Vancouver Fraser Port Aut11or1ty M,~\ PORTof 100 The Pointe, 999 Canada Place Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6C 3T4 '-f1 vancouver portvancouver.com
May 8, 2019
Jocelyne Beaudet Panel Chair, Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project C/O Cindy Parker, Panel Manager, Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency 22nd Floor, Place Bell, 160 Elgin Street Ottawa, ON KlA 0H3
Dear Mme. Beaudet,
RE: Response to Biofilm and Shorebirds Component (Chapters 4.1, 5.4, and related appendices) of Environment and Climate Change Canada Submission (CEAR Document #1637)
The Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (VFPA) is submitting to the Review Panel a response to the biofilm and shorebird component of Environment and Climate Change Canada's (ECCC's) April 15, 2019 written submission (CEAR Document #1637). The VFPA's intent in providing this response is to support further dialogue at the public hearing. Note that this response is specific to the biofilm and shorebirds component of ECCC's submission (Chapters 4.1, 5.4, and related appendices).
We are also providing a copy of this letter and the enclosed response to ECCC.
The VFPA acknowledges all comments provided by ECCC in their April 15, 2019 written submission on other topics, including air quality, species at risk, lighting, wetlands, and accidents and malfunctions. The VFPA has reviewed these comments in full and looks forward to further discussion at the public hearing on all topics raised in ECCC's written submission.
Per the Public Hearing Procedures for the Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project, CVs for each contributor to this submission are also provided.
Cliff Stewart, P.Eng., ICD.D Vice President, Infrastructure
cc Cindy Parker, Panel Manager, Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Project Douw Steyn, Panel Member David Levy, Panel Member Alli Morrison, BC Environmental Assessment Office Robyn McLean, Environment and Climate Change Canada
Encl. (1) 1. VFPA Response to Biofilm and Shorebirds Component (Chapters 4.1, 5.4, and related appendices) of Environment and Climate Change Canada Submission (CEAR Document #1637) 2. CVs for Wendell Challenger, Mary-Lou Lauria, James Rourke, and Ronald Ydenberg
Canada
Response to Biofilm and Shorebirds Component (Chapters 4.1, 5.4, and related appendices) of Environment and Climate Change Canada Submission (CEAR Document #1637)
1.0 Introduction
In their April 15, 2019 submission (CEAR Document #1637 1), Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) conclude (p.35) that “the data and analyses in the Proponent’s technical reports do not support the Proponent’s conclusions that the Project would not affect the quantity or quality of food available to migratory Western Sandpipers and other shorebirds.”
The VFPA respectfully disagrees and provides this written response for clarification. In this document numerous mischaracterisations, errors, selective and mis-citation of relevant literature, as well as inconsistencies in ECCC’s response are detailed. The following assertions about the EIS and additional work outlined in Panel information requests made by ECCC are addressed:
Project changes to physical processes influencing salinity; The potential for the existence of a salinity trigger influencing fatty acid production in biofilm; The assertion that biofilm at Roberts Bank will shift from a marine to a freshwater type diatom community; Fatty acid availability; The assertion that the biofilm community will ‘shift’ to lower tidal elevations; The association between western sandpiper usage and Fraser River discharge; and The ability to restore or enhance mudflats to better support biofilm.
In Appendix A, a detailed listing of specific erroneous statements are provided, along with responses to each.
2.0 Project Changes to Physical Processes Influencing Salinity
ECCC asserts (p.30) that “Predicted Project effects include a lowering in salinity and an increase of the entrainment time of freshwater from the Fraser River during the spring breeding migration of Western Sandpipers (EIS, Appendix 9.5-A). The entrainment of freshwater would restrict tidal flushing and create a more protracted decrease in salinity conditions over Roberts Bank, and may dampen daily oscillations. Such conditions would fall outside the variability of the current system (i.e. tides, light and temperature) and are not
1 CEAR Document #1637 From Environment and Climate Change Canada to the Review Panel re: Written Submission for the Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Public Hearing (Note: Updated May 1, 2019).
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representative of current salinity regimes on any of Canoe Passage, Brunswick Point or Roberts Bank situations.”
This seriously mischaracterises the EIS. The Project is not predicted to change any of the fundamental physical processes (tidal currents, waves, sediment transport) that created and maintain the upper intertidal area of Roberts Bank where biofilm is found. The Project is expected to change the distribution of freshwater within the upper intertidal area during tidal cycles, because the direction of tidal currents will divert some of the freshwater emanating from Canoe Passage over areas of the intertidal that presently receive this freshwater less frequently. The Project will not change the overall range of salinity experienced at Roberts Bank, much of which encounters the full range of salinity on every tidal cycle (twice daily), from the minimum defined by freshwater from the Fraser River to the maximum salinity defined by the salinity in the Strait of Georgia (e.g., 0 to 30 practical salinity units (PSU). The Project will not change the tidal oscillations in the Strait of Georgia that govern the exchange of water on and off the tidal flats of Roberts Bank, and therefore there will be no change to residence time of water, no retention of water over the tidal flats, and no damping of tidal height.
The net result can best be described as a slight change in the distribution of marine and freshwater over Roberts Bank in Canoe Passage and the upper intertidal biofilm areas during the spring freshet (i.e., mean change of < 1 PSU (±1.9 SD) to 3.5 PSU (EIS Section 11.6.3.5, EIS Table 11-19, and updated in IR8-02 of CEAR Document #934 2)). There will be a decrease in the 50 th -percentile salinity (i.e., the level dividing the frequency distribution of all salinity measurements at any location in half) along the north side of the Roberts Bank causeway, extending 2 km to 3 km laterally, and an increase in 50 th -percentile salinity over the outer tidal flats between the most seaward extent of Canoe Passage and the Project. The figures show the predicted 50 th percent salinity changes with the Project (originally presented in EIS Section 9.7). EIS Figure 9.7-9 (reproduced below) shows that the change is greatest during the freshet months of May through July, and EIS Figure 9.7-10 (reproduced below) shows that the change is smaller during the non-freshet months of October through to December. These seasons are chosen to represent the extremes—other times lie in between. A comparison of EIS Figure 9.7-9 with EIS Figure 9.7-10 shows that the difference is smaller in terms of absolute values in the non-freshet period, and the affected area is also smaller.
2 CEAR Document #934 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Compilation of the Review Panel's Information Requests and the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority's Responses (NOTE: Updated February 15, 2019).
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3.0 No Evidence for a Salinity Trigger Influencing Fatty Acid Production in Biofilm
ECCC asserts (p.32; see also p.68) that “ECCC finds that the Project would disrupt or remove the salinity trigger for initiating fatty acid production in biofilm on Roberts Bank (see Appendix 7).”
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ECCC claims that there is a “salinity trigger” that causes diatoms to produce fatty acids. While we agree that salinity is one of many environmental variables that can influence phytoplankton growth (productivity) and fatty acid production, there is no field or published evidence to suggest there is a salinity ‘trigger’ existing under natural conditions at Roberts Bank or elsewhere. The literature cited by ECCC (p.68; Schwenk et al. 2013, Pal et al. 2013) to substantiate a salinity trigger theory in fact proves the contrary.
Pal et al. (2013) created a ‘shock’ to diatoms under laboratory conditions, by transferring algal cultures from artificial seawater (ASW) into a sodium chloride-free medium (freshwater), under varying light conditions. Nitrate became depleted (after about 4-5 days) which marked a transition to the stationary phase period (when growth rate is no longer exponential). Their experiment revealed that “shifting the cells from ASW to freshwater media did not cause cell rupture or a prolonged lag in cell divisions or biomass production; in fact, the biomass productivity increased in SFM (freshwater media)”. Pal et al. (2013) also state “planktonic microalgae frequently encounter widely varying mixtures of fresh and salt water during the tidal cycle in coastal waters and estuaries. The microalgae from such environments possess rapidly responding mechanisms that allow their cell walls to swell without rupturing under hypotonic conditions and prevent water loss at increased salinities. The need to cope with fluctuations in external salinity and intracellular osmotic conditions led to the acquisition of metabolic plasticity by microalgae inhabiting estuaries, allowing for rapid acclimation to variable osmolarity”, that is, adaptation to highly variable salinity conditions found within estuarine areas such as Roberts Bank.
Pal et al. (2013) also find that “the higher growth rate in one culture medium, resulting in the highest [Chlorophyll a] contents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) [a type of omega 3 fatty acid] percentage and productivity, emphasizes the importance of micro- and macronutrient composition of the nutrient medium, apart from salinity, for optimal EPA production by Nannochloropsis microalgae”, thereby demonstrating the importance of nutrients rather than salinity for optimal EPA production.
ECCC also references Schwenk et al. (2013) to substantiate the salinity trigger theory. Counter to this argument, Schwenk et al. (2013) state that “Several environmental parameters, such as temperature, light and nutrition, affect the lipid content and lipid profile of phytoplankton. Different types of nutrient limitation have been shown to increase the overall lipid content per cell in algal species where lipids represent the primary storage product. In particular, nitrogen starvation has often been reported as a trigger for increasing the lipid content.”
“Under optimal growth conditions, phytoplankton use photosynthetically fixed carbon for growth, and the lipids present in the cell are primary structural components in membranes. During the transition from optimal to limited growth conditions, due to, e.g., nutrient starvation, cell division ceases and excess carbon can be stored as an energy reserve. This could be in the form of either starch or lipids [e.g., fatty acids].” Schwenk et al. (2013) go on to state that this “result indicates that the cultivation temperature leads to structural differences in lipid profiles of both cultivation groups. In contrast, salinity does not seem to significantly affect the lipid structure. The results of our study strongly support the hypothesis that lipid content depends on growth phase”…“The experiments showed that the lipid content
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increases on average 2.6 times from Exponential to Stationary [growth phases]. This is consistent with the results from a meta-analysis comparing the lipid contents of several microalgal species between Exponential to Stationary phases”. As the hydrodynamic modelling in the EIS has shown, salinity is the only parameter that will be affected with the Project in place in the upper intertidal biofilm areas. The evidence that salinity ‘triggers’ fatty acid production is not supported by the literature and therefore effects to diatom growth phases are not predicted. In fact, both the papers cited by ECCC to substantiate the claim that salinity triggers diatoms to produce fatty acids (Schwenk et al. 2013 and Pal et al. 2013) present evidence to the contrary.
4.0 The Biofilm at Roberts Bank will Not Shift from a Marine to a Freshwater Type Diatom Community
According to ECCC (p.32) “ …. the EIS predicts a shift from the current biofilm community dominated by marine-type diatoms to a predominately freshwater type biofilm community.”
ECCC’s statement references outdated information. Since the submission of the EIS, between 2016 and 2018, three years of additional biofilm baseline studies were conducted to test the assumption that salinity affects biofilm assemblage composition, specifically that there are different freshwater and marine-influenced biofilm communities each with different levels of energetic value (i.e., fatty acid and carbohydrate abundance). Data collected and analysed from 2016 and 2018 provide concrete evidence that biofilm is adapted to different salinity conditions and is best classified as estuarine (Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8- 04-A of CEAR Document #934), Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215 3), Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385 4)). Moreover, no difference in biofilm community composition was documented across the salinity gradient within the local assessment area (LAA) during western sandpiper northward migration (i.e., the period of lower salinity conditions). Hence, there is no evidence that biofilm assemblages and composition differ under different and highly varied salinity gradients during the spring freshet contrary to what was previously believed. Lastly, with additional years of salinity monitoring, the VFPA has more confidence that the predicted salinity changes attributable to the Project will not result in biofilm productivity differing from the range currently experienced naturally under existing salinity conditions, as comparable levels of biofilm-associated fatty acids and carbohydrates have been documented in freshwater habitats close to the Fraser River and marine habitats close to the Roberts Bank causeway (~3 km away) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934 and CEAR Document #1215).
Throughout the LAA, in all the Technical Data Reports (WorleyParsons 2014a, 2015) conducted for the EIS and in the 2016 (Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934)), 2017 (Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215)), and 2018 (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)) Northward Migration Studies, three genera
3 CEAR Document #1215 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Additional Information in Response to Information Request IR8-04 - 2017 Biofilm Dynamics Technical Data Report (See Reference Documents #1071 and #1110). 4 CEAR Document #1385 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Additional Information in Response to Information Request IR8-04 - 2018 Biofilm Dynamics Technical Data Report (See Reference Documents #1071, #1110 and #1215).
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of diatoms were noted as being dominant within the spring (and annual) biofilm assemblage at Roberts Bank: Nitzschia , Navicula , and Achnanthidium . Nitzschia and Navicula have been reported to dominate other estuarine biofilm assemblages throughout the world, including Roberts Bank (WorleyParsons 2014b (CEAR Document #1329 5), 2015) and are recognised as typical estuarine and marine taxa. These are also the taxa primarily consumed by western sandpipers. The genus Achnanthidium is considered to be predominantly freshwater, and is found in North American rivers (Potapova and Edlund 2008). But as shown in Figure 4.2-1 below (originally presented in WorleyParsons 2015), it is widespread on Roberts Bank, even in the inter-causeway area, which is much more marine.
Based on results from multiple years of site-specific data collection, information contained within the scientific literature, and hydrodynamic modelling conducted as part of the EIS, conditions supporting the existing estuarine biofilm community will not be adversely affected by the Project, and the same suite of diatoms documented under existing conditions are expected to inhabit Roberts Bank in similar numbers with the Project in place.
5 CEAR Document #1329 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Panel request for Technical Data Report Biofilm Regeneration Study (See Reference Document #1110).
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5.0 Fatty Acid Availability
ECCC (p.32) states that “Freshwater-type diatoms tend to have lower abundances of critical fatty acids” and cited Galloway and Winder (2015) to substantiate the claim. Several studies have shown that each algal species has an optimal salinity level for growth and lipid production, depending on the physiological state, as discussed by Schwenk et al. (2013), but there is little evidence demonstrating that freshwater diatoms produce lower abundances of fatty acids. A recent study (Peltomaa et al. 2019) revealed that the fatty acid profiles of marine and freshwater diatoms did not differ. They also found that the total sum of all fatty acids was highest in the freshwater strains and lowest in the marine strains, and that the total sum of ω-3 and ω-6 (i.e., omega 3 and 6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) followed the trend of the total fatty acids.
Many of the statements made by ECCC about fatty acids (p.67) are factually correct and supported by existing science. Fats have the highest energy content per unit weight, and so are recognised as the best fuel for migrant birds. However, this does not mean that fats have to be consumed to deposit fat reserves. It is a well-established fact that birds can synthesise most fatty acids from nutrients in their diet, even from carbohydrates (Bairlein 2002, Guglielmo 2018). Generally, a diet high in the energy (carbohydrates and lipids/fats) to protein ratio promotes fattening (McWilliams and Langlois 2010, Marshall et al. 2015, Guglielmo 2018). Ruby-throated hummingbirds feed almost exclusively on nectar (sugar/carbohydrates), which are converted to adipose fat to fuel long-distance migratory flights (Hargrove 2005, Weidensaul et al. 2013, Moore and Zenzal 2016). Similarly, carbohydrates in biofilm and invertebrates consumed by western sandpipers during migration are readily converted to fatty acids to fuel migration. As reported in Hemmera et al. (2019) (CEAR Document #1385), during three years of additional biofilm study from 2016 to 2018, the contribution of total fatty acid to biofilm total energetics was generally less than 40%, with carbohydrates comprising > 90% of biofilm’s total energetic value in some years (i.e., 2018). The VFPA explicitly recognises that fatty acids are important, but the value of carbohydrates to migrating sandpipers should not be ignored.
Biofilm rich in both fatty acids and carbohydrates has been consistently measured across Roberts Bank during the western sandpiper northward migration (WorleyParsons 2015, Hemmera and Advisian 2017, Hemmera 2018, Hemmera et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934, CEAR Document #1215, and CEAR Document #1385) as detailed in Hemmera et al. (2019) (CEAR Document #1385). Additionally, biofilm fatty acid profiles (the proportions of PUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and saturated fatty acids (SFA)) have been documented to be very similar across Roberts Bank during the three years of additional study, indicating that biofilm of similar nutritional quality is consistently produced across the salinity gradient and under varying spring freshet conditions. ECCC asserts (Appendix 7, p.67) that sandpipers seek ‘high quality biofilm’, implying there is spatial variation in biofilm quality across Roberts Bank. The data (see Table 3.7, p.38 in ‘Biofilm Dynamics during 2018 Northward Migration’, Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)) do not support this assertion and show that within each year, all fatty acids are strongly correlated with each other. Results show that the quantity of biofilm varies across the bank, but its quality (i.e., composition) appears consistent.
