the 1950s. With the assistance of a Brit­ threatened by impact as a result of this new archaeological sites were located ish Columbia Heritage Trust grant, this pipeline. Two members of the Ktunaxa during development-specific assessments feasibility study assisted the Lyackson 's Nation assisted with field excavations. A within a portion of the claim block. The effort to document the cemetery site for crew ofexperienced independent archaeo­ addition of these sites to the inventory official registry, estimate the conservation logical consultants and two employees of brings the total of recorded archaeologi­ work needed to restore the site, and rec­ Millennia Research Ltd. also provided cal sites in the claim block to 162; site ommend practical measures to protect assistance during excavation at DgQj 1. types range from isolated finds to camps, their ancestral cemetery from future acts This permitted several individuals to ob­ but most are lithic scatters. Representa­ of vandalism. - ERIC McLAY. tain sufficient excavation experience to tives of the Dogrib First Nation and the advance to the Professional Member level community ofLutsel K'e (formerly Snow­ of the BC Association of Professional drift) assisted with field investigations in Consulting Archaeologists. 2000. POINTS WEST DgQj I is a large site that extends more A project was also conducted in HERITAGE CONSULTING or less continuously for several hundred Nunavut. This was the fourth year that" meters south of Beaver Creek on the east investigations were undertaken between LTD. side ofthe Columbia River. A more north­ Roberts Bay on the Arctic Coast and erly portion of the site was excavated in Aimaoktak Lake, east of Bathurst Inlet, IN 2000, Points West Heritage Consulting the mid-1970s in response to the first pipe­ as a result of gold exploration. Twenty­ Ltd. conducted archaeological investiga­ line through this area. A second proposed six new sites were discovered bringing the tions in BC, Alberta, Nunavut, and the crossing required for the Southern Cross­ total to 115. Site types range from small Northwest Territories. Work was under­ ing Pipeline resulted in excavation in taken for forestry clients in the Penticton lithic scatters to camps. Stone features are 2000. Although it was acknowledged that common and include tent rings, caches, and Fort Nelson forest districts and for gas the site might not be impacted, BC Gas hunting blinds, traps, windbreaks, and and oil clients in northeastern BC and Al­ opted to fund an excavation in the event hearths. The full range of known culture berta. The majority of this work involved that avoidance was not possible. An area history in the Central Arctic is represented, archaeological inventory and impact as­ over 100 m north-south and 50 m east­ including Arctic Small Tool tradition, sessments, but some archaeological over­ west was sampled during the six-week Thule, Copper Eskimo, and indigenous view assessment was also completed. Rep­ excavation. The artifact yield included Inuit. Several sites contain significant resentatives of the following First Nations thousands of flakes , a quantity of quantities of caribou bone. Caribou rep­ were employed on a project-specific ba­ unworked animal bone, a stone feature, resent a major food resource sis: Fort Nelson Indian Band, Fort Liard and numerous stone tools. The tools in­ prehistorically and traditionally. Also Indian Band, Kelly Lake F!rst Nation, cluded projectile points, knives, scrapers, present in the study area are musk ox, an­ Osoyoos Indian Band, Penticton Indian hammerstones, abraders, and unworked other important food resource; musk ox Band, Prophet River Indian Band, flakes of various lithic materials. The va­ remains have also been noted in archaeo­ Westbank First Nation, and West Moberly riety of lithic material is noteworthy and logical sites in the area. An Inuit from First Nation. Seven new archaeological includes many exotics. Analysis will be Bathurst Inlet assisted with field investi­ sites were recorded in northeastern BC and conducted in the winter and spring of gations. - JEAN BussEY. three were discovered in the Okanagan; 2001 , but a preliminary assessment sug­ site types included isolated finds, lithic gests multi-period use of this site. Since scatters, and rock and depression features. directional drilling ofthe Columbia River In the East Kootenay, field investigations crossing was successful, DgQj I is no l were undertaken for the Ministry of Trans­ longer threatened by impact, and nearby portation and Highways along portions of park boundaries have been extended to Highway 1 and near Invermere. A mem­ encompass the site. BC Gas and BC Parks ber of the Ktunaxa Nation assisted with are acknowledged for their efforts to the detailed field reconnaissance. achieve this. Another project involved coordination Points West conducted one project in of archaeological investigations for the the central Northwest Territories. This was