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ECCC repeatedly refers to a ‘pulse’ or a ‘limited pulse’ of fatty acids, implying that (high) availability of biofilm for western sandpipers on Roberts Bank is temporally limited. There is absolutely no evidence for a ‘pulse’. The data show that the fatty acid concentration is low during winter (February), but rises after the spring equinox as the tidal regime flips to (primarily) daytime low tides, from night time low tides, and photosynthetically active diatoms are exposed to increased light levels enhancing productivity. All of the data show that the levels of fatty acids and its component parts are rather constant throughout the western sandpiper northward migration period, mid-April to mid-May and remain high through summer (WorleyParsons 2015, Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934), Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215), Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)).
Claims made in the ECCC submission about fatty acid seasonal patterns vary. On p.68 (Appendix 7) and elsewhere, the response claims “….fatty acid production drops …. later in April and May ……”, but their Figure 7.1 (see p.76, Fatty Acid Abundance and Western Sandpipers on Roberts Bank, British Columbia, Canada) shows fatty acid levels rising in two of the three years. We note that our own analyses provide no statistical support for seasonal changes in fatty acid levels over the mid-April to mid-May period (WorleyParsons 2015, Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934), Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215), Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)).
ECCC further asserts that western sandpiper northward migration is critically dependent on coinciding with the alleged pulse. ECCC’s own data of many years show that western sandpiper migratory timing is basically identical in each year (see Figure 7.1, p.76 of the ECCC submission), reaching its maximum in the last days of April—in spite of the huge inter- annual variability in Fraser River estuary freshet (see Figure 3-17, Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)) and consequent estuary conditions. The data show that high levels of biofilm can be consistently found at Roberts Bank. The implication that this is a delicately- timed mechanism that must coincide with a limited pulse of fatty acid availability is not supported by any of the facts or data.
In contrast to the lack of temporal variability, the high spatial variability in the amount of biofilm on Roberts Bank is well-documented. Density is highest in the muddy areas of the upper intertidal (i.e., around Canoe Passage and close to Brunswick Dyke). The data show that the spatial distribution of western sandpiper foraging over the estuary matches biofilm density closely. Further, the data show that the quality of biofilm (i.e., its profile of fatty acids and other nutrients) is constant within and between years, in the sense that the concentrations of these components are all highly correlated with each other. The exception to this is the level of carbohydrates, which varies both within and between years. There is no evidence, contrary to the assertion on p.31, that biofilm in the muddy upper intertidal has higher PUFA than other areas (beyond that accounted for by higher biofilm density) or that EPA and DHA (two PUFAs) peak “coincident with western sandpiper arrival” (p.30).
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6.0 There will be No Shift in Biofilm Community to Lower Tidal Elevations
ECCC incorrectly states numerous times (pp.32, 33, 68, and 72) that the “EIS predicts that the biofilm would shift to lower elevations in the intertidal (EIS, Appendix 10-C, Figures 3-47 and 3-49; and Appendix 15-B, Figures 8 and 36)”. They go on to state such a shift “would render the associated biofilm inaccessible to grazing by Western Sandpipers”.
ECCC has misinterpreted EIS Appendix 10-C, Figures 3-47 and 3-49. The figures do not illustrate a ‘shift’ in biofilm distribution, as a shift implies that biofilm’s current distribution will ‘move’ to a different location with the Project in place. The wording used seems to indicate that high density biofilm of the upper intertidal zone will shift to the mid or lower intertidal (i.e., “lower elevations”) zones and no longer be present in areas currently supporting high biofilm abundance and associated western sandpiper foraging. This is incorrect and unsupported by the evidence.
EIS Appendix 10-C, Figures 3-47 and 3-49 show ecosystem model results predicting increases and decreases in biofilm biomass (not ‘shifts’) associated with biofilm in the Canoe Passage area and the intertidal zone close to Brunswick Dyke with the Project in place. The changes illustrated are within the tidal elevation in which biofilm exists under existing conditions; that is, there is no evidence that biofilm will ‘shift’ to elevations outside its current distribution.
Similar to the ecosystem modelling results, ECCC incorrectly interpreted changes in biofilm abundance predicted in the SFOM as a shift in biofilm distribution (EIS Section 15.0, Appendix 15-B, Figure 8). Additional information presented in the SFOM, not cited by ECCC, indicates the general distribution of biofilm (termed foraging opportunity) under predicted Project conditions to remain largely unchanged relative to existing conditions (EIS Appendix 15-B, Figures 11), with areas currently containing high biofilm biomass remaining high, and low biomass areas remaining low with the Project in place.
As there is no evidence for biofilm distribution to shift into lower tidal elevations, ECCC’s assertion that a shift “would render the associated biofilm inaccessible to grazing by Western Sandpipers” is not relevant.
7.0 No Evidence for an Association between Western Sandpiper Usage and Fraser River Discharge
ECCC states (p.33) that “Other evidence of potential Project effects may be found in the response of shorebird abundance to freshwater inputs to the site, as counts of Western Sandpipers are negatively correlated to discharge rates of the Fraser River (see Appendix 7, Figure 7.3). After correcting for strong daily variation in counts of Western Sandpipers at the site (Drever et al. 2014), lower numbers of Western Sandpipers are observed at Roberts Bank during days and years with larger discharges. Where these sandpipers divert to during these conditions of high discharge rates from the Fraser River and how this displacement affects their migration are unknown, but the presumption is that the consequences would be adverse.”
The relevance of this statement is unclear, as the Project will not affect Fraser River discharge. It is well-known that Fraser River discharge is highly variable between years (see Figure 3-17
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in Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)), especially during peak sandpiper migration at the end of April. Western sandpipers must have in the past survived the adverse consequences of high flow on many occasions.
We also have reservations about the strength of this claim. As evidence, ECCC provides Figure 1A (reproduced below, from CEAR Document #1637). In spite of considerable statistical effort, the VFPA has not been able reproduce this figure. Closely following the information provided in their submission (CEAR Document #1637), and including all data from 1991 to 2014, the VFPA’s estimated trends (solid lines; Figure 1B) show no association between river discharge and unexplained variation (i.e., ‘marginal’ effect on western sandpiper counts).
The explanation for the difference may lie in some technical differences in the analyses. For example, our analysis does not include interpolated discharge values (about 4% of the total) as the interpolation method is not described in the ECCC response. But we note also the smaller range of discharge values in ECCC’s graph. Their x-axis range is ~2,000 m 3/s to 5,000 m3/s, whereas the VFPA’s re-creation, which does not include interpolated discharge, ranges from ~1,000 to 7,170 m3/s. The source of this discrepancy is unclear, as both analyses used discharge measurements derived from the hydrometric station at Hope, BC. The VFPA has verified that the data used in its analyses are correct.
The VFPA concludes that the trend presented by ECCC is not well-founded.
Figure 1 A) ECCC Figure 7.3 suggesting an association between residual Western Sandpiper abundances were associated with daily river discharge rates, and B) Recreation of ECCC Figure 7.3 without interpolated points. Shading in the recreation indicates the 95% confidence region, and although not specified, the shading in ECCC Figure 7.3 likely indicates a similar confidence region. Water data are derived from the Government of Canada Water Office for Fraser River Station at Hope, BC (08MF005) A) ECCC Figure 7.3 B) Recreation of Figure 7.3
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8.0 Restoration of Mudflats for Biofilm and Shorebirds
ECCC states (p.34) that “Large-scale re-creation of mudflats with biofilm of a type that supports shorebirds is without precedent, and ECCC is of the view that currently there is no way to create high quality biofilm habitat.”
In a meeting held on November 6, 2014 ECCC brought to the VFPA’s attention the work of Dr. Tomohiro Kuwae on creating biofilm habitat in Japan. In response, the VFPA invited Dr. Kuwae to a workshop in Vancouver to gain a better understanding of the conditions required to create biofilm habitat. We are therefore surprised by ECCC’s comments on this topic.
There is substantial literature on the restoration, rehabilitation, and creation of coastal habitats as presented by Adam’s (2019) review, which include site-specific accounts and review papers. The science of restoring coastal habitats has been developed globally for over four decades and several studies have addressed the site and design requirements for restoring tidal wetland habitat (Broome et al. 1988; Zhao et al. 2016; Adam 2019) and biofilm (Kuwae and Miyoshi 2012). Many countries have had several decades of experience in tidal wetland restoration, namely the United States of America (Raposa et al. 2018, NOAA 2019), China (SEPAC 2005; An et al. 2007), as well as Japan and the Netherlands as discussed by Atkinson (2003).
Historically, few monitoring and research restoration programs have included biofilm growth, monitoring, and management into their design. An exception to this is work conducted at the Intertidal Flat Experimental Facility in Yokoksuka, Japan, where researchers have conducted in situ and ex situ biofilm restoration for years demonstrating the feasibility of creating biofilm habitat under controlled laboratory conditions (Kuwae and Hosokawa 2000) and in natural settings (Kuwae and Miyoshi 2012). Another example of engineering intertidal biofilm comes from Pool et al. (2003) who state “biofilm has been successfully grown under laboratory conditions and there is evidence that diatoms will colonize and grow within suitable and engineered habitat.”
Microphytobenthos are ecosystem engineers (Decho et al. 1990, Passarelli et al. 2014) and play a critical role in habitat restoration, indicating the ability of a newly restored mudflat to support flora and fauna (Hsu et al. 2011). Tolhurst et al. (2008) examined micro-scale changes in the properties of sediment associated with the growth and development of a biofilm over a period of 7 weeks. Visually, the structure of the biofilm was consistent with natural biofilms in the first few days; by day 3, large numbers of small pennate diatoms had colonised the sediment surface forming a biofilm. The numbers of diatoms and the thickness of the biofilm increased throughout the experiment, and by day 45, the biofilm had become multilayered, with epipelic species above and chain forming species below. This layering and mosaic of older and newer biofilm was attributed to variable bulk density and water content. As stated by Tolhurst et al. (2008) “this work demonstrates that newly exposed sediments can be rapidly colonized by microphytobenthos, supporting other studies (Consalvey et al., 2003)”.
Large-scale restoration efforts have had a positive effect on bird diversity and abundance. The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project in San Francisco Bay, more than 15,000 acres,
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is one of the largest restoration efforts in the United States of America. It is currently underway and seeks to restore marshes and mudflat habitat for 90 species of birds (Valoppi 2018). Abundance trends at the site revealed that most guilds displayed increasing trends during the initial restoration phase (De La Cruz et al. 2015). Biofilm distribution in the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project was mapped by Hsu et al. (2011) using remotely sensed data to assess the capacity of the newly restored wetlands to support a diverse community (see Figure 6 from Hsu et al. 2011, reproduced below). Using mapped biofilm assemblages, biofilm energy densities, and shorebird consumption rates of biofilm, they estimated the carrying capacity to be approximately 201,000 shorebirds per day (Hsu et al. 2011), documenting that features promoting biofilm establishment and restoration can be successfully engineered as part of large-scale restoration projects.
In 2008, the Point Reyes National Seashore, California, reintroduced tidal waters into 223 hectares of historic tidal wetlands in a previously dyked pasture at the primary point of freshwater inflow into the nearly 30 km 2 estuary of Tomales Bay—after nearly six decades of isolation from tidal action (Kelly and Condeso 2017). Kelly and Condeso (2017) presented regional benefits of the wetland restoration on winter shorebird populations showing substantial winter population growth by most species to be evident within 3 years of tidal
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introduction, and that 8 years after reintroduction, shorebird abundances nearly tripled in response to restoration, with significant growth in all species studied.
Although Kelly and Condeso (2017) did not measure microphytobenthos and biofilm growth in the Tomales Bay project, they provide observational evidence that biofilm may have been inadvertently created and that it was responsible for the rapid re-establishment of Calidris spp. observed at the site. They state “Invertebrate prey populations suitable for shorebirds develop very gradually after tidal reintroduction. In contrast, biofilm is an important food resource for small sandpipers ( Calidris spp.) that develops very quickly after re-establishing tidal action or seasonally dynamic surface water and may support up to 68% of daily energy expenditures of Western Sandpiper during winter. Therefore, biofilm may account for the rapid responses of Calidris species to tidal reintroduction—before the significant production of macroinvertebrate prey within the restoration site”.
Finally, based on a multi-year research and restoration program, Kuwae and Miyoshi (2012) detail factors promoting high quality biofilm habitat suitable for shorebird foraging that should be engineered into biofilm restoration projects. They include inclusion of a gentle bottom slope and wide intertidal zone, inclusion of freshwater inflow, recommendations of maximum water depth, designing the site to enhance mudflat microtopography to provide tide pools, and engineering the site to provide muddy/silty habitat in the upper intertidal to promote biofilm growth and sandier sediments in lower intertidal areas to promote the establishment of a diverse benthic invertebrate community fed on by shorebirds.
9.0 Conclusion
As stated in the introduction, the VFPA respectfully disagrees with numerous aspects of ECCC’s recent submission and finds their numerous mischaracterisations, errors, selective and mis-citation of relevant literature, as well as inconsistencies, concerning. The VFPA hopes the above clarification provides the Panel with a clear understanding of the current science and potential Project effects on biofilm and shorebirds.
Based on information presented in Section 15.0 of the EIS, >20 site-specific shorebird studies conducted by the VFPA, consultation with experts, monitoring associated with past Projects, and information contained within the scientific literature, the VFPA is confident in the determination of a negligible non-measurable residual effect to western sandpiper and other shorebird populations with the Project in place. This determination considered all construction and operation phase effect pathways (e.g., changes to habitat quality and quantity, light, disturbance, and water column salinity). This determination is based on the following important understandings gained and solidified over the past eight years:
1. Western sandpipers are abundant, have a diverse diet, and have evolved to thrive in highly variable estuarine environments such as Roberts Bank; 2. Biofilm at Roberts Bank is abundant, and is best characterised as estuarine, as it is productive across the site’s salinity gradient from freshwater to marine dominated environments;
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3. Nutritionally equivalent (based on fatty acids, including PUFA) and abundant biofilm, fed on intensively by large numbers of sandpipers, consistently grows in freshwater and marine environments across the site; 4. The anticipated changes in salinity with the Project in place will be small compared to the natural changes experienced under existing conditions; the science indicates Project-associated changes will not adversely affect biofilm or sandpipers; 5. A large surplus of shorebird prey (biofilm and invertebrates), capable of supporting >1 million sandpipers in a single day (typical daily maximum population = 125,000 western sandpipers (Drever et al. 2014)), currently exists at Roberts Bank, which will not change with the Project in place; and 6. Biofilm mitigation measures exist to offset effects in the unlikely event that biofilm is adversely affected by the Project, preserving the quality of the Fraser River estuary as an important stopover site.
Understanding the concern for this high-values resource, the VFPA has committed to two follow-up programs to 1) verify the effects prediction of western sandpiper prey availability, specifically biofilm and benthic invertebrates (Appendix C14 of the Updated Project Commitments (CEAR Document #1683 6), and 2) evaluate salinity predictions with the Project in place (Appendix C15 of the Updated Project Commitments (CEAR Document #1683)).
10.0 References
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An, S., H. Li, B. Guan, C. Zhou, Z. Wang, Z. Deng, Y. Zhi, Y. Liu, C. Xu, S. Fang, J. Jiang, and H. Li. 2007. China’s natural wetlands: past problems, current status, and future challenges. BioOne 36: 335–342.
Atkinson, P. W. 2003. Can we recreate or restore intertidal habitats for shorebirds? Wader Study Group Bull. 100: 67-72
Broome S., E. Seneca, and W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1988. Tidal Salt Marsh Restoration. Aquatic Botany. 32:1-22.
Consalvey, M., T. J. Tolhurst, and D.M. Paterson. 2003. Intertidal biofilm recovery after a simulated In situ Disturbance Event. Coastal Zone Topics: Process, Ecology and Management, Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science Association.
De La Cruz, S. E. W., L. M. Smith, S. Moskal, C. Strong, J. Krause, N. Washburn, and J. Y. Takekawa. 2015 . Evaluating wintering waterbird response to the West Coast’s largest tidal marsh restoration project. Oral Presentation at 2015 Science Symposium, Mountain View, Calif., October 22, 2015. Available at http://www.southbayrestoration.org/science/2015symposium/presentations/13_330 DeLaCruz.pdf. Accessed April 2019.
6 CEAR Document #1683 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Response to Request 1 for an Update Regarding Mitigation and Follow-Up Programs and Additional Response to Request 2 for an Update Regarding Traditional Land Use Studies (See Reference Document #1467 and #1531).
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Decho, A. W., 1990. Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 28: 73–153.
Drever, M. C., M. J. Lemon, R. W. Butler, and R. L. Millikin. 2014. Monitoring populations of western sandpipers and Pacific dunlins during northward migration on the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia, 1991-2013. Journal of Field Ornithology 85: 10–22.
Galloway A. W. E. and M. Winder. 2015. Partitioning the relative importance of phylogeny and environmental conditions on phytoplankton fatty acids. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0130053.
Guglielmo, C. G. 2018. Obese super athletes: fat-fueled migration in birds and bats. The Journal of Experimental Biology 221:jeb165753.
Hargrove, J. L. 2005. Adipose energy stores, physical work, and the metabolic syndrome: lessons from hummingbirds. Nutrition journal 4:36–36.
Hemmera. 2018. Biofilm Dynamics during 2017 Northward Migration. Prepared for Port Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, BC. (Available as CEAR Document #1215)
Hemmera and Advisian. 2017. Shorebird and Biofilm Dynamics during Northward Migration. Prepared for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Vancouver, BC. (Available as Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934)
Hemmera, LGL Limited, Advisian. 2019. Biofilm Dynamics during 2018 Northward Migration. Prepared for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Vancouver, BC. (Available as CEAR Document #1385)
Hsu W.-C., A. Kuss, T. Ketron, A. Nguyen, A. Remar, M. Newcomer, E. Fleming, L. Bebout, B. Bebout, A. Detweiler, and J. W. Skiles. 2011. Hyperspectral Biofilm Classification Analysis for Carrying Capacity of Migratory Birds in the South Bay Salt Ponds. DEVELOP NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California.
Kelly, J. P. and T. E. Condeso. 2017. Tidal marsh restoration stimulations the growth of winter shorebird populations in a temperate estuary. Restoration Ecology 55(4):640-649
Kuwae, T. and Y. Hosokawa. 2000. Mesocosm experiments for the restoration and creation of intertidal flat ecosystems. Environmental Sciences. 7(3): 129-137.
Kuwae, T and E. Miyoshi. 2012. Restoration of Intertidal Flat Ecosystems by Exploring Unknown Diet for Small Sandpiper Species. 68(2): I_1176-I_1180.
Marshall, T., M. Mick, and C. Guglielmo. 2015. Seasonal dietary shifting in songbirds is not caused by changing nutritional targets. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 192:57–63.
McWilliams, S. R. and L. A. Langlois. 2010. Protein Requirements of an Omnivorous and a Granivorous Songbird Decrease During Migration Los Requerimientos Proteicos de un Ave Canora Omnívora y una Granívora Disminuyen Durante la Migración. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 127:850–862.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2019. Partnering to Restore the Nation’s Estuaries: Implementing the Estuary Restoration Act. Accessed 2019-04-30 Available at
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https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=9f0d05a30c944e9 ab649aca1b77a7fa1. Accessed April 2019.
Pal, D., I. Khozin-Goldberg, S. Didi-Cohen, A. Batushansky, Y. Kaye, N. Sikron, T. Samani, A. Fait, and S. Boussiba. 2013. Growth, lipid production and metabolic adjustments in the Euryhaline Eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis Oceanica CCALA 804 in Response to Osmotic Downshift. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 97 (18): 8291–8306.
Passarelli, C., F. Olivier, D. M. Paterson, T. Meziane, and C. Hubas. 2014. Organisms as cooperative ecosystem engineers in intertidal flats. Journal of Sea Research 92: 92– 101
Peltomaa, E., H. Hällfors, and S. J. Taipale. 2019 Comparison of diatoms and dinoflagellates from different habitats as sources of PUFAs. Marine Drugs 17: 233
Raposa, K. B., S. Lerberg, C. Cornu, J. Fear, N. Garfield, C. Peter, R. L. J. Weber, G. Moore, D. Burdick, and M. Dionne. 2018. Evaluating tidal wetland restoration performance using national estuarine research reserve system reference sites and the restoration performance index (RPI). Estuaries and Coasts 41: 36-51
Schwenk, D., J. Seppälä, K. Spilling, A. Virkki, T. Tamminen, K. M. Oksman-Caldentey, and H. Rischer. 2013. Lipid content in 19 brackish and marine microalgae: influence of growth phase, salinity and temperature. Aquatic ecology 47: 415-424.
State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPAC), 2005. Environmental Report. Available at http://www.zhb.gov.cn/. Accessed April 2019.
Tolhurst, T. J., M. Consalvey, and D. M. Paterson. 2008. Changes in cohesive sediment properties associated with the growth of a diatom biofilm. Hydrobiologia 596: 225– 239.
Valoppi, L. 2018. Phase 1 studies summary of major findings of the South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project, South San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 2018–1039, 58 pp.
Weidensaul, S., T. Robinson, R. Sargent, and M. Sargent. 2013. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris , version 2.0. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
WorleyParsons. 2014a. Biofilm Community at Roberts Bank – Analyses to Support Hyperspectral Mapping. Burnaby, B.C.
WorleyParsons. 2014b. Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Technical Data Report, Biofilm Regeneration. Burnaby, B.C. (CEAR Document #1329)
WorleyParsons. 2015. Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Technical Data Report Biofilm Annual Variability Study. Technical Data Report, Prepared by WorleyParsons Canada, Prepared for Port Metro Vancouver, Burnaby, B.C.
Zenzal, T. and F. Moore. 2016. Stopover biology of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) during autumn migration. Biología en los sitios de parada de Archilochus colubris durante la migración de otoño. The Auk: Ornithological Advances 133:237– 250.
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Zhao, Q., J. Bai, L. Huang, B. Gu, Q. Lu, and Z. Gao. 2016. A review of methodologies and success indicators for coastal wetland restoration. Ecological Indicators 60: 442–45.
11.0 Appendices
Appendix A Summary of Inaccuracies in ECCC’s April 15, 2019 Panel Submission Pertinent to Western Sandpiper and Biofilm
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APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF INACCURACIES IN ECCC’S APRIL 15, 2019 PANEL SUBMISSION PERTINENT TO WESTERN SANDPIPER AND BIOFILM
Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4, The rapid physical and chemical oscillations This statement implies that conditions specific to the spring season are a p.30, second associated with springtime on Roberts Bank trigger for high fatty acid production in biofilm. In particular, that “rapid paragraph are mechanisms linking the abundance of physical and chemical oscillations” occur that are distinct from the diatoms in intertidal biofilm with high fatty physical and chemical processes that occur during other seasons; acid production. however, no information is provided that describes these oscillations or evidence that they occur. Based on the information presented in the EIS, including information describing tidal fluctuations and the variation in onset of the Fraser River freshet, it seems improbable that tidal exchange during the spring could be so markedly different than during other periods. Section 4.1, Elevated levels of PUFA (particularly This statement implies that migrating western sandpipers time their p.30 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arrival at Roberts Bank to capitalise on biofilm associated PUFA (including Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) in biofilm on EPA and DHA). Data show that phytoplankton (e.g., biofilm) productivity Roberts Bank in spring coincide with the in marine systems rises after the spring equinox in March in association arrival of Western Sandpipers on northward with improved growing conditions (e.g., increased light, daytime low tides, migration (Schnurr et al. in review; Drever et increased nutrients) similar to a tree leafing out in spring. Associated with al. 2014), this change are increased growth and fatty acid production that remains high into the fall when less favourable winter conditions limit productivity. There is no evidence that the timing of sandpiper's arrival has any association with increased PUFA at Roberts Bank, but is simply associated the overall improved seasonal conditions of all temperate ecosystems and their drive to reach Alaskan breeding grounds. Section 4.1, such fatty acids can increase peak The performance enhancing role of PUFAs (the so-called ‘natural doping’ p.30 performance of birds (Price 2010). hypothesis) is not settled. The recent review by acknowledged expert Chris Guglielmo (Guglielmo 2018, Dick and Guglielmo 2019) states in the Abstract: “However, evidence for dietary PUFA as doping agents in migratory birds is equivocal and requires further study.” Additionally, the recent publication by Dick and Guglielmo (2019) indicate there is no difference in peak performance, endurance, energy cost, or fuel consumption of migrants consuming a high PUFA diet. Section 4.1, Further, the roles of DHA and EPA in Neither of the references cited provide support for ECCC's statement p.30 development and reproduction in vertebrates regarding migration, stopover, or carry-over effects. Budge et al. (2014) indicate that negative carryover effects would estimates a global fatty acid budget in the world’s oceans. Hixson et al. result if the quantity and/or quality of biofilm (2015) compare PUFAs in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. at a migratory stopover site were compromised (for example, Budge et al. 2014; Hixson et al. 2015).
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, PUFA are considered to act as performance- ECCC's statement accurately describes the physiological findings of the p.30 enhancing nutrients to prime flight muscles of referenced studies; however, recent studies designed to experimentally birds for long-distance flights by eliciting test the implications of the referenced studies have found no difference in physiological responses to mobilize the flight performance among diet treatments (MUFA, 3-n PUFA, 6-n PUFA) in transport of fuel across cellular membranes terms of endurance capacity, energy costs, or fuel composition (Dick and (Maillet and Weber 2006; 2007; Weber Guglielmo 2019). 2009). Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla), a species closely related to Western Sandpiper, fed diets high in EPA and DHA showed increased activity of key muscle enzymes to upregulate energy metabolism for prolonged flight (Maillet and Weber 2007). Section 4.1, Biofilm covers all intertidal flats of the Fraser There is no evidence that biofilm in the muddy upper intertidal has higher p.31 River estuary, but the high-PUFA biofilm PUFA than other areas, beyond that accounted for by higher biofilm grazed by shorebirds is restricted to muddy density. Biofilm quality (i.e., chemical constitution) appears consistent upper intertidal areas with an estuarine across Roberts Bank. Also noted is that Kuwae et al. (2008) is cited in a influence (Kuwae et al. 2008). misleading way. This paper establishes that western sandpipers consume biofilm, but it does not mention PUFA or fatty acids, nor does it report measures of biofilm density.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, Hydrological modelling by the Proponent The VFPA would like to clarify a number of points included in this p.31 predicts that the Project would increase the statement. freshwater influence by trapping freshwater Hydrological modelling typically refers to the representation of the from the Fraser River and reducing mixing processes, including precipitation, snowmelt, evaporation, and with seawater, thus changing the salinity transpiration by plants, that result in movement of water within a regime and reducing salinity over Roberts watershed. Hydrological modelling was not undertaken by the VFPA to Bank on average by -3.5 to -5.6 PSU during assess the Project. shorebird spring migration. Hydrodynamic modelling using the TELEMAC-3D was undertaken to understand how the Project might change the patterns of mixing between the saline water of the Strait of Georgia with the fresh water emanating from Fraser River (in particular, Canoe Passage). The results of the model indicate that freshwater discharging from the Fraser River is dispersed into different portions of the intertidal portion of Roberts Bank as a result of the Project. Freshwater is not ‘trapped’ over Roberts Bank because of the Project, and there is no change to the length of immersion of the tidal flats, as this is entirely governed by tide heights in the Strait of Georgia, which are unchanged by the Project. In Section 6.3.3 of EIS Appendix 9.5-A, the process was described as “a greater retention of freshwater across the tidal flats, particularly along the causeway”; however, this description was intended to describe the apparent process of more freshwater being diverted towards these areas during periods when the tidal flats are inundated, rather than to imply that residence time of water over the tidal flats was affected by the Project. Furthermore, there is no evidence that mixing of the freshwater from the Fraser River with the saline waters of the Strait of Georgia is reduced, as is incorrectly stated by ECCC. The statement that salinity over Roberts Bank is reduced on average by - 3.5 to -5.6 PSU over Roberts Bank during shorebird spring migration is misleading. The results of the EIS clearly show that some portions of Roberts Bank are predicted to experience a reduction in salinity at the 50 th percentile value, while other areas will experience an increase. These results indicate that the volume of freshwater entering Roberts Bank from the Fraser River is preserved for both the with and without Project conditions, and that the effect of the Project is to change where freshwater is distributed.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, ECCC finds that the Project would disrupt or ECCC claims that there is a ‘salinity trigger’ that causes diatoms to p.32 remove the salinity trigger responsible for produce fatty acids. While we agree that salinity is one of many initiating fatty acid production in biofilm on environmental variables that can influence phytoplankton growth Roberts Bank (see Appendix 7). (productivity) and fatty acid production, there is no field or published evidence to suggest there is a salinity ‘trigger’ existing under natural conditions at Roberts Bank or elsewhere. The literature cited by ECCC (p.68; Schwenk et al. 2013, Pal et al. 2013) to substantiate a salinity trigger theory in fact proves the contrary. See Section 3.0 for expanded response. Section 4.1, Associated risks are that the EIS predicts a Three years of additional biofilm study has documented similarly p.32 shift from the current biofilm community composed, productive biofilm communities across Roberts Bank comprised dominated by marine-type diatoms to a of diatoms originating from both marine and freshwater and is best predominantly freshwater- type biofilm classified as estuarine. The biofilm community at Roberts Bank is clearly community. adapted to the wide range of salinity conditions of estuarine environments. The dominant diatoms comprising the community are found across Roberts Bank's salinity gradient. The characterisation of marine and freshwater biofilm communities made in the EIS (in 2015) were based off conservative assumptions that further research (i.e., three years of additional study) proved to be incorrect. There is no evidence this would change with the Project in place and there is no evidence for a ’shift’ as asserted by ECCC. Section 4.1, Freshwater-type diatoms are smaller and less ECCC's statement is not supported by the literature cited. There is little p.32 productive (WorleyParsons 2015), and have evidence demonstrating that freshwater diatoms produce lower lower abundances of fatty acids (Galloway abundances of fatty acids. A recent study (Peltomaa et al. 2019) revealed and Winder 2015). that the fatty acid profiles of marine and freshwater diatoms did not differ. They also found that the total sum of all fatty acids was highest in the freshwater strains and lowest in the marine strains. See Section 5.0. Section 4.1, The EIS predicts that the biofilm would shift ECCC has misinterpreted the EIS. The EIS and figures do not illustrate a p.32 to lower elevations in the intertidal (EIS, ‘shift’ in biofilm distribution, as a shift implies that biofilm’s current Appendix 10-C, Figures 3-47 and 3-49; and distribution will ‘move’ to a different location. The referenced figures Appendix 15-B, Figures 8 and 36). The illustrate modelled increases and decreases in biofilm abundance. coarser sediment of these lower elevation However, biofilm will maintain its current distribution with the Project in areas would render the associated biofilm place and not ‘shift’ into lower tidal elevations as ECCC states. See inaccessible to grazing by Western Section 6.0 for more detail. Sandpipers as their grazing structures are restricted to fine sediment (Elner et al. 2005, Jimenez et al. 2015).