8 The Midden 32/4 SHEILA MINNI 1952, has been seriously impacted over his Hope Highway Project days). Our RESEARCH AND time by historic sawmill activity, boom p_roject focused on evaluating the integ­ stick yards, and the development of the nty of two of the remaining pithouse fea­ CONSULTING provincial park. Intensive foot survey, in­ tures in this small settlement. We radio­ SHEILA MINNI undertook a number of con­ spection of exposed surface areas, and carbon-dated material from both features, sulting projects during the year 2000. shovel testing indicated that in situ evi­ obtaining uncalibrated dates of4130 ± 40 Most of these projects were for the Min­ dence for DIQv 2, consisting of chal­ BP from one, and 2190 ± 110 BP and 2620 istry of Transportation and Highways and cedony thinning flakes, numerous uniden­ ± 60 BP from the other. The older of these consisted of existing gravel pit operations tifiable butchered and charred bone dates is significant, implying the early slated for expansion that required archaeo­ fragments, and fire cracked rock, exists occurrence of a circular, semi-subterra­ logical impact assessment. The project from the surface to approximately 30 em nean structure (i.e., pithouse) in the Fraser/ areas were located throughout the Fraser below the surface, extending some 50 m Chilliwack Valley area-one of three Valley, in the Fraser Canyon, and in Man­ along and 35 m back from the lakeshore known semi-subterranean structures in this ning Park. Most of the areas had been se­ edge. area pre-dating 4000 BP. riously impacted by previous extraction Michael Forsman, after completing his Also in January of 1999, St6:16 Nation continued to inventory archaeological and surface clearing, or were too steep to PhD in historic archaeology at the Uni­ sites and assess site distribution in the access, and archaeological sites were not versity of Alberta in 1999, continues to recorded. Participating in the fieldwork pursue his research interests in the North mainland portion of the Gulf of Georgia Region. I directed a MoF funded inven­ for these projects were Michael Forsman American fur trade, specifically address­ and Larry Commodore, Chief of the ing the relationships between tory study of the lower Silverhope Creek valley, just south ofHope, which was car­ Soowahlie First Nation. demographics and architecture. - SHEILA MTNNI. ried out in association with Ian Franck of Additional projects were concerned Equinox Research and Consulting Ltd. Ian with monitoring construction activities at worked with the St6:16 field team ofLarry the Lions Gate Bridge causeway widen­ Commodore, Dean Jones, and Riley ing for Talisman Environmental Consult­ STO:LO NATION Lewis. Winter conditions limited our study ants, and monitoring the excavations for IN THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS, St6:16 Na­ to the lower 10 km ofthe valley bottom­ a new visitor reception centre at the to­ tion continued its active participation in one component of the greater landscape. tem poles near Brockton Point in Stanley archaeology throughout the Lower Main­ We identified eight previously unrecorded Park. This latter work for the Vancouver land: hosting SFU and UBC archaeologi­ sites and developed recommendations for Board of Parks and Recreation did not cal field schools at the Scowlitz and continued archaeological exploration of expose Aboriginal sites, but it was inter­ Xa:ytem sites, carrying out a number of the Silver-Skagit corridor. This study com­ esting to note stratigraphic levels indicat­ resource management projects, and con­ plemented an archaeological investigation ing original ground surface and old growth ducting quite a few research projects of carried out by Dana Lepofsky (SFU), Bob stumps ranging from 0.7 m to 1.5 m be­ their own, some of which involved col­ Meirendorf (North Cascades National low the existing ground surface. Large laborations with a number oflocal archae­ Park), and St6:16 Nation in the upper areas have been altered in the Brockton ologists. St6:16 Nation hired an archaeo­ Skagit Valley later that summer, in which Oval and Brockton Point areas in Stanley logical assistant- Riley Lewis- to help we identified and plotted six more sites in Park since park development began in the handle field and office work load. Many the process of evaluating the natural (fire) late I 880s, but it is important to remem­ Lower Mainland consultants have since and cultural history of Chittenden ber that the original ground surface of low­ had the opportunity to work with him. Meadow. lying areas probably still exists below the With regard to St6:16 Nation-driven That winter was rounded out with a pi­ fill. projects, the winter of 1999 was particu­ lot study of Aboriginal trail locations Further work for the Ministry of Trans­ larly busy. In January, I co-directed a throughout the Lower Mainland that I con­ portation and Highways was associated project with Mike Rousseau of Antiquus ducted with the much appreciated assist­ with the upgrading work proposed for the Archaeological Consultants Ltd. involv­ ance of a number of other St6:16 Nation Okanagan Lake Floating Bridge near ing an exploratory excavation of a small staff, including Keith Carlson, Dave Kelowna. Field survey determined that pithouse site-DgRk I 0 (otherwise re­ Smith, Deanna Francis, and Leeanna archaeological sites would not be im­ ferred to by the place name Iy'oythel)-­ Rhodes. The results of this study provide pacted by the proposed expansion of in the Chilliwack River Valley. Funding a new layer of Aboriginal land-use not Highway 97 and identified two proposed for this project was provided by the Min­ well documented to this point. These re­ dry-dock areas that also would not impact istry of Forests (Chilliwack Forest Dis­ sults have many useful applications, such archaeological resources. Survey of a third trict) after undergoing a Heritage Conser­ as assessing archaeological site potential proposed dry-dock area adjacent to Bear vation Act violation investigation for in the uplands where we currently have Creek Provincial Park north of Kelowna impacting the site. The St6:16 field crew very little data. on the shores of Okanagan Lake encoun­ on the project consisted of Betty Charlie, St6:16 Nation continues to be actively tered the remains of the Aboriginal site Cliff Hall, Dean Jones, and Geno Peters engaged in permitting, issuing nearly 100 DIQv 2. This site, originally recorded in (who some of you might remember from St6:16 Nation archaeological permits in