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, The Proponent’s conclusions regarding ECCC's statement is incorrect. The shorebird and biofilm assessments are p.32 predicted Project effects on biofilm are not based on information presented in Section 15.0 of the EIS, more than 20 supported in their analysis, and their site-specific shorebird studies conducted by the VFPA spanning five years, conclusions are made with insufficient three years of fatty acid-specific studies, consultation with experts, consideration of ecological mechanisms monitoring associated with past Projects, and the latest research underlying the production of fatty acids. ECCC contained within the scientific literature. The VFPA is confident in the disagrees with the interpretation of results, determination of a negligible non-measurable residual effect to western and finds the Proponent’s conclusions do not sandpiper and other shorebird populations with the Project in place. incorporate current understanding of the ecological drivers of biofilm- based fatty acid production and shorebird migration. Accordingly, ECCC is of the view that the Proponent’s statement that biofilm at Roberts Bank would continue to be capable of supporting migrating Western Sandpipers with the Project in place is not supported by the best available evidence. Section 4.1, More than 70% of the foraging use by ECCC's statement is misleading, as it could be interpreted to mean that p.32 Western Sandpipers on the Fraser River 70% of foraging use by western sandpipers occurs within the local estuary occurs on Roberts Bank (Hemmera assessment area (LAA), which is not the case. To clarify, Hemmera's 2014 2014), where the sediments are finer and report specifies that the LAA (referred to as Brunswick Point in the report) less sandy than at Boundary Bay and supports about 50% of western sandpiper foraging use during northward Sturgeon Banks (Luternuaer and Murray migration (as inferred by a combination of counts of birds and droppings). 1973, Kellerhals and Murray 1969). The report classifies the combined area of the LAA and Westham Island as Roberts Bank, which together comprise more than 70% of foraging use. Section 4.1, There is no known way to recreate the habitat ECCC is incorrect to assert that the VFPA has acknowledged there is no p.32 found at Roberts Bank, as acknowledged by known way to recreate biofilm habitat. the Proponent and stated in previous Although there has not been a study specific to biofilm development at submissions by ECCC. Roberts Bank, there is abundant evidence that biofilm habitat (i.e., the conditions that support biofilm) can be created in lab studies (Tolhurst et al. 2008, Lundkvist et al. 2007, Kuwae and Hosokawa 2000) as well as within intertidal systems (Hsu et al. 2011, Valoppi 2018). Habitat supporting biofilm suitable for shorebirds is reported by Kuwae and Miyoshi (2012) and Hsu et al. (2011).
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, The latest research "strengthens the science This assertion is based on unsubstantiated claims and is not supported by p.33 (top of around the likelihood and the potential the data. Biofilm and fatty acid production occur across the salinity page) severity of adverse effects to biofilm and gradient at Roberts Bank (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document Western Sandpipers (see Appendix 7)." #1385)). Data collected since 2012 and information within the scientific literature indicate biofilm within the LAA is adapted to and thrives within estuarine conditions, which the Project will not affect. See Section 4.0. Section 4.1, Predicted Project effects include a lowering in This is an incorrect characterisation of the Project effects. Please refer to p.33 salinity and an increase of the entrainment Section 2.0 for a detailed response. time of freshwater from the Fraser River during the spring breeding migration of Western Sandpipers (EIS, Appendix 9.5-A). The entrainment of freshwater would restrict tidal flushing and create a more protracted decrease in salinity conditions over Roberts Bank, and may dampen daily oscillations. Such conditions would fall outside the variability of the current system (i.e. tides, light and temperature) and are not representative of current salinity regimes on any of Canoe Passage, Brunswick Point or Roberts Bank situations. By effecting these changes in the salinity regime, the Project would alter or remove altogether the salinity trigger responsible for initiating high fatty acid production in biofilm over Roberts Bank. The consequential risk is a markedly reduced quality of biofilm associated with the current muddy, upper intertidal areas.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, The EIS predicts that biofilm that consists There are multiple inaccuracies contained within ECCC's statements. p.33 primarily of marine-type diatoms would be The VFPA has conducted multiple years of study demonstrating the replaced by biofilm made up of mostly Roberts Bank biofilm community is estuarine, to which the diatom freshwater-type diatom species. Freshwater- community is adapted. Effects from changes in salinity are not anticipated type diatoms tend to have lower abundances to affect the biofilm community composition (Hemmera and Advisian of critical fatty acids (Galloway and Winder 2017, Hemmera 2018, Hemmera et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of 2015), and therefore are likely of less CEAR Document #934, CEAR Document #1215, and CEAR Document nutritional value to Western Sandpipers and #1385) (see Section 4.0). to shorebirds more generally. Further, the Research has documented higher fatty acids levels in freshwater diatom EIS predicts that the biofilm community strains compared to marine (see Section 5.0). Regardless, high fatty acid would shift spatially to lower elevations in the levels at Roberts Bank are found in both freshwater and marine intertidal zones. dominated sites. A ‘shift’ in biofilm distribution is not predicted with the Project in place (see Section 6.0). Section 4.1, Counts of Western Sandpipers are negatively This relationship is not supported by the data. Our statistical analyses p.33 correlated to discharge rates of the Fraser found absolutely no relationship between Fraser River discharge and River (see Appendix 7, Figure 7.3)...lower sandpiper counts. numbers of Western Sandpipers are observed See Section 8.0 for a detailed response. at Roberts Bank during days and years with larger discharges...Overall, given that the Project is predicted to accentuate the effects of the Fraser River freshet on the mudflat habitat, lower numbers of sandpipers would be expected. Section 4.1, ECCC's Expert Opinion: These statements are not supported by ECCC's response. p.34 i. Not all intertidal biofilm can be considered i. Likely true; however, at Roberts Bank (LAA), there are comparable to be of equal value to shorebirds. fatty acid abundances and profiles within biofilm in freshwater and ii. The Project would likely compromise the marine dominated sites that are heavily used by sandpipers (see ecological mechanisms responsible for Section 5.0 and Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8-04-A of biofilm producing fatty acids required by CEAR Document #934), Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215), migrating shorebirds. Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)), indicating biofilm in iii. The projected change in the salinity regime both areas is important to shorebirds. associated with the Project presents a high ii. There is no evidence that this will occur given the presence of biofilm risk of reducing the quality and quantity of and fatty acids across various salinity regimes (see Section 3.0). marine-type biofilm with high fatty acid iii. There is no evidence that this will occur given the presence of biofilm content that is available to Western and fatty acids across freshwater and marine dominated areas in the Sandpipers, and shorebirds generally,
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Section, Statement Clarification page during northward migration to their upper intertidal zone that are heavily used by shorebirds (see breeding grounds. Section 3.0 and 5.0). iv. Those impacts would have serious iv. The impacts cited by ECCC are unlikely to occur given multiple lines of consequences for many shorebirds, and evidence based on the scientific literature and five years of biofilm Western Sandpiper in particular. study at Roberts Bank. Section 4.1, ECCC disagrees with the Proponent’s Based on ECCC's response, the VFPA interprets "mechanisms" as the p.34 assessments of the nature and scope of the salinity 'trigger' referenced elsewhere. There is no field data or published potential changes to biofilm productivity on evidence to suggest a salinity 'trigger' exists under natural conditions at the muddy intertidal of Roberts Bank because Roberts Bank or elsewhere. mechanisms for production of diatoms of The literature cited by ECCC (p.68; Schwenk et al. 2013, Pal et al. 2013) dietary value to shorebirds would be does not substantiate the salinity 'trigger' theory. See Section 3.0 for disrupted (see Appendix 7). additional clarification. Section 4.1, indirect effects of the RBT2 terminal structure This statement is not supported by the evidence on the record and is p.34 pose a risk to the ecological function of the refuted by five years of site-specific field data and information contained biofilm community over the entire intertidal of within the scientific literature (see Sections 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0). the Local Assessment Area (LAA) due to the changes in salinity and predicted location of biofilm. Section 4.1, Effective mitigation of both the direct and Data from field studies and the scientific literature do not support this p.34 indirect effects to biofilm would necessitate assertion. Changes in assemblage composition are not expected based on engineering the replacement of, at least, an site-specific data (Hemmera and Advisian 2017, Hemmera 2018, equal area of biofilm bearing mudflats (558 Hemmera et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934, hectares is generally categorized as mud), CEAR Document #1215, and CEAR Document #1385). comprised of fine silt over a deep anoxic layer, and also replication of the particular set of conditions necessary for biofilm grazed on by shorebirds. There are no known measures to mitigate changes in biofilm assemblage composition that may result from changes in salinity
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Section, Statement Clarification page Section 4.1, Mitigation: Large-scale re-creation of This statement is incorrect. Studies document that biofilm can be p.34 mudflats with biofilm of a type that supports recreated under laboratory conditions (Tolhurst et al. 2008, Lundkvist et shorebirds is without precedent, and ECCC is al. 2007, Kuwae and Hosokawa 2000) and in natural environments (Hsu of the view that currently there is no way to et al. 2011, Valoppi 2018). The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project in create high quality biofilm habitat San Francisco Bay, more than 15,000 acres in size, successfully created biofilm, which was estimated to support >200,000 shorebirds per day. Patterns of successful biofilm harbouring habitat for shorebirds has been developed by Kuwae and Miyoshi (2012). See Section 9.0. Section 4.1, Follow up: ECCC does not support the The VFPA has committed to conduct a follow-up program to verify effects p.35 Proponents proposed Follow-up Monitoring predictions. If biofilm is found to be adversely affected, habitat offsetting Program because the predicted Project effects measures are available as proven in laboratory studies and in other large on biofilm are not mitigatable. scale habitat restoration plans that successfully restored biofilm to coastal systems. See Section 9.0 for a detailed description of mitigation options for biofilm. Section 4.1, ECCC maintains that predicted Project- Assertion based on unsubstantiated claims. Biofilm and fatty acid p.35 induced changes to Roberts Bank constitute production occurs across the salinity gradient at Roberts Bank and within an unmitigable species-level risk to Western the predicted salinity change (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document Sandpipers, and shorebirds more generally, #1385)). Further clarification on this point is provided in Section 5.0. due to the predicted disruption to the salinity regime that supports fatty acid production from biofilm. Given the high shorebird usage at Roberts Bank, even low probability events carry a high risk because nutrient shortfalls during breeding migration could have species-level consequences...ECCC advises that only a Project redesign(17) would avoid geomorphological processes on Roberts Bank impacting biofilm and shorebirds.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Appendix 5, Given that only the freshet period (May – This statement is incorrect. The freshet and non-freshet periods were p.64, second July) and non-freshet period (October – presented in EIS Section 9.7 and EIS Appendix 9.5-A to illustrate the paragraph December) were modelled, ECCC does not changes to salinity caused by the Project. The freshet and non-freshet concur that the salinity results are adequate periods have nearly identical tidal patterns and differ mainly in the volume to support the assessment of Project-related and rate of discharge of freshwater to Roberts Bank from the Fraser River. effects on valued components. The Project-related changes to salinity during the freshet are greatest and the during the non-freshet period the least, and therefore these periods represent end-members. It is not correct that these were the only periods that were modelled. For instance, salinity results for the month of May were provided as inputs to the Shorebird Foraging Opportunity Model (SFOM) and results for the entire year were provided as inputs to the Roberts Bank ecosystem model. The assessment of Project-related effects on valued components was in fact based on an assessment of changes to salinity for the appropriate period of interest to each particular valued component. Appendix 5, ECCC notes that salinity patterns vary This statement is made in reference to information provided by the VFPA p.64, second monthly. Merging data from 3-month periods to the registry within the document titled “Roberts Bank Salinity Model paragraph and lumping 2016 and 2017 data could result Results Verification: Comparison of 2012 Modelled Salinity to 2016 & 2017 in ecologically important differences being Measured Salinity” (December 20, 2019, CEAR Document #1379 7). The masked. Further, the salinity predictions fall VFPA would like to clarify that the purpose of this report was to provide outside of the critical pre-freshet ~ 3-week additional analysis that demonstrates that the salinity modelling of window of shorebird breeding migration in Roberts Bank reliably represents existing conditions. The report compares April/May and cannot be used to determine modelled Roberts Bank salinity based on the year 2012 compared to field risk to intertidal biofilm. measurements of salinity that were collected in 2016 and 2017. Comments made by ECCC in their review of this report seem to indicate that the purpose of this report was misunderstood to be for assessing Project-related effects on salinity and biofilm, which is not the case. Amalgamation of data over longer periods of data is a very useful approach to assessing the performance of the model, which was the purpose of the report.
7 CEAR Document #1379 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Roberts Bank Salinity Model Results Verification (See Reference Document #1221).
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Section, Statement Clarification page Appendix 5, Inclusion of a prediction on how the Project is The VFPA would like to clarify that the information that is being requested p.64, fourth projected to change the ‘salinity regime’ over has been provided, either in response to IR2-02 (CEAR Document #934 8, paragraph the upper intertidal biofilm fields in terms of as noted above) or directly to the scientific teams undertaking minimum, mean and maximum salinity over assessments of biofilm and/or shorebirds. Inclusion of this time in a tidal cycle, especially during the recommendation in the ECCC submission erroneously indicates that this April/May period, as this would provide more information has not been provided and considered as part of the biologically relevant results. Currently, the assessments. model predictions are expressed only as 50th percentile salinity change values that are not translatable to the real world of diatoms in biofilm. The biofilm research that the Proponent has conducted has focused on correlations with the 5th and 95th percentiles; therefore, ECCC recommends that these values also be presented. In addition, given that fluctuations in salinity can trigger a lipid accumulation response in microalgae, a characterization of how variance is expected to change would inform an assessment of how the Project may impact fatty acid production by biofilm. Appendix 6, What is the value of the total biofilm stock The total biofilm standing stock was estimated to be 218.7 kg of p.65 used? The EIS references ‘ASL Environmental Chlorophyll a (Cha) dry mass. This was determined from the hyperspectral Sciences 2013’ and ‘Appendix A Figure 46’, scan of Roberts Bank (ASL Environmental Sciences 2013) summarised as but not the value used in the analysis. 1 hectare grid cells averaging ≥ 30 mg/m 2 dry mass Chlorophyll a (EIS Without this information, the accuracy of the Appendix 15-B, Figure 46 in Appendix A). This represented roughly a total value used cannot be confirmed. area of 379 hectares. The VFPA feels this under-represents the available biofilm on the day of the scan for two main reasons: 1. The scan excluded 64 hectares of abundant biofilm known to be used by northward migrating western sandpipers, as this area was overgrown with ephemeral marsh when the hyperspectral imagery was captured. Each winter this marsh vegetation dies back allowing biofilm to recolonise this area when daytime low tides become dominant again in spring.
8 CEAR Document #934 From the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority to the Review Panel re: Compilation of the Review Panel's Information Requests and the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority's Responses (NOTE: Updated February 15, 2019).
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Section, Statement Clarification page 2. Biofilm is known to be spatially patchy especially at the hectare level. Using a 1 hectare average likely excluded areas with partial biofilm coverage due to restricting biofilm inclusion into the model to grid cells possessing average Chlorophyll a densities of ≥30 mg Cha/m 2. Appendix 6, What are the function and parameters used in The recovery curve was based on the biofilm removal experiment, which p.65 the daily recovery curve and what is the daily showed total recovery of biofilm took roughly 9-12 days (Tolhurst et al. recovery period? The EIS shows only a figure 2007, WorleyParsons 2014). A Gompertz curve, a sigmoid time series of the curve (Appendix A, Figure 47), but the function that describes growth as being slowest at the start and end of a exact nature of the recovery curve and the given time period, was used as a continuous function to predict recovery daily period of recovery used in the (parameters: a=1, b=e2, c=0.5). The slow recovery times combined with simulation will affect the estimate of the the short duration of peak biofilm demand (i.e., peak western sandpiper ability of the standing stock to regenerate population) resulted in the recovery playing a very minor role in after daily depletion. accommodating daily demand, but was included for completion sake. Appendix 6, How does recovery after foraging affect The simulation was conducted on a daily time step, where the standing p.65 capacity, as calculated in the simulation? The stock was first drawn based on foraging demands, capacity was Proponent uses three parameters in the determined, then recovery was included before the standing stock analysis: 1) standing stock, 2) demand, and abundance was passed to the next simulated day. That is, all capacity 3) recovery. It is not clear how they have calculations were performed after daily consumption, but before recovery. used demand and recovery in calculating Under scenarios of high demand, the daily abundance after recovery can capacity. The details here are critical because be less than fully recovered abundance levels. This ‘deficit’ was passed on different ways of calculating consumption and to the next day in the simulation. In reality, demand and recovery would recovery have different biological meaning occur concurrently, but for the purposes of the simulation they were split and will give differing estimates of the ability into discrete steps. of the site to accommodate shorebird populations. For example, calculating capacity prior to or after daily consumption and recovery calculations will give differing estimates of capacity. It appears that the standing stock is reset to the same value during each day, which may be biologically unrealistic. ECCC has attempted to replicate three possible methods of estimating capacity, and our results to date indicate the recovery period plays no role in the estimate of capacity. Appendix 6, Is there an allowance for depletion across the Yes, the simulator allowed for depletion across the migratory period. As p.65 migratory period? Allowing for seasonal described in the above response, in situations where biofilm abundance depletion will strongly increase the chance of
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Section, Statement Clarification page a day with limited biofilm in a migratory did not fully recover by the end of the daily time step, this biofilm ‘deficit ’ season. was passed on to the next day. Appendix 6, What varies between Monte Carlo ‘draws’? Is The numbers of daily western sandpipers and dunlins changed between p.65 it solely the number of Western Sandpipers Monte Carlo draws, with all other parameters remaining fixed. Estimates and Dunlins? ECCC requests that the of uncertainty in Drever et al. (2014) population model were included so simulation be conducted with variation in the population sizes considered in the simulation were as high as 2.2 million. parameters that are known to be stochastic or imprecise. Appendix 7, In relation to marine vegetation and biofilm, Based on information presented in Section 15.0 of the EIS, more than 20 p.65 ECCC finds the data and analyses in the site-specific shorebird studies, consultation with experts, monitoring Proponent’s technical reports do not support associated with past Projects, and information contained within the the Proponent’s conclusions that the Project scientific literature, the VFPA is confident in the determination of a would not affect the quantity or quality of negligible non-measurable residual effect to western sandpiper and other food available to migratory Western shorebird populations with the Project in place. See Section 10.0 for a Sandpipers and other shorebirds. summary of conclusions and additional supporting rationale. Appendix 7, The 2018 Biofilm report includes a New samples were collected in 2018 as part of the 2018 study program p.66 consideration of additional samples that were and reported in Hemmera et al. (2019, CEAR Document #1385). not presented in the EIS or in the 2016 and 2017 biofilm reports. Appendix 7, The data collected to date, including in 2018, Information collected through extensive efforts in the field, analysed by p.66 and analyses do not, in ECCC’s view, support methods transparently described within the EIS and subsequent the Proponent’s position that: submissions, and summarised within this response demonstrate the 1. Biofilm at Roberts Bank is not limiting for validity of approach used in the assessment of Project-related effects to Western Sandpipers; and biofilm and western sandpipers. Physical factors of biofilm production were 2. The Project would not adversely affect the initially investigated in support of the EIS (WorleyParsons 2015) and, over quantity and quality of food available to three years of subsequent study, ecological drivers of fatty acids produced Western Sandpipers and other shorebirds. by biofilm were investigated and discussed (Hemmera and Advisian 2017, Hemmera 2018, Hemmera et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR In general, the Proponent’s conclusions about Document #934, CEAR Document #1215, and CEAR Document #1385). predicted Project effects on biofilm are based Each of the concerns raised by ECCC are addressed within this response. on correlations that do not incorporate a current understanding of the ecological drivers of fatty acid production and shorebird migration. Below ECCC provides a technical review of the 2018 Biofilm report showing that the Proponent’s technical reports do not support the Proponent’s conclusions.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Appendix 7, ECCC’s review finds that this set of reports The additional studies conducted from 2016 to 2018 found that salinity p.66 links fluctuations in salinity with patterns in has a small influence on fatty acid productivity. Salinity did not explain the fatty acid and carbohydrate production by large interannual differences in carbohydrate abundance documented biofilm. between 2016-2018 (Hemmera and Advisian 2017, Hemmera 2018, Hemmera et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934, CEAR Document #1215, and CEAR Document #1385). Appendix 7, The ECCC response repeatedly refers to a The data on both biofilm abundance and fatty acids show no trace of any p.66 ‘pulse’ or a ‘limited pulse’ of fatty acids. sort of ‘pulse’ at all. Figures 3.8 and 4.3 show that the total level of fatty e.g. p66 ….. how shorebirds access the acids is constant over the period mid-April to mid-May, which spans the limited pulses of fatty acids from biofilm …. entire western sandpiper northward migration. Moreover, the level is p67 The high fatty acid pulses remarkably constant in all three years (2016 – 2018). See Figure 4.3, p.78 in ‘Biofilm Dynamics during 2018 Northward Migration’ (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385). See Section 5.0. Appendix 7, ECCC questions the Proponent’s approach of This statement is inaccurate. The VFPA conducted five years of biofilm p.66 using salinity patterns in Canoe Passage as a study across Roberts Bank and the associated salinity gradient to inform proxy for assessing effects to biofilm located potential effects from the Project on biofilm. Biofilm productivity (fatty in other areas on Roberts Bank. ECCC finds, acid and carbohydrate abundance) was determined under varied therefore, that the results associated with the environmental conditions and biofilm fatty acids were found to be similarly approach do not provide scientific evidence abundant within freshwater dominated and marine waters indicating the for the conclusion that the Project would ‘not biofilm community is stable, resilient to environmental change, and result in significant adverse effects on biofilm adapted to the estuarine environment of Roberts Bank. Modelling indicates or affect the availability or quality of food changes in salinity with the Project in place will be small relative to the available to northward migrating Western changes experienced naturally under existing conditions. The science Sandpipers’. backs the VFPA's conclusions and ECCC's belief is not supported by site- specific data or published literature. Appendix 7, Therefore, sandpipers likely target high The three sentences preceding this statement say (i) sandpipers feed p.67 quality biofilm as a source of fatty acids. where there is a lot of biofilm; (ii) sandpipers eat a lot of biofilm; and (iii) it makes up a large proportion of their diet. This statement refers to biofilm quality rather than quantity, and hence does not follow as a logical conclusion, unless by ‘quality’ ECCC means ‘quantity’—with which the VFPA would agree. The assertion that sandpipers seek ‘high quality biofilm’ implies that there is spatial variation in biofilm quality across Roberts Bank. The data (see Table 3.7, p.38 in ‘Biofilm Dynamics during 2018 Northward Migration’, Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)) show that within each year, all 18 fatty acids are strongly
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Section, Statement Clarification page correlated with each other. The quantity of biofilm varies strongly across the bank, but its quality (i.e., composition) appears consistent. Appendix 7, The 2018 Biofilm report draws many of its The basis for this statement is unclear. The 2018 Biofilm report specifically p.67 conclusions based on the availability of acknowledges the importance of fatty acids to migrating birds (e.g., p.2, carbohydrates, and appears to ignore the Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)), and reports extensively importance of fatty acids as an optimal fuel on both carbohydrate and fatty acid components of biofilm. The major source for migrating birds. findings are that fatty acid amounts are consistent within and between years, while the level of carbohydrate varies much more. Appendix 7, the biofilm that produces fatty acids Kuwae et al. (2008) does not support this assertion regarding fatty acids. p.68 important to Western Sandpipers exists only in narrow intertidal habitats at critical periods (Kuwae et al. 2008)… Appendix 7, Reliable predictions of potential Project Species-specific knowledge is not needed. Comparable proportions of fatty p.68 effects requires an understanding of the acids (PUFA, MUFA, SFA, etc.) are observed across the salinity gradient at species-specific conditions under which the Robert's Bank (Hemmera and Advisian 2017, Hemmera 2018, Hemmera diatoms produce fatty acids during the period et al. 2019) (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934, CEAR shorebirds are present at the site Document #1215, and CEAR Document #1385) within a diverse estuarine biofilm community documented to be comprised of >50 diatom genera. Appendix 7, The conditions necessary for triggering This statement is based on multiple unfounded assumptions and provides p.68 diatoms to produce lipid/fatty acids can be a misleading interpretation of data presented in the EIS. identified in the 2018 Biofilm report data. The Unfounded assumptions: The statement implies that conditions specific to highest fatty acid abundances occur in the the spring season are a trigger for high fatty acid production in biofilm. In April samples (Figure 3-8), when the Western particular, that “high amplitude oscillations in salinity values” occur that Sandpipers are migrating through the area, are distinct from the physical and chemical processes that occur during and coincide with rapid, high amplitude other seasons and that such conditions would not exist with the Project in oscillations in salinity values (Figure 4-2). place. No evidence is provided in support of these assertions within the Thus, a ‘shock’ imposed by changes in salinity EIS, supplementary material, or by ECCC. The literature cited by ECCC ’triggers’ diatoms to switch from their growth (p.68; Schwenk et al. 2013, Pal et al. 2013) to substantiate a salinity and carbohydrate production phase to the trigger theory in fact proves the contrary. high fatty acid production phase (Schwenk et Misleading interpretation of EIS/IR data: The statement implies that fatty al. 2013, Pal et al. 2013). The high fatty acid acids are broadly higher in April, which is not the case. While Figure 3-8 pulses occur in association with high shows fatty acids are higher in April at four stations (A, C, H, I) as abundance of marine diatoms (see Figure 2- compared to May, the figure also shows that fatty acids were lower in 3). Consistent with this mechanism, fatty acid April compared to May at three stations (J, X, Y). Thus, a more complete production drops and carbohydrate interpretation of the data would be that fatty acid levels are more variable production increases later in April and May across Roberts Bank in April as compared to May. ECCC draws a link between this period when some areas of Roberts Bank support high levels
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Section, Statement Clarification page correlated with both lower salinity and less of fatty acids and "high oscillations in salinity values" in reference to variable salinity conditions (Figure 3-11). Figure 4-2. While Figure 4-2 does show higher degrees of oscillation during April compared to May in one area (Station I), it is not apparent at the other two stations shown in the figure (C, X). Thus, while the statement implies a broad pattern of high fatty acid levels associated with pronounced oscillations in salinity at Roberts Bank during April, the information in the in the cited 2018 report (CEAR Document #1385) only shows these conditions occurring at stations next to Canoe Passage, an area dominated by freshwater inputs. This is contradictory to the subsequent statement that fatty acid pulses occur in association with marine diatoms. The ‘rapid high amplitude salinity oscillations’ shown in Figure 4-2 occur throughout the year and are tidally-driven. The lowest fatty acid levels also coincide with these oscillations. Further, the variable ‘date’ does not enter any of the models as an explanatory factor, showing that statistically, date does not contribute to explaining the variation. Figure 2-3 is a methods figure showing sampling tools, so it is unclear why this is referenced. The apparent correlation between high fatty acid levels and variability in salinity have not been demonstrated by ECCC to be consistent or statistically significant, nor do they constitute proof of the referenced mechanistic response. The plausibility of a salinity trigger is addressed in detail in Section 3.0, which provides a thorough analysis of the potential for variations in salinity to trigger production of fatty acids within biofilm at Roberts Bank. Appendix 7, fatty acid production drops and carbohydrate Figure 3-11 plots tidal, salinity, and temperature variables against date. p.68 production increases later in April and May Fatty acid and carbohydrate levels in relation to date are shown in correlated with both lower salinity and less Figure 3-8, but do not show the pattern claimed in this statement. In fact, variable salinity conditions (Figure 3-11). ECCC’s reanalysis of the VFPA’s data (see Figure 7.1: Fatty Acid Abundance and Western Sandpipers on Roberts Bank, British Columbia, Canada, p.76) shows fatty acid levels rising in two of the three years, though as noted (see #1 above), the VFPA’s statistical analysis provides no support for seasonal changes in fatty acid levels. These are very consistent, though carbohydrate levels may increase as stated, or perhaps fluctuate on a lunar rhythm. Appendix 7, The high fatty acid pulses occur in association Figure 2-3 does not show marine diatoms, or any association with high p.68 with high abundance of marine diatoms (see abundance. The figure illustrates the putty knife method used to collect Figure 2-3). biofilm. And, as already noted, there is no evidence for ‘pulses’.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Appendix 7, the project would likely alter or remove Not substantiated. There is no evidence from three years of study to p.68 altogether the trigger responsible for indicate a ‘trigger’ or that biofilm will be unavailable at the predicted initiating fatty acid production in biofilm decrease in salinity (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)) (see Section 3.0). Appendix 7, The EIS predicts a shift in the diatom This characterisation of marine and freshwater diatom communities at p.68 community to a predominantly freshwater- Roberts Bank is not supported by any evidence. Additional data collection type biofilm community. The consequential and analysis has shown that the composition of biofilm is similar across risk is that biofilm that consists primarily of the Roberts Bank intertidal within areas subjected to predominantly fresh marine-type diatoms would be replaced by and marine water sources. Given that the biofilm community at Roberts biofilm made up of mostly freshwater-type Bank does not vary across the salinity gradient, the concern is based on a diatom species. Freshwater-type diatoms false premise and is, thus, unfounded. tend to have lower abundances of critical fatty acids (Galloway and Winder 2015). Appendix 7, Further, the EIS predicts that the biofilm The figure ECCC references does not show a shift. It shows that biofilm p.68 community would shift spatially to lower will be unchanged in the upper intertidal and there will be increases lower elevations in the intertidal. The generally down the intertidal. Further, Jimenez et al. (2015) found that there was coarser sediment of lower elevation areas only a 10% increase in fine sediment (mud) moving from lower to upper would render the associated biofilm intertidal (700 m to shore) and they conclude that western sandpipers inaccessible to grazing by Western follow the distribution of biofilm and are not restricted to the upper Sandpipers. The tongues of Western intertidal (competitive exclusion with dunlin limited western sandpiper Sandpipers are adapted to grazing on fine usage of the lower intertidal). sediments, and lose their functionality on coarse sediments (Elner et al. 2005; Jimenez et al. 2015). Appendix 7, Two distinct periods are evident within the ECCC specifically focuses on a single year of data (2018) in Figure 3-17 to p.69 April 13 – May 17, 2018 data presented: make their case regarding the characterisation of Canoe Passage as April 13 to April 30, and May 1 to May 17, ‘freshwater’ only late in the season. In the other years of study (2016 and 2018 (e.g. see Figure 4-2 and Figure 3 -17). 2017) the early-season Fraser River discharge volume was much greater ...the characterization of Canoe Pass as a distributing large volumes of freshwater across Canoe Passage and ‘freshwater’ site applies only to the second Roberts Bank, making the Canoe Passage freshwater dominated during period, during which shorebird migration is the entirety of western sandpiper migration. In all years consistent and nearly over, and may have limited utility in comparable fatty acid levels were documented in Canoe Passage and the characterizing the salinity spectrum upper intertidal zone close to Brunswick Dyke (i.e., 2-3 km away from experience by migrating birds. Canoe Passage (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)). Appendix 7, Modelling of the three biofilm strata "are ECCC’s statement is not support, as there is no evidence for a salinity p.70 (top) based on average salinity, without trigger initiating fatty acid production in biofilm (see Section 3.0 for consideration of the variance in salinity, further details).
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Section, Statement Clarification page which can trigger fatty acid production in diatoms (Pal et al. 2013). The need to consider average salinity as well as its variance can be observed in the covariate modelling (Table 3-21)." Appendix 7, ECCC agrees that biofilm is abundant under Follow-up studies conducted in 2016 to 2018 and studies published in p.70 (top) varying salinity conditions, but disagrees with peer-reviewed scientific literature indicate that ECCC's concerns regarding the Proponent’s 2018 biofilm assessment that fatty acids in biofilm are unwarranted as fatty acids are abundant across fatty acids are generally available to the salinity gradient and consistent across years. See Section 5.0 for shorebirds further details. Appendix 7, In the 2018 Biofilm report, Figures depicting ECCC is mistaken and misinterpreting the intention of the figure they p.70 (top) annual averages in fatty acid abundance or reference. The annual averages of fatty acids across Roberts Bank, as energy content (Figure 3-13, Figure 4-3) are ECCC requests, are presented in Figure 3-12 (all years plotted for plotted to compress annual variation, which comparison), Figure 3-6, and Figure 3-7 in the 2018 report (Hemmera et prevents the reader from gauging the al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)); Figures 3-9 and Figure 4-2 in the evidence directly. 2017 report (Hemmera 2018 (CEAR Document #1215)), and Figure 3-7 in the 2016 report (Hemmera and Advisian 2017 (Appendix IR8-04-A of CEAR Document #934)). Each document also contains appendices reporting mean, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum values for all biofilm components across Roberts Bank during each migration study. The assertion that the figures are displayed to compress annual variation and prevent readers from gauging the evidence is false. The intention of the figures ECCC cites is to show to a reader the proportion of energy in biofilm coming from fatty acids and carbohydrates during 2016 to 2018. As stated, annual variation in fatty acid abundance can be easily found in other parts of the report. Appendix 7, ECCC’s replotting of the approximate data Instead of replotting data using Data Thief, which can add errors into an p.70 from Figure 4-3 [using the Data Thief analyses, the VPFA directs ECCC to Figure 3-12 in the 2018 Biofilm software package] with an appropriate scale Dynamics report (Hemmera et al. 2019 (CEAR Document #1385)), where indicates that fatty acid abundance may vary the consistency in fatty acid abundances among years across Roberts significantly among the 3 years of the studies Bank can be easily compared, with the figure demonstrating very (see Figure 7.1 below). Fatty acid abundance consistent fatty acid levels among locations and sampling years at Roberts appears lowest in 2017, coinciding with year Bank. of lowest counts of Western Sandpipers (Figure 7.1), indicating Western Sandpipers are responding to interannual abundance of fatty acids.