The Midden 32/4 9 the last two years. Passing along what has trickled down to my office, the St6:16 Na­ BRITISH COLUMBIA tion government wishes to thank all those individuals who have respected the ar­ {JIJrJtage chaeological protocols established and administered by the St6:16 Nation. qr'fP The last year saw the Aboriginal Rights and Title Department at St6:16 Nation SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN THE 1970s, the BC Heritage Trust has funded numerous projects where working on their forthcoming publication the physical remains of BC's past have been partially restored and opened to the public for A Sto:lo Coast Salish Historical Atlas. viewing. Barkerville, Hat Creek House, the Keremeos Grist Mill, and, for archaeology perhaps the most interesting, .Xa:ytem, are just a few of the Heritage Trust supported projects that have This book is scheduled for release in late­ become fixed points on the BC cultural map. The ASBC looks back at years of cooperation March or early-April by Douglas & with the Trust. Not only do we receive generous financial support to help with the production Mcintyre, University of Washington of The Midden, but we also ran public interpretation programs funded by the Trust. The most Press, and St6:16Heritage Trust. Edited by ambitious one was in 1983 at the St. Mungo Cannery site, where thousands of visitors, includ­ St6:16 Nation Historian Keith Carlson, ing hundreds of school children, toured the archaeological salvage dig and tried their hand at this atlas is the product of a collaboration screening. If anything has ever brought archaeology to the public, that project must have been of over 12 authors-both Aboriginal and it. non-Aboriginal-with various back­ In an effort to share the vision of the Heritage Trust with a wider audience, Ms. Anne Edwards, Chair of the BC Heritage Trust, has prepared a brief piece. which we have published below. grounds and expertise. This volume con­ Ms. Edwards hopes to create a dialogue with our membership and I ask that you take advan­ tains wide-ranging information-cultural tage of this opportunity and convey to Ms. Edwards your thoughts on the status and vision of and natural-from the early Holocene the BC Heritage Trust for 200I and beyond. -ANDREW MASON through to today. It should prove to be a useful reference for those working or in­ The British Columbia Heritage Trust 2001 terested in archaeology and Aboriginal history/culture in the mainland Gulf of THE BC HERITAGE TRUST has been pleased to a result, the Trust's budget will be as con­ Georgia Region. contribute funding, over many years, to the strained as it has been over the past several The St6:16 Nation looks forward to con­ publication of The Midden. We have never years, and our activities will be limited by the tinuing its involvement in archaeology, taken the opportunity to use th e pages of your willingness of our already overburdened staff conducting research and collaborating publication to create a dialogue although we to take on more and more responsibilities. The with local archaeologists in its future en­ hope to do so now, and continue contact in heritage properties will continue to be man­ deavours. - DAVID ScHAEPE. the future. aged within the Heritage Branch, subject to The Trust is legislated as a Crown Corpo­ funding cuts at any time of the year. ration, but years of funding cuts have ad­ However, we are not totally downhearted. versely impacted the scope of its activities. In The properties have been given some money, St6:1o Nation Conference fact, the Trust has no dedicated staff-in the and we hope that our advocacy efforts and the S-7 April2001, Mission, BC sense that we have staff dedicated to working support of organizations such as the ASBC for us. We have instead various dedicated (to will make us stronger and our voice heard in Bridging the Millennia heritage!) Heritage Branch staff doing what government. Recommendations for our Board, Bridging Cultural and Legal Traditions they can for us along with their other assign­ given its reduced means, will be made after ments. our May meeting. Although all the details are This multidisciplinary conference is To address this situation, the Trust has been far from finalized, one thing is certain: the dedicated to the sharing of innovative and pressing government to provide us with the Board feels strongly that the Trust must con­ challenging research and activities budget to operate as a more autonomous tinue its efforts to become an organization that concerning the St6:16 Coast Salish people Crown Corporation. To date, this process has is truly at arm's length from government. and their neighbours. Hosted by St6:16 taken nearly two years and has included a I would be pleased to hear any reaction to Nation, the conference's theme is Bridging consultant's study to consider our situation our ideas for moving forward and welcome the Millennia, Bridging Cultural and Legal and recommend change, discussion with staff any comments or suggestions you may have. Traditions, and is hoping to highlight and about the shortfall in funding to the Provin­ My contact information is provided below and discuss issues related to St6:16 Governance, cial heritage properties, and continuing dis­ I look forward to hearing from you and main­ land claims, and treaty negotiations. A wide cussions with the public. We have asked gov­ taining this long overdue dialogue with the range of issues will be explored, such as ernment to transfer management of the ASBC.- ANNE EDWARDS treaty and land claims, anthropology, properties to a Trust that truly operates as a archaeology, culture, history, and resource Crown Corporation, with enough funding to Anne Edwards, Chair BCHT management. ensure our long-term success and financial British Columbia Heritage Trust Contact: Jody Woods, Conference well-being. This reconfigured Trust would phone(250)356-1433 Coordinator, St6:16 Nation, Building# I contribute by actively involving the public, fax (250) 356-7796 - 7201 Vedder Road, Chilliwack, BC, the private sector, and other organizations and PO Box 9818 Stn Prov Govt V2R 4G5; tel. (604) 824-5203; fax (604) institutions with similar goals. Victoria BC V8W 9W3 824-5226; email: For the current budget, the Trust was not [email protected] Jody. [email protected]. successful in achieving this goal of greater www. heritage. gov. bc.ca autonomy and improved financial support. As