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Section, Statement Clarification page Appendix 7, In addition, fatty acid abundance at Roberts It is recognised that fatty acid abundance at Roberts Bank is lower during p.70 Bank varies widely between spring and winter compared to spring/summer, as this was first documented as part winter, with lower abundance in the of studies to support the EIS in 2012 and 2013 (WorleyParsons 2015). wintertime, and higher values in spring The cause of the decrease is a result of more low tides in winter occurring coinciding with the northward migration of at night, resulting in the majority of the photosynthetic components of sandpipers (see Figure 7.2 below). This biofilm (e.g., diatoms) being exposed to sunlight for a very limited seasonal variation underscores the need to proportion of the day hampering biofilm productivity. understand the processes that trigger fatty acid production within biofilm. Appendix 7, …supports the theory that Western The data show that though there is temporal and spatial variation in p.71 Sandpipers exploit the high lipid pulses from biofilm density, its composition remains constant (see above), within biofilm on Roberts Bank and Canoe Passage, years. Sandpipers cannot feed preferentially on ‘high lipid’ vs. ‘high rather than feeding on carbohydrates, during carbohydrate’ biofilm—they can just feed where there is a lot of biofilm. the northward migration… The components of ingested biofilm, including both carbohydrates and fatty acids, are all digested and processed metabolically in the liver to produce the selective profile of stored fats. All fatty acids can be biosynthesised from these dietary components, except perhaps several essential PUFA, which in any case are present in fat and membranes in lower concentrations than in the diet, but are abundant across Roberts Bank and readily available to foraging western sandpipers. Appendix 7, The focus on carbohydrates in the 2018 and The VFPA recognises the value of fatty acids as an important energy p.72 2016-2017 biofilm studies ignores the source for migrating western sandpipers, in addition to carbohydrates, as understanding that migrating Western they can be modified into fatty acids and stored by sandpipers to fuel Sandpipers rely on fatty acids, rather than migration. Studies conducted in support of the EIS and subsequently carbohydrates, for long-distance flights during 2016 to 2018 informed assessments of potential impacts to during northward migration (Jenni and Jenni- shorebirds that consider the value of both of these energy sources and the Eiermann 1998, Guglielmo et al. 1998, Egeler data indicates that they will be abundant with the Project in place. and Williams 2000, Guglielmo 2010). Appendix 7, ECCC disagrees with the Proponent’s This comment is interesting as ECCC previously appeared to recognise the p.73 conclusion (concerning FA in inverts)...To importance of invertebrates to migrating sandpipers when they note, invertebrates are generally less recommended in CEAR Document #960 9 that “A study on the comparative important in the diets of northward migrating value of other sources of fatty acids (e.g., invertebrates) at Brunswick Western Sandpipers than biofilm (Kuwae et Point could help determine if Western Sandpipers can compensate for the al. 2008; Jimenez et al. 2015). loss of biofilm through other prey items at the same location”. Following
9 CEAR Document #960 From Environment and Climate Change Canada to the Review Panel re: Response to Information Requests issued by the Review Panel on April 5, 2017 (See Reference Document 950)(NOTE: See clarification to this posting in Document #1080).
Roberts Bank Terminal 2 VFPA Response to ECCC’s April 15, 2019 Posting (CEAR Document #1637) Appendix A | Page 19
Section, Statement Clarification page ECCC’s recommendation, th e VFPA conducted a study investigating fatty acids in invertebrates during the 2019 western sandpiper northward migration and documented 4 to 70 times higher fatty acid levels in invertebrates compared to biofilm confirming their value as a high value source of fatty acids to sandpipers. Kuwae et al. (2008) indicate that 41-55% of western sandpiper diet is comprised of invertebrates and therefore contribute to an important portion of western sandpiper diet. The citation of Jimenez et al. (2015) does not support ECCC's statement, as Jimenez et al. (2015) did not investigate western sandpiper diet composition or mention the relative importance of invertebrates.
Roberts Bank Terminal 2 VFPA Response to ECCC’s April 15, 2019 Posting (CEAR Document #1637) Appendix A | Page 20 Wendell O. Challenger, PhD Senior Biologist/Analyst, LGL Limited EDUCATION PhD Statistics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., 2010 M.Sc. Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont., 2004 B.Sc. Environmental Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C, 2001 MODELING/ANALYSIS EXPERIENCE
Professional Experience (Select Projects) Development of the camera trap component of the Early Successional Wildlife Dynamics program. Active development of the analysis component of a large-scale camera trap monitoring program used to assess occurrence and distribution of wildlife species in the early seral reclaimed habitats, wetland complexes, and upland and riparian habitats in northeastern Alberta. Development of an Integrated Spatial Age-structured Mark Recapture (ISAMR) model to assess age- specific trends in abundance of White Sturgeon in the lower Fraser River from 2000-2016. Worked with a modeling team, including Karl English, Dr. Tom Carruthers (UBC Fisheries) and Bill Gazey, to develop complex multi-year mark-recapture and population dynamics models to analyze the full 16 year data set of PIT tag release and recovery data for Lower Fraser River White Sturgeon. Development of a large-scale spatial analysis estimating changes in shorebird foraging opportunity and ecosystem capacity associated with the proposed port expansion in the Fraser River delta. Developed spatial regression models to integrate field data and hydrological modeling output to predict food availability in the Fraser River delta. Food predictions were combined with GIS and geographical survey information to predict changes to foraging opportunity under proposed conditions. Ecosystem capacity based current food availability and spatial usage was also estimated (2013-2014). Synthesis investigation summarizing temporal and spatial variation in biofilm productivity (2017-2018).
Doctoral Experience Development of statistical models tailored to handle issues common to ecological data such as the inability to detect individuals when present, population heterogeneity and uncertainty or incomplete measurements by field staff. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2014 – present: Senior Biologist/Analyst, LGL Limited environmental research associates, Sidney, B.C. Development of a regression based approach for estimating eulachon spawning biomass that allowed for reduced field effort. Evaluation and testing of models developed to assess the effect of changes in river hydrology on the productivity of Tuolumne River Chinook salmon. Evaluation, testing and refinement of a mark-recapture and population dynamics models for Lower Fraser River White Sturgeon.
Wendell O. Challenger, LGL Limited – Résumé Page 1 Analytical and computer programming support for a large-scale radio-telemetry study of adult Chinook, Coho, Sockeye, Pink and Chum salmon returns to the Susitna River Development of a web-based application to facilitate the access a 61-year time series of catch, escapement and exploitation rate estimates for Chinook, Coho, Sockeye, Pink and Chum salmon returning to Conservation Units define for BC’s North and Central Coast. Statistical consultation, in-depth statistical analyses, and reporting support for a variety of LGL fisheries and wildlife projects. 2013 – 2014: Analyst, SFU Burnaby Statistical Consulting Service and Hemmera, Burnaby, B.C. Large-scale spatial analysis assessing the potential impact of port expansion in shorebird foraging opportunity and available ecosystem capacity for shorebirds in the Fraser River delta. 2010 – 2012: Post Doctoral Fellow, Kintama Research Services, Nanaimo, B.C. Assisted in the design of a large-scale experiment investigating the impact of fish farming on sockeye salmon survival and prepared various consulting reports on the impact habitat on the survival of migrating chinook ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) and sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ). 2004 – 2010: PhD, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. Modelling of uncertainty and heterogeneity in mark-recapture and occupancy experiments. Statistical consulting projects that include: assessment of the effectiveness of forestry cut block techniques on prey species distributions using the occupancy modeling framework; junior analyst at the Northern Spotted Owl Demography workshop; and a multi-year investigation of the effect of fish farms of benthic habitat. 2001 – 2004: M.Sc. Queen’s University, Kingston, Ont. Meta-analysis investigating the evolutionary consequences of natural endocrine disruption in herbivore species. 1999-2001: Research Assistant and Contracted Researcher Assessment of the recovery of bi-catch Coho salmon (Fisheries and Ocean’s Canada). Gut morphology in the migrating Western sandpiper (Calidris mauri ) (Simon Fraser University). Energetics and reproductive physiology studies on passerine birds (various projects) (SFU). Eulachon population biomass assessment (Fisheries and Ocean’s Canada). COMPLETED WORKS Refereed Publications Marliave, J., and W. Challenger. 2009. Monitoring and evaluating rockfish conservation areas in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66:995–1006. Harmon, L.J., J.T. Weir, C.D. Brock, R.E. Glor, and W. Challenger. 2008. GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations. Bioinfomatics 24(1):129–131. Challenger, W.O., and C.J. Schwarz. 2008. Mark-recapture Jolly-Seber abundance estimation with classification uncertainty. In : Modeling demographic processes in marked populations. Edited by Thomson, D.L., E.G. Cooch, and M.J. Conroy. Series: Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Vol. 3:895. Williams, T.D., W.O. Challenger, J.K. Christians, M. Evanson, O. Love, and F. Vezina. 2004. What causes the decrease in haematocrit during egg production? Functional Ecology 18:330–336.
Wendell O. Challenger, LGL Limited – Résumé Page 2 Challenger, W.O., T.D. Williams, J.K. Christians, and F. Vezina. 2001. Follicular development and plasma yolk precursor dynamics through the laying cycle in the European starling ( Sturnus vulgaris ). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74:356–365. Books Cowen, L.L.E., W.O. Challenger, and C. J. Schwarz. 2014. Chapter 17: What do salmon and injection drug users have in common? Statistics in Action: A Canadian Outlook. Editor: J.F. Lawless, Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Select Contract and Consulting Reports Wendell Challenger, Karl K. English and David Peacock. 2018. Area 3, 4, 5 Pink and Chum Exploitation Rate Model. Report prepared for Pacific Salmon Foundation and Fisheries and Oceans, Canada by LGL Limited environmental research associates, Sidney, BC. Challenger, W., and C.A.J. Noble. 2017. Enumeration Strategy for Assessing Abundance of Coho Salmon within the Lower Fraser Unit Management Unit. Prepared by LGL Limited, Sidney, BC, for the Pacific Salmon Commission, Vancouver, BC, and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans: vi + 90 p. Challenger, W., K. English. 2017, T. Carruthers. Integrated Spatial and Age Mark Recapture (ISAMR) Model (v2.0) for Lower Fraser River White Sturgeon. Draft report prepared for the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation of Victoria, B.C by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Challenger, W., K. English. 2016. Results of the Technical Review of the SWRCB’s SED – Chapter 19.4. Draft report prepared for the Turlock Irrigation District of California by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Challenger, W., K. English, T. Carruthers. 2016. Integrated Spatial and Age Mark Recapture (ISAMR) Model (v1.6) – Progress report for work completed in 2015. Draft report prepared for the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation of Victoria, B.C. by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Robichaud, R., C. Wright and Challenger, W. 2016. Rocky Reach Reservoir White Sturgeon Indexing and Monitoring Program, Initial Phase (2012-2015). Draft report prepared for Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County, Washington by Blue Leaf Environmental, Inc., Ellensburg, Wash., and LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Challenger, W., K. English, N. Hume, and P. Baker. 2015. Scenario testing and evaluation of the CDFW SALSIM Version 2.0 model under varying hydrology assumptions for the lower Tuolumne River. Draft report prepared for the Turlock Irrigation District of California by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C., and Stillwater Sciences. Wright, C., D. Robichaud, and W. Challenger. 2015. Rocky Reach Reservoir White Sturgeon Adult Monitoring – Update 2014. Draft report prepared for Public Utility District No. 1 of Chelan County, Washington by Blue Leaf Environmental, Inc., Ellensburg, Wash., and LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Challenger, W.O., J. Rourke, and R. Ydenberg. 2015. Roberts Bank Terminal 2 technical report: shorebird foraging opportunity during migration. LGL Report EA3570. Prepared for Port Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C., by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C., and Hemmera Evirochem Inc., Vancouver B.C. Challenger, W.O., and J. Rourke. 2015. Roberts Bank Terminal 2 technical report: overwintering dunlin foraging opportunity. LGL Report EA3570. Prepared for Port Metro Vancouver, Vancouver, B.C., by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C., and Hemmera Evirochem Inc., Vancouver B.C. Challenger, W.O. 2014. 2015 predator study: precision and design considerations. LGL Report EA3384.7. Prepared for Turlock Irrigation District – Turlock, Calif., and Modesto Irrigation District – Modesto, Calif., by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C.
Wendell O. Challenger, LGL Limited – Résumé Page 3 Challenger, W.O. 2014. 2015 predator study: precision and design considerations. LGL Report EA3384.7. Prepared for Turlock Irrigation District – Turlock, Calif., and Modesto Irrigation District – Modesto, Calif., by LGL Limited, Sidney, B.C. Last revision: 08 May 2019
Wendell O. Challenger, LGL Limited – Résumé Page 4
Dr. Mary Lou Lauria
Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Overview Dr. Lauria is an environmental consultant with over 20 years’ experience. She specializes in the strategic development of environmental teams and the delivery of community communications, impact assessments, permits and approvals, compliance and monitoring programs. She has extensive experience in structuring and managing large Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) teams for industrial sectors in offshore, onshore, and remote locations. Dr. Lauria has provided strategic planning advice to clients across Canada and globally in support of their permitting and approvals planning and has led technical working groups in support the EIA process. Working closely with Indigenous groups has been an integral part of project delivery throughout the consultation and engagement process and during working group reviews. Dr. Lauria has led teams across the globe to collaborate and deliver successful project outcomes. She has managed resource forecasts, established budgets, tracked progress and built teams. She has identified strategic areas for growth and established plans to enable success. She is embedded in the WorleyParsons/Advisian Global E&S network and has been able to learn and share lessons from around the world. Dr. Lauria has directed numerous environmental and social studies for developments in Canada, US, UK, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Algeria, Sierra Leone, Gabon, Mozambique, Benin, Ukraine, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador, Colombia, Bahamas, Suriname, Guyane and Trinidad. As well as terrestrial baseline studies, she has managed numerous offshore environmental surveys (including in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean, English Channel and the North Sea) and planned for marine mammal monitoring programs. She has specific experience working under international (World Bank, IFC, Equator Principles), federal and provincial regulations. She is an experienced facilitator, has conducted environmental training programs, a University guest lecturer, MSc. thesis supervisor, external examiner and presented technical papers at several international conferences. Her PhD research was focused on phytoplankton in estuaries and shallow coastal waters focusing on biophysical interactions in a dynamic estuarine system.