10 The Midden 32/4 BOOK REVIEWS

Seriation, how these were utilized as "chronologi­ this; however, the appeal may be for a cal types". A primary point arising from variety of reasons since there are several Stratigraphy, and this discussion is the notion that typologies thematics. Primarily, this book can be read are archaeological creations and not in­ as a re-investigation into these various Index Fossils: herent characteristics of the artifacts. methods of relative dating as the authors The Backbone of Chapters 3 and 4 naturally build on the had intended. For many this exercise may concepts associated with typology, as the seem to be oflittle benefit, since methods Archaeological authors address the various methods of such as seriation have gone out of fashion seriation. As throughout the book, the {which the authors admit). However, in Dating methodology is related through early ex­ many geographic areas, contemporary in­ amples of the application, with quotes and Edited by MICHAEL J. O'BRIEN vestigations build upon typological chro­ diagrams providing the framework for the nologies that are derived from these tech­ and R. LEE LYMAN discussion of the techniques. Within these niques. In many instances these cultural chapters the obvious relationships be­ Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, sequences have been relegated to a "black tween biological evolution and the devel­ 1999. 258 pp. illus., app., refs. Price: box" and there is an apparent need to ex­ opment of seriation are well demonstrated. amine some ofthe principal classifications ISBN 0-306-46152-8, (He) US$59.95. O'Brien and Lyman further elaborate these and historic continuity that is assumed in parallels in thought through biological THIS BOOK is a continuation ofa large body these cases. Furthermore, O' Brien and examples, which they utilize to distinguish ofliterature that examines how archaeolo­ Lyman stress that chronometric techniques the differences between "heritable" and gists date cultural material. However, in can only be applied with a clear under­ "historic" continuity. Significant in these contrast to much of this literature, the au­ standing of some of these methods, par­ chapters is the basis for much of the mis­ thors have chosen to return to the period ticularly the concepts associated with understanding of seriation methods by prior to the development of chronometric stratigraphic interpretation, although they archaeologists in the second half of the dating techniques and re-examine the prin­ extend this argument even further and sug­ twentieth century, which in part seems to ciples behind several methods of relative gest that relative dating techniques, includ­ have evolved from the failure of the early dating: seriation, stratigraphy, and index ing seriation, may be valuable in assess­ developers to clearly define the concepts fossils. The purpose of this book, in the ing the reliability of dates, specifically in behind the various methods. authors' view, is not only to fill a gap in attempts to establish cultural continuity. Chapter 5, " Superposition and the present literature in regard to relative For others, this book provides valuable Stratigraphy", begins with a historical ac­ dating but also to elaborate on some· of insights into the development of the cul­ count of the development of the the misconceptions associated with the tural-historical period in America as it stratigraphic method in American archae­ techniques. chronicles these methodological develop­ ology and proceeds through the underly­ The book begins with a general treatise ments in relation to the historic context. ing concepts, concluding with an exam­ on time, as it is perceived by archaeolo­ The obvious parallels between Darwinian ple of the stratigraphic method employed gists, and establishes some of the con~e.pts evolution and typological classification at Gatecliff Shelter. Centred within the and terms used throughout the remammg are well highlighted throughout the text discussion are the concepts of geological chapters. Most notably, the opening sec­ and provide strong examples of the bio­ superposition and cultural strata, which tion outlines the differences between "ab­ logical influences in archaeology during leads to Chapter 6 and the application of solute" and "relative" 'dates and relates this period. As well, the book highlights index fossils (artifact types utilized for these to the various scales that are used to the considerable ingenuity that resulted in cross dating). In both these chapters, measure time. This section also introduces these chronological methods. However, as O'Brien and Lyman stress that these last the intellectual framework in which a final point of criticism: the centring of techniques differ substantially from seri­ chronological investigation developed in the discussion within America ation in that time is measured discontinu­ American archaeology at the beginning of underemphasizes some of the intellectual ously rather than as historic continuity. the last century. Unlike most historians foundations that were developed in Eu- The significance of this point is the asser­ who relate the "stratigraphic revolution" rope. tion that archaeologists have tended to use with the emergence of chronology in Rob Commisso artifact markers or strata as indicators of North American, O' Brien and Lyman see particular cultures, without critically the change developing out of perceived evaluating the spatial-temporal distribu­ Rob Commisso is an MA candidate in the differences in artifact "styles" and the new Archaeology Department at Simon Fraser tion of the cultural phases. approaches in which these ~rtifacts w~re University. His current research interests In the cover notes it is stated that this include environmental archaeology, categorized. In Chapter 2 this conclu~10n book "will appeal to all archaeologists" stable isotope research in archaeology is further elaborated through an exam ma­ and the reviewer generally agrees with and ecology, and prospection techniques. t ion of the early artifact typologies and

The Midden 32/4 11 ISSUED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGY BRANCH PERMITS OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2000

The assistance of Ray Kenny (Manager, Assessment and Planning Section) and Alan Riches (Administrative Clerk) in providing this information is gratefully acknowledged. A number of recurrent abbreviations may not be fami liar to many readers of The Midden. Most importantly, the following abbreviations refer to specific Permit types: ALT = Alteration; INS = Inspection; INV = investiga­ tion. The most common of these are: AlA = Archaeological Impact Assessment, MoF = Ministry of Forests, SBFEP = Small Business Forest Enterprise Program, MoTH = Ministry of Transportation and Highways, ATT =Asserted Traditional Territory, and CMT = Culturally Modified Tree. Several forest industry abbreviations occur, such as: CP = Cutting Permit, FD = Forest District, FL = Forest License, FSR = Forest Service Road, TSL = Timber Supply Licence, TSA = Timber Sales Area, TFL = Tree Farm License, and TL = Timber License. Less often, the following terms that may appear in legal descriptions also appear: LD = Land District, DL = District Lot, Sec = Section, Tp = Township, Rge = Range, and r/w =for right-of-way.

2000-326 Ian Franck INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Co. 's forestry operations within CP 188, vicinity of Eldorado Mtn., Lillooet FD 2000-327 Steve Chambers ALT Alterations to CMTs within DISs 036, DISs 037, DISs 038, and DISs 039 by Weyerhaeuser Company (West Island Woodlands, Franklin Operations) for estry operations in and adjacent to Blocks 9508, 9509, and 9510, FL A19225, end of Port Eliza, Campbell River FD 2000-328 Geordie Howe INS AlA of Weyerhaeuser Company (Stillwater Timberlands) forestry opera tions within TFL 39, Block 5, near Phillips Arm, Campbell River FD 2000-329 Michael Graup ALT Alterations to CMTs # 1,7-11 ,15, 20-22, 24,25, 27,36-38 within GiTt OIO by Skeena Cellulose (Terrace Woodlands Ops) forestry operations in Set ting #3 12966, TFL I, NE ofDragon Lake in Kalum FD 2000-330 Kevin Twohig INS AlA ofMoF forestry operations throughout the ATT of the Canim Lake, Canoe Creek, and Whispering Pines/Clinton Indian Bands, within the 100 MileFD 2000-33 1 Gail Wada INS AlA of Squamish Mills Ltd.'s forestry operations in Block 60, FL A 192 14 Chart area, located in the South Tenas area, S of Little Lillooet Lake near Pemberton, within Squamish FD 2000-332 Vicki Feddema INS AlA of Canadian Forest Products (Eaglewood Logging Division) forestry operations within TFL 37 and FL A 19233, Port McNeill and Campbell River FDs 2000-333 Doris Zibauer INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company (Woodland Division) forestry opera tions within CP 186 and CP 187, in the Nesikep Creek and Inti pam Creek drainages, Lillooet FD 2000-334 Ian Franck INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company's forestry operation within CP 191 , vicinity ofSlok Hill, Lillooet FD 2000-335 Ian Franck INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company's forestry operations within CP 190, vicinity of Carson Mountain, Lillooet FD 2000-336 Ian Franck INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company's forestry operations within CP 174, vicinity of Nosebag Mountain, Lillooet FD 2000-337 Don Teichroeb ALT Alterations to DhRt 006 by residential construction at 4514 NW Marine Drive and 4515 Belmont Avenue, Vancouver 2000-338 Gerald Fleming ALT Alterations to DcRu 007 from proposed District of Saanich Parks Depart ment developments on theN shore of the Gorge Waterway from Tillicum Bridge to the Victoria Kayak & Canoe Club property 2000-339 Normand Canuel INS Site inventory for MoF along and adjacent to the Alexander Mackenzie Heritage Trail, from Km 0 to Km 69, within Prince George FD 2000-340 Normand Canuel INS AlA of Three Nations Water Project proposed by Department of Indian & Northern Affairs, vicinity ofSouthbank, S of Bums Lake 2000-341 Jennifer Lindberg INV Data recovery from EeQt 014, on theW side of the Trans-Canada Highway at White Creek, within Tp 21, Rge 10, Sec 33, KDYD, between Balmoral and Salmon Arm