Areas of Expertise . Team strategic direction and management . Coastal and ocean monitoring programs . Client liaison and project development . Phytoplankton dynamics . Strategic planning and business development . Estuarine biological oceanography . Preparing and managing annual budgets . Training and capacity building . Strategic Direction of Environment, Social . Indigenous, public and stakeholder and Health Impact Assessments (ESHIA) engagement . Project leadership of international, multi- . ESG metrics and sustainability reporting disciplinary teams
Curriculum vitae Mary Lou Lauria Advisian Page 1 of 11 Commercial in Confidence
Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Relevant Experience
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - ongoing Project Director and technical director for specialist biofilm studies in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - 2015 Technical director for Hyperspectral Analysis study in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - 2015 Technical director for Biofilm Annual Variability Studies in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - 2015 Technical director for Biofilm Regeneration Studies in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - 2015 Technical director for desktop study reviewing Physical Factors affecting Biofilm in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Director │Roberts Bank Terminal 2 │ Port of Vancouver │ 2012 - 2015 Technical director for Critical Shear Strength of Biofilm in support of an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed terminal 2 expansion at Roberts Bank.
Project Sponsor │Terminal A Expansion Project Compliance │ Rio Tinto │ 2015 - ongoing Project Sponsor for an EAC amendment, commitments management and compliance tracking during the early works and construction phases of the Terminal expansion project.
Project Director │Private Equity ESG metrics │ Kayne Anderson │ 2017 - ongoing Technical Director for the delivery of environmental, social and governance metrics recommendations for a Private Equity company and their portfolio organisations. Presentation at the annual ESG workshop and conference in 2017 and 2018.
Project Sponsor │Site Decommissioning │ Nexen │ 2017-2019 Project Sponsor for site decommissioning services on Digby Island in support of restoration of the site proposed for Aurora LNG.
Project Sponsor │Due Diligence │ Confidential │ 2016-ongoing Project Sponsor for numerous due diligence reviews for potential acquisitions targets across Canada, US and South America.
Project Sponsor │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Petronas │ 2017-2018 Sponsor for an EIA for an Offshore Seismic Study in the offshore waters of Suriname, in northern South America.
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Project Sponsor │EIA & Permitting for Iqaluit and Pond Inlet│ Government of Nunavut │ 2016-2017 Project Sponsor for the permitting, NIRB EIA Process, baseline studies and geotechnical field program for proposed marine infrastructure in Iqaluit and Pond Inlet.
Project Sponsor │Environmental Permitting, Kemano│ Rio Tinto │ 2015-ongoing Project Sponsor for baseline studies, permitting, First Nations support and regulatory strategy conducted in support of the Tunnel expansion in Kemano.
Project Sponsor │Baseline Studies Iqaluit │ Government of Nunavut │ 2015 Project Sponsor for baseline studies conducted in Iqaluit in support of a future proposed EIA submission to NIRB.
Project Sponsor │Terminal A Expansion Project EA │ Rio Tinto Alcan │ 2013-2015 Project Sponsor for a BC EAO reviewed Environmental Assessment for a new Marine Terminal in Kitimat, BC. EA Certificate received December 2015. Technical Direction for the pre-application phases and attendance at community meetings and Haisla Nation engagement. EA Certificate was achieved in December 2015.
Project Sponsor │ Grassy Point LNG │ Woodside │ 2015 - 2018 Project Sponsor for a substituted BC EAO reviewed Environmental Assessment for a new LNG facility near Prince Rupert, BC. Submission and approval of AIR in 2016.
Project Director │ Environmental Permitting review │ Royal Vancouver Yacht Club │ 2015 Disposal at Sea permit application.
Project Director │ Environmental Permitting review │ TransCanada │ 2014 Permitting overview and environmental support for a subsea pipeline route in northwestern BC.
Technical Director │ Permitting and Approvals Study │ Confidential Client │ 2013 Technical Director of a permitting and approvals study for a coastal facility expansion in Prince Rupert, BC.
Project Director │ Site Selection Studies │ Confidential Clients │ 2013 Numerous site selection studies for new coastal LNG facilities in BC.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Staatsolie │ 2013 Technical Director for an EIA for an Offshore Seismic Study in the coastal waters of Suriname, in northern South America.
Technical Director, Project Manager│ Environmental Assessment │Confidential Client │ 2012 Project Manager and Technical Director for the Environmental Assessment of a new open pit mine and port facility in Northern BC.
Technical Director │ Preliminary Permitting │ Confidential Client │ 2012 Technical Direction for the early permitting for mine exploration related to a new coal mine development in northeastern BC.
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Technical Director │ Site Selection Study │ Confidential Client │ 2012 Technical Director for a site selection study for a new LNG facility along the BC coastline. Environmental and social constraints analysis.
Environment Program Manager │ Container Capacity Improvement Project │ Port Metro Vancouver 2011- 2012 Environment Program Manager for Phase 1 of the proposed Expansion of a Container Terminal in BC.
Technical Director │ ENVID Workshop │ Confidential Client │ 2011 Facilitator for an Environmental Issues Identification (ENVID) Workshop.
Technical Director │ Pre-Feasibility Assessment │ Confidential Client │ 2010 Technical Director for the environmental components of the Pre-feasibility assessment for a new marine terminal in Stewart, Northern BC.
Technical Director │ Habitat Assessment, Permitting│ Royal Vancouver Yacht Club │ 2010 Technical Director for the foreshore habitat assessment of a new proposed expansion. Review of Disposal at Sea application for dredging.
Technical Director │ Assessment Report │ Ridley Terminals Inc. │ 2010 Technical Director for a CEA Agency screening report for a proposed expansion program in Prince Rupert, BC.
Technical Director │ Marine Environmental Baseline │ African Mineral Ltd.│ 2010 Technical Director for the Marine Environmental Baseline work in support of the EIA for Tonkolili Iron Ore Project in Sierra Leone.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Gazprom │ 2010 Technical Director and senior reviewer for an EIA for an offshore exploration well in Area 19, Libya.
Project Director │ Marine-Mammal Monitoring Program │ Gems/Confidential Client │ 2010 - 2012 Project Director for a long-term marine-mammal monitoring program. Project involved the deployment of passive acoustic monitors – offshore Gabon. The project included routine monitoring and assessment from Marine Acoustic Receiving Units (MARUs) deployed with Cornell University and high frequency acoustic monitoring devices from the Sea Mammal Research Unit (SMRU).
Project Director │ Ecological Footprint Tool │ Statoil │ 2010 Project Director for the development of a new Ecological Footprint Tool for early screening.
Project Director │ Environmental and Social Impact Assessment │ Anadarko │ 2010 Project Director for a review of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for an exploration drilling program, Offshore Mozambique.
Project Director │ Environmental and Social Impact Assessment │ ERC, Egypt │ 2010 Project Director for refinery upgrade project preparing an ESIA to meet International Lender requirements (IFC and EIB standards).
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Project Manager │ West Nile Delta Project │ BP, Egypt │ 2009 Scoping ESIA for the West Nile Delta Project. Coordination of baseline programs and ESIA reporting.
Project Director │ Wadi Sawawin │ London Mining, Saudi Arabia │ 2008-2009
ESHIA for proposed new iron ore mine. Coordination of baseline programs and ESHIA reporting to meet PME, Royal Commission and World Bank standards.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessments │ Various │ 2006-2009 Completed a number of IERAs and EIAs for seismic and drilling stages of offshore oil and gas activity in the Caribbean, including Suriname, Bahamas and Guyane. Customers included: Maersk, Hardman Resources, Staatsolie, Repsol YPF, Inpex, and Murphy Oil.
Project Manager │ Environmental Evaluation │ Kerr-McGee, Offshore Caribbean │ 2006 Completed a preliminary environmental evaluation for proposed offshore activities.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessments │ Japex, Nippon Oil, and CNPC │ 2005 Completed a number of EIAs for offshore seismic activity in Libyan waters.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Union Fenosa and SEGAS │ 2000 Environmental Impact Assessment for a proposed marine outfall in the Mediterranean Sea, Damietta Port, Egypt. Good practice recommendations were presented for routing and burial techniques of the 500 m outfall. Effluent dispersion models (UM-Plume, CORMIX) were conducted.
Project Manager │ Romania Biodiversity Assessment │ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology │ 2000 Review of the biodiversity techniques implemented in the management of Protected forests in Romania.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ MW Kellogg │ 2000 Completion of an EIA for the proposed SEGAS LNG facility, Mediterranean Sea, Damietta Port, Egypt. This project included ecological surveys, air and noise monitoring, surface water and coastal monitoring. A public meeting was also held in Damietta. Full range of models for air, noise and marine was applied.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Kerr-McGee (now Anadarko) │ 1999 EIA for proposed deepwater exploratory drilling, Gulf of Guinea, Benin, West Africa.
Project Manager │ Environmental Statement │ EDC Ecuador │ 1999 Environmental Statement for the development and production, industrialization and transportation of natural gas. Marine Component – Offshore platform and benthic pipeline transport to an onshore facility, Block 3, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ KBR, Egypt │ 1999-2002 Completion of an EIA for a proposed Ammonia facility in the Suez Industrial Zone. This project had numerous phases and included ecological surveys, air and noise monitoring, surface water and coastal monitoring. World Bank and Equator Principles applied.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ EMethanex, Egypt │ 2002 Completion of an EIA for a proposed methanol facility, Damietta Port. This project included ecological surveys, air and noise monitoring, surface water and coastal monitoring. Full range of models for air, noise and marine. World Bank and Equator Principles applied.
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ EAgrium, Egypt │ 2002 Completion of an EIA for a proposed fertiliser facility. This project included ecological surveys, air and noise monitoring, surface water and coastal monitoring. Full range of models for air, noise and marine. World Bank and Equator Principles applied.
Project Manager, Technical Director│ EIAs / Facility Audits │ Repsol │ 2001 Project management and technical direction for an EIS and facility audit for a proposed 3D seismic survey. These two projects (Reggane Region and Hassi Messaoud) had many phases with additional site surveys required through the Blocks, Saharan Desert, Algeria.
Project Manager, Technical Director │ EIAs / Facility Audits │ Various │ 2001 Project management and technical direction of approximately 50 EIS and facility audits for oil and gas activities in the Saharan Desert, Libya. Customers included: REMSA, Oxy, Statoil, BG, Japex.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Orascom / Sorfert │ 2004 Technical Direction for an EIS for a proposed fertiliser facility in Arzew, Algeria. Project included full baseline surveys, air and noise modelling, outfall modelling.
Project Manager │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ KBR, Skikda │ 2002-2004 Project management of an EIA for an upgrade of an existing LNG facility. This project had numerous phases and included ecological surveys, air and noise monitoring and surface water monitoring.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ Alutrint Ltd │ 2002 Project review and technical direction of the EIA for an aluminum smelter complex submitted to the Trinidad and Tobago regulators.
Technical Director │ Environmental Statement │ Ma’aden │ 2000 Third Party World Bank / Equator Principles compliance review for an Environmental Statement for a phosphate mine and chemical complex, Saudi Arabian Phosphate Company.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessment │ StatoilHydro, Egypt │ 2002 Compliance review for an EIA for seismic acquisition off the coast of Egypt.
Technical Director │ Environmental Impact Assessments │ REAL, Trinidad │ 2005 Technical direction for the EIAs prepared for two proposed new port developments: Port Lisas and Brighton Port.
Technical Director │ Management Programme Review │ BP / International Association of Oil & Gas Producers │ 2005 Review and recommendations for the Environmental, Social, Health Risk Management Programme (eSHRIMP) to be launched by the OGP.
Technical Director │ BG / International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) │ 1999 Comparative review of OGP’s eSHRIMP with IPIECA’s ‘Key Biodiversity Considerations in the Oil and Gas Lifecycle’ tool.
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Technical Director │ Baseline Study Development │ Nippon Oil, Libya │ 2006 Design of an offshore chemical and biological baseline study for seawater and sediment off the coast of Libya.
Technical Director │ Marine Monitoring Programme │ BG (ELNG) │ 2006 Design of a marine monitoring programme for a proposed LNG facility, Idku, Egypt.
Environmental Oceanographer │ Floating Storage Regasification Unit │ BHP Billiton│ 2004 Calculation of ichthyoplankton volumes during ballast exchange for an FSRU, California, USA.
Environmental Oceanographer │ Dye Tracer Study │ Orange County │ 2003 Field assessment of water quality parameters at a Cooling Water Outfall, Huntington Beach, CA.
Environmental Oceanographer │ Oceanographic Surveys │ EDC Ecuador │ 2003 Technical management of oceanographic surveys, Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador. Full oceanographic data sets were collected and assessed, including biology, physics and chemistry of the water column and sediments. Sampling and data collection at four stations around the platform site, including 12-hours data collection of current velocity and direction at one site, using an RCM 7. A full program was conducted, including water physics/chemistry and sediment chemistry/biology.
Environmental Oceanographer │ Baseline Oceanographic Assessment │ Union Fenosa │ 1999- 2000 Baseline oceanographic assessment along the proposed route of a cooling water outfall in the eastern Mediterranean. Full oceanographic survey was conducted including current study, general physical assessment (CTD) and biological sampling of the water column and sediments. Bathymetric survey was also included. The oceanographic parameters determined by the field survey were used to model (CORMIX) the proposed design of the outfall.
Field Chemist│Contaminated Site Investigation │ National Grid│ 1999 – 2000 Assessment of Field techniques for analytical methods used in the determination of ammonia, phenol, cyanide and PAHs.
Environmental Consultant│Ecological Impact Assessment│ National Grid│ 1999 Review of Ecological Impact Assessment for the Mixed-Use development and associated Road Bridge Link, Lostock Hall, Preston.
Environmental Consultant│Ecological Impact Assessment│ Wales and West Utilities │ 1999 Review of a Level I and II Environmental Impact Assessment for pipeline construction from Oake to Staplegrove in Somerset.
Environmental Consultant│Ecological Impact Assessment│ Wales and West Utilities │ 1999 Review of Extended Phase 1 Ecological Survey in support of pipeline replacement works for a 1.2 km distance in Wroughton.
Environmental Consultant│Ecological Impact Assessment│ Wales and West Utilities │ 1999 Review of a Level I and II Environmental Impact Assessment for medium pressure pipeline replacement works. The proposed medium pressure pipeline was planned to be laid for a distance approximately 7.6 km. St Day to Truro.
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Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Environmental Consultant│Ecological Impact Assessment│ Wales and West Utilities │ 1999 Review of Ecological and Archaeological assessment of this project. We evaluated two possible options for the pipeline works: replacing the existing mains along the structure of the Bideford Long Bridge or installing new pipelines by directionally drilling under the River Torridge, designated as a ‘Main’ river by the Environment Agency.
Research Field Programs
Consultant │ Oceanographic Research │ Fawley ARL Ltd. │ 1997 In association with the marine environmental research institute and nuclear industry in Tokyo, Japan. Assessing the effect of chlorine in cooling water on phytoplankton productivity.
Consultant │ Dredging Monitoring │ Applied Coastal Research (ACR) │ 1997 Bathymetry ground-truthing in Bristol Channel, UK, for aggregate dredging company. Sediment cores (3 m) collected within the boundaries of license application using a vibrocore, positioning with DGPS (±1 m).
PhD Research │ Oceanographic Surveys │ Southampton Oceanographic Centre │ 1994-1997 Numerous short-term studies conducted at the University of Southampton in Southampton Water estuary using the Department of Oceanography’s research vessel Bill Conway.
PhD Research │ Oceanographic Surveys │ NERC │ 1996 Solent/English Channel surveys on board Scimitar in collaboration with the EU MAST funded project, FLUXMANCHE. Routine monitoring of current velocity, salinity, temperature, chlorophyll a, suspended sediments, phytoplankton and zooplankton.
PhD Research │ Oceanographic Surveys │ UK Department of the Environment (DoE) │ 1994-1997 Southampton Water and Solent Surveys using the Department of Oceanography’s research vessel Bill Conway. Routine monitoring as part of the SONUS (Southern Nutrient Study) project funded by UK DoE.
PhD Research │ Research Assistant │ University of Southampton│ 1994-1997 Plymouth Sound surveys on board Squilla, Plymouth Marine Laboratory’s research vessel. Teaching practical methods as part of an undergraduate training program in oceanographic techniques.
PhD Research │ Research Assistant │ NERC│ 1996 Three-week EU research cruise (RRS Challenger) in the Dutch coastal waters. The main objective of this cruise was to measure a suite of geophysical forcings that influence air-sea gas transfer (ASGAMAGE).