12 The Midden 3214 2000-342 Michael Klassen INS Site inventory within Cayoosh Creek IR #1 to support RIC training 2000-343 Gail Wada INS AlA of Canadian Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations within Blocks 1810 (W side ofLillooet River), 1540 and 1543 (S side ofSloquet Creek), near the head of Harrison Lake, Squamish FD 2000-344 Peter Merchant INS AlA of proposed MoTH gravel pit expansions at East Francis Peninsula Pit, within Parts ofDL 2815 and 5846 and theSE comer ofDL 1392, GP 1, NWD, and; Tuwanek Pit, within UCL E ofDL 1410, GPI , NWD 2000-345 Hugh Middleton INS AlA of Alberta Energy Company oil/gas developments, including 11 pro ... posed gas wells, 5 associated camps, and access road construction and/or upgrades, within Elk River valley N from Elkford for approximately 20 km, SW BC 2000-346 Don Russell ALT Alterations to GhTa 0 I 0 by Gitanyow Development Corporation forestry operations within Opening 103P040-54, Block I, N ofKitwanga on Hwy 37, Kispiox FD 2000-347 Rene Thomsen ALT Alterations to Hudson's Bay Company Brigade/Blackeye's Trail (DiRfOO I) by construction of a road crossing in the vicinity of Cunningham/Podunk Creek 2000-348 Julie MacDougall ALT Alterations to CMTs within FgSc 066 by MoF/SBFEP forestry operations related to the Kluskus-Deerfly FSR r/w and adjacent infection area, N of the Blackwater River, Vanderhoof FD 2000-349 Diana French INS Site inventory of Weyerhaeuser Canada's (Lumby Division) Kate Lake Operating Area, SE side of Sugar Lake, Vernon FD 2000-350 Peter Merchant INV Data recovery for found human remains and associated cultural materials adjacent to Hunaechin IR # 11, located at the head of Jervis Inlet 2000-351 Ian Franck INS AlA of Ainsworth Lumber Company's forestry operations within CP 199 S of Hurley River, Lillooet FD 2000-352 Stan Copp INS AlA ofMoF/SBFEP forestry operations within TSL A50512-04 in the Wolfe-Willis Creeks area, Merritt FD 2000-353 Joel Kinzie INS AlA of Anderson Exploration Ltd., Berkley Petroleum Corp., Coastal Oil & Gas Canda Inc., Land Quest Services Ltd., Murphy Oil Company Ltd., PetroCanada Oil & Gas Ltd., Union Pacific Resource Inc. and other petro chemical developers' oil/gas developments within the non-overlapping portion ofDene Tsaa Tse K'Nai (Prophet River) First Nation ATT 2000-354 Joel Kinzie INS AlA Anadarko Inc., Berkley Petroleum Corp. (Reserve Pipeline Project and others), Husky Oil Ops Ltd. (c-27-L, 94-B- 10 and others), Marathon Canada Ltd., Petro-Canada Oil & Gas Ltd., Suncor Energy Inc. (Wonowon developments and others), Terra Environmental Consultants Ltd., and other petrochemical developers' oil/gas developments within NTS Map Sheets 94 A/4-6, 11 -13; 94 B/ 1-3, 6-I I, 13-16; & 94 G/ 1-4, NE BC 2000-355 Mike Rousseau INS AlA of International Forest Products Ltd. (Hope Operations) forestry op erations in Big Silver Creek (Silver River), Chilliwack FD 2000-356 Peter Merchant INS Site inventory and AlA for proposed MoTH expansions to existing Wedge Creek Gravel Pit, located 8 km N of Whistler and 2.6 km E ofHwy 99 near Green Lake, and existing Callaghan Gravel Pit, located 5 km N of Daisy Lake and 0.5 km E ofHwy 99, both in New Westminster District 2000-357 Natalie Dewing INS Site inventory of selected areas along the valley bottom between Sabiston Lake and Sedge Lake, N of Savona 2000-358 John Maxwell INS Site inventory of selected areas ofHupacasath First Nation ATT, W coast of Vancouver Island, South Island FD 2000-359 Sheila Minni INS AlA for proposed MoTH expansion of gravel pits #1710/0229 (Forestry Pit, near Manning Park Lodge), #1777A/2756 (Dewdney South Pit, Hwy 5 S ofDewdney Creek Bridge), # 1777B/7004 (Dewdney North Pit, Hwy 5 N ofDewdney Creek Bridge),# 1768F/ 1716 (Peers Creek Pit, Coquihalla River at mouth of Peers Creek), and # 1707/2418 (Teague Pit, near Yale)

The Midden 3214 13 2000-360 John Dewhirst INS AlA for proposed development at 2684 Selwyn Road, located in Langford 2000-361 Monty Mitchell INS AlA oflntemational Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations within Blocks Y 300 A, B, C, C205, C206, C208, C209, C210, C211 and C212, situated in Moses Inlet, and Blocks Hp 112 and Hp 113, situated near Hoy Point, Mid- Coast FD 2000-362 Joel Kinzie INS Pre- and post-AlAs of Berkley Petrolem Corporation, Impact 2000 Inc, PetroCanada Oil & Gas Ltd, Union Pacific Resource Inc. and other petro chemical companies; oil/gas developments within portions of Prophet River Band and Fort Nelson First Nations' ATTs which do not overlap with other groups, NE BC 2000-363 Wayne French ALT Alterations to CMTs within Dtse 001 by Weyerhaeuser Company (West Island Timberlands) forestry operations within TFL 44, Opening 8755, E of Little Nitinat River, South Island FD 2000-364 Keary Walde INS AlA of Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.'s oil/gas developments within the ATT of the Fort Nelson First Nation, as delineated on NTS map sheets 94 PI 7, 8, 10, 14, 15 , & 16, NE BC 2000-365 Rob Somers ALT Alterations to DcRt 0 16/070 by removal and relocation of a single BC Hy dro power pole in front of Lots 21 and 22, Victoria Land District, Plan 1048 , on King George Terrace near the SW end of McNeill Bay, District of Oak Bay 2000-366 John Dewhirst INS AlA for Lot 2, Plan 6220, Section 44, Victoria District, located at 393 I Cadboro Bay Road, Victoria 2000-367 Martin Handly INS AlA for proposed Cox Station Quarry within Part NE Y-1, TWP 20, includ ing portions ofLS I 5- Section I 6, LS I 6 - Section I 6, LS I -Section 2 I, LS 4- Section 22, and NW Portion of Section 15, NWD, on Sumas Mountain near Abbotsford 2000-368 Keary Walde INS AlA of Anderson Exploration, Anderson Resources, and Anderson Oil & Gas Company's oil/gas developments within the ATT of the Fort Nelson First Nation, as delineated on 000 NTS map sheets 94 P/ 1, 2, 3, & 8, NE BC 2000-369 Stan Copp INS AlA for proposed upgrading ofMoF recreational campsites located at six localities on the Ashnola River, Penticton FD 2000-370 Keary Walde INS AlA of Penn West Petroleum Ltd.'s oil/gas developments within the ATT of the Fort Nelson First Nation, as delineated on NTS map sheets 94 P/ 1-16 , NEBC 2000-37 I Hans Kolman ALT Alterations to DhQj 030 by activities associated with subdivision layout within part of Lot A, Plan NEP 2 I 758 and Parcel 2 (Ref Plan 837721) of Parcel I (exp Plan 23790D), and Lot A, Plan NEP 2 I 758, District Lot 237, Kootenay District, located on theN side of the Columbia River, E ofNoms Creek opposite Castlegar 2000-372 'Clinton Coates INS AlA ofAinsworth Lumber Co. (Savona Division) forestry operations within FL A I 8690, Kamloops FD 2000-373 Monty Mitchell INS AlA of International Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations in the vic in ity of theN part of King Island Inlet and Frenchman Creek, Mid-Coast FD 2000-374 Monty Mitchell INS AlA of international Forest Products (Helifor Division) forestry operations within Blocks 510 HB, 510 HA, 51 I HB, 51 I HA, 512 H, DB 2, DB 3H, DB 4H, DB 5H, H 3, H 4A and H 4B, situated in the vicinity of South Bentinck Arm, Mid-Coast FD 2000-375 Ian Wilson INS Site inventory and assessment ofspecific areas surrounding BC Hydro Ltd.'s Coquitlam Lake and Buntzen Lake reservoirs, and the Coquitlam River to its confluence with the Fraser River, N & E of Port Moody 2000-376 Cameron Simpson ALT Alterations to CMTs A 1, A2, A3 within GhSo 023 by Houston Forest Prod ucts Company's forestry operations for Road Permit R06340, Sec 16 (FL AI6827), along theE shore of Morrison Lake, Morice FD

14 The Midden 32/4 2000-377 Shawn Hedges ALT Alterations to GaTn 003, GaTn 004 and GaTn 006, and CMTs 76, 130, 134, 143, 144,201,219,233,301,305,307, and 491 within GaTm 005, and CMT 2 within GaTn 005 by forestry operations in TSL A62498, Kennedy Island, North Coast FD 2000-378 Gary Hackett ALT Alterations to DhRs 00 I by excavation of post-holes for fence installation and juniper bush removal on several properties between 1314 and 1348 SW Marine Drive, inclusive, Plan 2067, DL 318, NWD, Vancouver . 2000-379 Martin Handly INV Systematic data recovery at DgQq 025, E of Midway overlooking Hwy 3 and Boundary Creek, immediately E of proposed BC Gas Southern Cross ing Pipeline r/w 2000-380 Ian Wilson INS Site inventory and AlA for a proposed 6-lot residential subdivision within Parcel B (DO 131849F and PIB6226) and Lot 19, Plan 8330, except Plans 9492 and 14882, DL 438, KDYD, on the S bank of the Thompson River near Spences Bridge, vicinity of archaeological site EcRi 056 2000-381 Keary Walde INS AlA of MoF forestry operations within Blocks I and 2, TSA A65298, Map Sheet 94 A/9, located NE ofthe community ofDoig River, Fort St. John FD 2000-382 Monty Mitchell INS AlA of International Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations within FL A16850, Blocks SB 102A, SB 104, SB 108, SB 120, and SB 121 , situated in the vicinity of Hardy Inlet, Mid-Coast FD 2000-383 Chris Engisch INS AlA of Western Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry ope.rations on Roderick, Pooley and Yeo Islands, on the Don Peninsula near Tom Bay, and within the Ingram operations in the vicinity of Spiller Inlet, Mid Coast FD 2000-384 Beth Hrychuk INS AlA of Central Alberta Midstream proposed Wapiti West Gathering Pipe line, from existing BP Canada Energy wellsite d-13-G/93 -1-9, E to the BC- Alberta border 2000-385 Ian Franck INS AlA for Okanagan Nation Alliance and Department of Fisheries & Oceans proposed Mcintyre Habitat Channel Complex (Salmon Spawning Channel), located on theE side ofthe Okanagan River, N of Oliver 2000-386 Andrew Mason INS AlA for expansion of the .Xa:ytem Longhouse near Mission 2000-387 Doug Brown INS AlA ofMoF proposed upgrade and expansion of the Skwellepil Forest Serv ice Campground, located at the mouth of Skwellepil Creek on the W shore of Chehalis Lake, Chilliwack FD 2000-388 Doug Brown INS AlA for MoTH proposed expansion of the Morris Valley Road gravel pit, located N of Morris Valley Road approximately 6 krn N of Harrison Mills 2000-389 Ian Wilson INS AlA for proposed placement of a house trailer on Rem. DL 9, Nanaimo Land District, near the S bank of the Little Qualicum River near Qualicum Beach 2000-390 Christopher Causton ALT Alterations to DcRt 0 16 by removal and relocation of a single BC Hydro power pole fronting 456 Beach Drive (at Transit Road), near the E end of McNeill Bay, District of Oak Bay 2000-391 Morley Eldridge INS Archaeological Inventory of selected portions of the Fort Nelson FD 2000-392 Jeff Bailey INS AlA for new MoTH bridge crossing of the Cottonwood River, realignment ofHwy 97, and ancillary developments located approximately 13 km N of the Barkerville Hwy 26 Junction in Quesnel 2000-393 Karen Brady INS AlA for MoTH (Cariboo District) proposed new r/w for an approximately 900-m-long unstable portion ofYoung Road affected by river bank erosion; project area located on theN bank of the Chilcotin River near its confluence with the Chilko River, in the vicinity of Alexis Creek, W of Williams Lake 2000-394 Robert Howie ALT Alterations to CMTs 1 to 29, 43A, 66, 67, J9, J 10, 0-2 to 0-13, and 0-32 to 0 -35 within DISr 052; CMTs 0-14 to 0-3 I, 44 to 62, and J I to J7 within DISr 053, both located in Block K36; CMTs J1 to J6, 0-1 to 0 -46, S1 to S41 , and C1 to C65 within DISr 054, located in Block SEI4; CMTs 2, 3, 5 to 7, 10 to 47,50 to 52, and 54 within DISs 040, located in Block H13, by C

The Midden 32/4 15 Mokko Manufacturing Ltd.'s forestry operations in FL A34814, in the Espinosa Inlet and Port Eliza Inlet areas of the Campbell River FD 2000-395 Rob Lackowicz INS AlA for MoTH Norwegian Pit #2657, Blk. A, DL 3394, Kootenay District, located E of Midway 2000-396 Robert Howie ALT Alterations to CMTs 1 to I 0, 12 to 15, 23, 24, 29 to 34, 36, 39, and 41 to 91 within DlSr 049, located in Block SE9; CMTs 1 to 109, 1I6 to I28, I37 to I 56, and I63 within DlSr 050, located in Block SEI2, and CMTs 0-1 to 0 - 21,0-24 to 0-3I , S-I to S-20, S-22 to S-24, S-27 to S-35, C-I to C-I9, C- 2I, C-26 to C-79, and J-I toJ-4 within D1Sr-05I , located in Block SE13, by Hecate Logging Ltd. forestry operations in FL A 19236, on the W side of Espinosa Inlet near Newton Cove, Campbell River FD 2000-397 Robert Clark ALT Alterations to CMTs within FjSg 0 I8 by MoF/SBFEP forestry operations located approximately I km NE of Lucas Lake, Map Reference #093F055, Vanderhoof FD 2000-398 Andrew Mason INS AlA of a 15 m-wide foreshore zone at I64I4 Carrs Landing Road, vicinity of EaQu 044, on the E side of Okanagan Lake 2000-399 Phil Carruthers ALT Alterations to CMTs within GgSr 00 I by Skeena Cellulose forestry opera tions in FL A I6829, CP 059, Block 1, located W of the confluence of Blunt and Harold Price creeks, Bulkley/Cassiar FD 2000-400 David Southgate ALT Alterations to GiSq 004 by proposed construct!on of an access road offthe Nilkitkwa FSR to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans' Babine Fish Weir Camp and Hatchery, located on the E side of the Babine River, N of Smithers 2000-401 Robert Howie ALT Alterations CMTs I-I3 within DISr 032, located in Block SE6 on theW side ofEspinosa Inlet, and CMTs I-14, I8-47, 55-126 and 129-I59 within DlSr 035, located in Block W8 on theE side of Port Eliza Inlet, by Hecate Logging Ltd.'s forestry operations in FL A I9236, Campbell River FD 2000-402 Doug Brown INS AlA of Chehalis Indian Band's forestry operations within Schedule B, Block 3a and Block 2, WL W0089, in the Weaver Creek watershed, Chilliwack FD 2000-403 Bjorn Simonsen INS AlA of Shushartie Log Sales Ltd.'s forestry operations within the Seymour Inlet, Nugent Sound and Belize Inlet areas

LECTURES ASBC NANAIMO BRANCH 2001 LECTURE SERIES The Nanaimo Branch of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia holds monthly lectures on Friday evenings from 7:00 to 9:00pm. They are held at Malaspina University College in Building 356, Room 111 . Lectures are free to members and cost $5 for non-members. For more information contact Pat Knowles at [email protected].

April 6th AI Mackie: A lecture related to the Kwaday Dan Sinchi discovery. AI Mackie is a Project Officer at the Archaeology Branch in Victoria. May Jlth Marcia Crosby: "Walking the Land with the 'Experts': Aboriginal People and Academics" The focus ofthe lecture is on the relationship that the Gitanyow and the Gitksan people had with the writers of "official" textual history, and how they have used outside interests to further their own position as a Nation. Marcia Crosby is ofTsimshian and Haida ancestry, and has a BA in Fine Arts and Literature, and an MA in Cultural History. She is an instructor in the First Nations Studies Department at Malaspina University-College.

16 The Midden 32/4 WHO'S WHO AT THE ARCHAEOLOGY BRANCH

By Ray Kenny

The Archaeology Branch's mandate is to encourage and facilitate the protection and conservation of the province's archaeological resources under authority of the Heritage Conservation Act (HCA). The branch carries out its mandate through the Planning & Assessment, Inventory & Mapping, and Treaty Negotiations Support programs. The Acting Director of the Archaeology Branch is Justine Batten. She provides management direction to branch staff and policy advice to the Ministry executive. The Administrative Staff provide support for contract management, leave recording, personnel management, word processing, filing systems, purchasing etc. There are three positions on the Administrative Staff: Office Manager: Beth Dangerfield 356-1049 Administrative Clerk: Alan Riches 356-1045 Acting Branch Receptionist: Kathryn Graham 356-0882 Branch Fax Number 387-4420 The objective of the Planning and Assessment program is to facilitate the protection and conservation of archaeological sites in the context of development projects and other competing land uses. This objective is largely achieved through participation project reviews under the province's Environmental Assessment Act (EAA), integrated resource planning initiatives, and administration of a permit system that regulates activities on sites protected under the HCA. Project Officers review permit applications, make recommendations on permit issuance, and monitor permitted projects; provide archaeological input to the development of provincial land and resource management plans (LRMPs); and represent the Ministry on project review committees established under the EAA. Planning and Assessment staff include: Manager: Ray Kenny 356-1438 Heritage Resource Specialists: Steven Acheson 356-1439 DougGiaum 356-1054 Dave Hutchcraft 387-1812 AI Mackie 356-2080 Jim Pike 356-1199 Bob Powell 356-1039 Dave Suttill 356-1050 The objective of the Inventory and Mapping program is to provide archaeological resource data in support of provincial land allocation and resource management decision-making, Aboriginal treaty negotiations, and academic research. This objective is largely achieved through maintenance of a registry of protected sites, a central computer­ based site inventory, and the development of archaeological maps generated from predictive models. Inventory and Mapping staff include: Manager: Jack Foster 356-1055 Coordinator, Provincial Heritage Register: John McMurdo 356-1053 Project Officers: Barb Rimmer 387-6097 Ian Whitbread 356-1052 Chris Spicer 387-1914 (1 position vacant) Treaty Negotiations Support: The objective of this function is to provide support to negotiators with respect to the culture and heritage components of treaty negotiations. This objective is largely achieved by providing technical and policy advice for provincial treaty negotiations. Senior Policy Analyst: Olga Klimko 356-2194

Ray Kenny is the Manager ofPlanning and Assessment at the B.C. Archaeology Branch in Victoria. CONFERENCES 2001

March 29-31 54'h Annual Meeting of the Northwest Anthropological Conference, Northwest Anthropologists: Making an Impact Moscow, Idaho, USA The department of Sociology/Anthropology/Justice Studies and the Alfred W. Bowers Laboratory of Anthropology at the University of Idaho are hosting the 54'h Annual Meeting of the Northwest Anthropological Conference. This year's conference theme highlights the impact that Northwest anthropologists have had on the field and the community. Retired Northwest anthropologists Dr. Grover Krantz and Dr. Roderick Sprague will be honoured,. both of whom have achieved widespread acclaim for their contributions. Contact: Abstracts, registration forms, student competition papers, and exhibitor requests should be addressed to the Northwest Anthropological Conference, Donald Tyler, Co-Chair, Dept. ofSoc/Anth!JS, University ofIdaho, PO Box 441110, Moscow, ID, 83844-111 0; tel. (208) 885-6751;/ax (208) 885-2034; email: dtyler@uidaho. edu: Web page: www. its. uidaho. edu/nwconference! Requests for information may be addressed to Laura Putsche, Co-Chair, same address as above; tel. (208) 885-6189; email: putsche@uidaho. edu.

April 5-7 St6:1o Nation Conference, Mission, BC. For particulars see page I 0.

April 18-22 Society for American Archaeology (SAA), 66th Annual Meeting New Orleans, Louisiana, USA The 66th Annual Meeting will include symposia, interactive forums, roundtable luncheons, workshops, and excursions. The complete preliminary program is posted on their Web site. Online registration is also available, and advance registration forms must be received no later than March 19th, 2001. Contact: SAA Headquarters, 900 Second St. NE #12, Washington DC, 20002-3557, USA; tel. (202) 789-8200;fax (202) 789-0284; email: [email protected]; Web site: www.saa.org.

April21 Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia (UASBC) and Vancouver Maritime Museum, Shipwrecks 2001 -A Sub-sea Odyssey- Dive Technology and Archaeology Vancouver, BC The keynote speaker at the conference dinner is Jim Delgado (Titanic and the Carpathia: Images from the Deep). Contact: The UASBC, c/o The Vancouver Maritime Museum, 1905 Ogden Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V6J 1A3; tel. (604) 980-0354; email: uasbc(ci),uasbc.com; Web site: www.uasbc.com.

May 9-13 Canadian Archaeological Association (CAA), 34th Annual Meeting Banff, Alberta No particular theme has been set for the conference. Some session titles and abstracts are already posted on the Web site. The conference will also include professional and technical workshops on lithics, ceramics, and field conservation. Contact: Lesley Nicholls, Conference Coordinator, CAA 2001, Department ofArchaeology, University ofCalgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4; tel. (403) 220-7131;fax (403) 282-9567; email: [email protected]: Web site: www.canadianarchaeolo[JJ~.com. mMIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 ------~.. ~------