PhD Research │ Research Assistant │ NERC│ 1995 Two-week NERC cruise. Land-Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) research cruise on board RRS Challenger. This focused on nutrient uptake (using radio-labelled N and P) and phytoplankton production (C14).
Curriculum Vitae Mary Lou Lauria Advisian Page 8 of 11 Commercial in Confidence
Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Qualifications & Affiliations . Ph.D. NERC sponsored research, Physical Constraints on Phytoplankton in Estuaries and Shallow Coastal Waters, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK, 1998 . B.Sc. Marine and Freshwater Biology (Hons. First Class), Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK, 1992 . Chartered Marine Scientist and Member of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (IMarEST) . Member of the Inter-Agency Committee on Marine Science and Technology (IACMST) working group for Underwater Sound . Member of the International Association of Impact Assessment
Work History 2019- present Vice President – Environment & Society, Advisian, Global
Public (External) Examiner MSc Thesis. Canham, R. Slime, Safety and Shorebirds: 2019 Biofilm Production and Grazing by Migrating Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri). Simon Fraser University for the Degree of Master of Science
2017-2019 Vice President – Environment, Society & Geoscience, Advisian, Americas
2015-2017 Vice President – Environment & Society, Advisian, Americas
MSc Thesis Supervisor. Blais, C. MSc. Thesis: The resilience of biofilm on an 2014 intertidal mudflat. September 2014. Royal Roads University. MSc Environment and Management
EMA Lead, North America Director, EMA, WorleyParsons, Canada 2014 - 2015 Managing Consultant for the Global Environmental Management Practice EMA Lead, Canada, WorleyParsons, Vancouver, BC, Canada 2010 - 2014 Managing Consultant for Global Environmental Management & Approvals Director ESHIA and Marine Services, WorleyParsons (Infrastructure & 2006 - 2010 Environment), Europe 2004 - 2006 Technical Director, Komex Europe, Bristol, UK Environmental Oceanographer: Komex EU, Bristol, UK and Komex EU, Dublin, 1998 - 2004 Ireland (2001-2004) 1997 Consultant to Fawley ARL Ltd., Southampton, UK 1997 Consultant to Applied Coastal Research (ACR), Southampton, UK 1994 - 1998 PhD Oceanography, Southampton Oceanographic Centre, Southampton, UK Graduate Technician (Analytical Chemistry), Quintiles UK Ltd., Ledbury, 1992 - 1994 Herefordshire, UK
Curriculum Vitae Mary Lou Lauria Advisian Page 9 of 11 Commercial in Confidence
Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
Publications & Presentations . Lauria, M.L., and Miguelez, J.R. “Hurry up and wait. When is the right time to engage?” Paper and presentation at the Gastech 2018 Conference in Barcelona, Spain. September, 2018. . Najera, I.,Miguelez, J.R., Ostolaza, T., Firth, S., Lauria, M.L., Salvador, C., and Santamaria, C. The Environmental Management Index (EMI) - A proposed methodology for environmental risks and impacts management for the Oil & Gas Industry. Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Abu Dhabi conference, April 2018. . Lauria, M.L., and Palmer, S. “Social Performance – can you get it right?” Paper and presentation at the Gastech 2017 Conference in Japan, April 2017. . Palmer, S., Bracken, R., Lauria, M.L. “Successful Projects created through advancing community resilience.” IAIA Conference 2016. . Martin, C. Lauria, M.L. and Blais, C. “Distribution and Composition of Biofilm in the Fraser River Estuary, Vancouver, British Columbia.” Presentation at Salish Sea Conference, 2016 . Blais, C., Martin, C and Lauria, M.L. Natural Regeneration of biofilm in the Fraser River Estuary, Vancouver, British Columbia. Poster Presentation. . Blais, C. MSc. Thesis: The resilience of biofilm on an intertidal mudflat. September 2014. Royal Roads University. MSc Environment and Management. . Lauria, M.L., and Wright, S. “Social Licence: People can stop projects.” Paper and presentation at the Gastech 2015 Conference in Singapore, October, 2015. . Lauria, M.L., Hooper, M., and Blum, J.C. “Offshore EIA and compliance monitoring in a sensitive region: Gulf of Guayaquil, Ecuador.” Paper at the IAIA Conference, Colombia, May 28 to June 1, 2001. . Lauria, M.L. “Drill cuttings: Should they be removed?” Short note for British Chamber of Commerce, Ecuador, 2000. . Lauria, M.L., Purdie, D.A., and Sharples, J. “Contrasting phytoplankton distributions controlled by tidal turbulence in an estuary.” Journal of Marine Systems, 21: 189-197, 1999. . Treweek, J., Lauria, M.L., and Bracken, R. “Impact assessment for Red Sea Tourism development: Why biodiversity slips through the net.” IAIA conference, Glasgow, June 15 to 19, 1999. . Lauria, M.L. “Physical constraints on phytoplankton in estuaries and shallow coastal waters.” PhD thesis, Southampton Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, p. 175, 1998. . Oppenheim, D., Boxall S., Dransfeld, L., and Lauria, M.L. “Phytoplankton bloom formation, pigment content, and their impact on Case 2 waters in Southampton Water, UK.” Submitted to Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1998. . Lauria, M.L. Session chair: Coastal zones. “Introduction to the resource workshop.” Coastal Area Management: Integrating environmental objectives into regional planning, ISOCARP/IAIA conference, Antalya, Turkey, March 25 to 29, 1998. . Lauria, M.L., Purdie, D.A., and Sharples, J. “The role of turbulence influencing phytoplankton dynamics in a macro tidal estuary.” 29th International Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics, Liège, Belgium, May 1997.
Curriculum Vitae Mary Lou Lauria Advisian Page 10 of 11 Commercial in Confidence
Dr. Mary Lou Lauria Vice President –Environment & Society | Global
. Lauria, M.L., Hanayama, S.I., Sawaguti, T., Yamada, H., Isono, R., and Davies, M.H. “The response of three species of marine diatom to chlorination.” Confidential Consultancy Report, Fawley ARL, Southampton, UK, 1997. . Wright, P., Hydes, D., Lauria, M.L., Sharples, J., and Purdie, D.A. “Data buoy measurements of phytoplankton dynamics in Southampton Water, UK: A temperate latitude estuary with high nutrient inputs.” German Journal of Hydrography, 49(2/3): 203-211, 1997. . Upstill-Goddard, R., Barnes, J., Broadgate, W., Carse, F., Downer, R., Ho, D., Lauria, M.L., Leigh, S., Malin, G., Nightingale, P., Sjoberg, T., and Uher, G. The ASGAMAGE experiment, October 16 to November 1, 1996: Gas transfer velocities and biogenic gas fluxes in the southern North Sea, NERC Cruise Report: CH#129, 1996. . Lauria, M.L., and Purdie, D.A. “The avoidance of strong ebb currents in a partially mixed, macro tidal estuary by phytoplankton populations: contrasting vertical distributions of Rhizosolenia delicatula (Diatom) and Prorocentrum micans (Dinoflagellate).” UK Oceanography 1996, University of Wales, Bangor, September 1996. . Lauria, M.L., and Purdie, D.A. “The direct avoidance of strong ebb currents by phytoplankton species in a partially mixed estuary.” ECSA 26 and ERF 96 Symposium, Middelburg, Holland, September 1996. . Lauria, M.L., and Purdie, D.A. “Phytoplankton populations in Southampton Water: Tidal influences and the effect of the spring-neap tidal cycle.” Southern Nutrient Study (SONUS) and Joint Nutrient Study (JONUS) meeting, Southampton Oceanography Centre, March 1996.
Curriculum Vitae Mary Lou Lauria Advisian Page 11 of 11 Commercial in Confidence DEREK RAY, M.SC., P.GEO.
Senior Geomorphologist – Principal
Mr. Derek Ray is a Senior Geomorphologist and Principal with NHC. He has over 20 Education years of experience applying coastal and river geomorphology theory and knowledge to various studies and engineering projects in British Columbia, Washington State M.Sc. Geography, Simon Fraser University, 2003 and overseas. Through formal training and experience, Mr. Ray has developed strong project management, leadership and interpersonal skills, and has led numerous B.Sc. Geography, McGill successful projects. His approach focuses on established, science-based University, 1994 methodology, innovative thinking, and client satisfaction, which he applies to projects of all sizes, from rapid morphologic assessment to multi-year studies for License/Affiliations large infrastructure projects. In addition to strong organisational skills, he enjoys Association of Professional applying his broad-based knowledge of natural systems to complex problems Engineers and Geoscientists of involving large teams of scientists and practitioners from a range of disciplines. British Columbia Canadian Water Resources Mr. Ray has extensive experience in coastal geomorphology, studying sediment Association dynamics, shorelines, tidal channel formation, tidal flat evolution, and the interactions between coastal processes and human-made structures. This Years Experience experience has been applied on several large-scale investigations having an 22 Environmental Assessment component for large port developments as well as to offer solutions to local issues requiring sustainable shoreline management options. Areas of Expertise Project Management Selected Project Experience Fluvial Geomorphology Coastal Geomorphology Watershed Processes Terminal 2 Container Capacity Improvement Project, British Columbia (for Coastal Geomorphology Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project Manager and senior coastal Hydrology geomorphologist responsible for leading a study to investigate the potential changes to coastal geomorphology at Roberts Bank associated with a proposed 3-berth Hydro-geomorphic Hazards terminal expansion project. The proposed terminal is located in the Fraser River Fish Habitat delta, BC, and has the potential to alter the natural regime of coastal processes that shape and maintain the inter-tidal and sub-tidal portions of the delta, which supports Watershed Restoration a number of valued ecosystem components. The Coastal Geomorphology study Environment informs the effects assessment of numerous valued components, including marine vegetation, fish, mammals, and birds. Investigative techniques included numerical modelling using Telemac3D and interpretive geomorphology to predict future physical conditions. Field investigations included instrumentation to measure waves, currents, salinity, and sediment transport, as well as sediment sampling and measurements of erosion and deposition patterns. Derek’s input to the investigation includes the following activities:
Leading the initial geomorphic studies to assess six potential terminal configurations and contributing to the overall options analysis;
Team leader for NHC’s technical geomorphic studies and one of the primary authors of the Technical Report and EIS chapter;
Participated in ongoing coordination between the environmental team and the engineering design team to identify proposed design modifications that would have the potential to reduce the magnitude of changes that the Project might have on coastal geomorphology processes;
water resource specialists Derek Ray
Integrator, working with the discipline leads for valued ecosystem components to ensure that the results of the coastal geomorphology study was correctly interpreted, and to identify potential gaps where new knowledge was required. This activity included extensive inter-team consultations on salinity conditions in relation to biofilm productivity;
Participated in engagement meetings and workshops that VFPA held with regulators and First Nations to share the results of the various studies and to respond to questions and review about study methodology;
Contributed to VFPA’s response to various Information Requests from the Review Panel; and
Member of the formal Panel hearing team.
Terminal 2 Container Capacity Improvement Project – Additional Technical Studies, British Columbia (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). In addition to the primary Coastal Geomorphology studies described above, Derek acted as the Project Manager and Team Lead on a number of associated additional technical studies that were required to be conducted as part of the overall project assessment. These studies included:
Additional modelling (physical and numerical) to assess tidal seepage flow through the temporary containment dykes along the inter-tidal portion of the proposed widened causeway;
Assessment of onsite habitat offsetting projects for interactions with coastal geomorphology processes and stability under wave and current conditions. Projects included salt marsh benches, eelgrass beds, inter-tidal beaches, sub-tidal rock reefs, and textured caisson facing; and
Assessment of potential wake generated by ships transiting the Strait of Georgia to call at the Project. Wake was predicted using an approach modified from existing methodology and assessed in the context of the existing wind-generated wave climate.
Point Whitney Boat Ramp Renovation Assessment, Washington State (for Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). WDFW operates a public boat ramp at Point Whitney, which requires ongoing maintenance to clear gravel and debris from the boat ramp. As part of developing a renovation plan for the facility, WDFW engaged NHC to conduct an assessment of sediment transport across the beach, examining sediment sources and estimating transport rates in order to evaluate options for reducing or eliminating future maintenance requirements. Derek Ray conducted a field assessment and integrated information from other team members who provided wind, wave, and sediment transport analysis.
Mud Bay Coastal Geomorphology Study, Surrey, British Columbia (for City of Surrey). The sedimentary condition of Mud Bay has implications for some of the potential coastal flood adaptation strategies being contemplated by the City of Surrey as a part of the Coastal Flood Adaptation Plan. The City of Surrey retained NHC to conduct a high-level coastal geomorphology assessment using available information to investigate the sedimentary condition of Mud Bay and understand the implications of this condition on sea level rise and coastal flood mitigation options. Derek was the Project Manager and one of the primary authors of the report, which cited background information and available data to assess changes in historical to present conditions, and implications for sea level rise and mitigation with respect to the sedimentological condition of Mud Bay.
YVR Richmond Habitat Compensation Review, Richmond, British Columbia (for City of Richmond). The City of Richmond engaged Derek Ray to conduct an assessment of a habitat bench that is proposed to be constructed as part of a redevelopment of a fuel terminal development on the Main Arm of the Fraser River. Derek conducted a site assessment, reviewed the success of similar habitat compensation benches, and offered advice for improvements to the design.
Iona Island Causeway Breach Analysis, Vancouver, British Columbia (for Raincoast Conservation Foundation). NHC was engaged to conduct an assessment of four options for breaching the Iona Island Causeway to improve habitat conditions. The causeway separates the Fraser River’s North Arm from the adjacent tidal flats and ties into the existing dykes. Breaching the causeway would allow the controlled exchange of saline and fresh water, and the transport of sediment across an area that was previously open to these processes. Derek is acting as the Project Manager of the
Page 2 of 15 Derek Ray technical studies, which includes numerical modelling and geomorphic interpretation of the potential changes that a breach might induce.
Sturgeon Bank Salt Marsh Retreat – Sediment Dynamics Study, Richmond, British Columbia (for BC Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural Resource Operations and British Columbia Conservation Foundation). As part of a three- year scientific investigation into causes of large-scale salt marsh retreat at Sturgeon Bank on the outer Fraser River delta, NHC was engaged to undertake detailed analysis of sediment dynamics across the tidal flats seaward of the salt marsh. Fine-scale sampling at 5 cm increments from pits excavated to 1+ m was undertaken by the NHC team to facilitate radiometric and sediment grain size analysis at a later date. Derek Ray acted as Project Manager and technical expert.
Trout Bay Overview-Level Sediment Transport Assessment, Klemtu, British Columbia (for Teranis Consulting Ltd. on behalf of Kitasoo/Xai’xais First Nation). Ongoing technical work has been undertaken to identify and quantify contaminants within Trout Bay and surrounding areas. Acting as Project Manager and Principal Investigator, the potential for sediments within contaminant “hot spots” to be mobilised or re-mobilised by natural or human-induced processes was assessed. The study relied on geomorphic interpretation of existing landforms, as well as numerical modelling of wind-driven waves to develop a sediment mobility index. The results will contribute to a quantitative Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment (HHERA).
Kendrick Island Breakwater Assessment, British Columbia (for West Vancouver Yacht Club). Kendrick Island is a small island within the Southern Gulf Islands of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Principal investigator responsible for conducting a geomorphic assessment of the potential changes to coastal processes that might arise as a result of a proposed expansion to an existing breakwater situated on a low point in the bedrock-controlled island. The expanded breakwater would provide added protection from waves and swell to an anchorage on the lee side of the small island. The report was submitted to the Islands Trust as part of a formal development application.
2015 Romaine River Estuary Geomorphic and Oceanographic Monitoring Project, Québec, (for Hydro Québec). Hydro Québec engaged NHC (via Lasalle NHC Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of NHC) to provide geomorphic and oceanographic data collection services as part of their commitment for environmental monitoring of the Romaine River estuary associated with construction of a series of hydroelectric dams on the Romaine River in northern Québec. NHC and LNI were responsible for all aspects of the monitoring program, which included ice mapping, flow measurements, salinity and temperature monitoring, installation of moored instruments, hydrographic surveys, and sediment sampling and analysis. Mr. Ray acted as Project Manager and Senior Geomorphologist for NHC, conducting field sampling of bed sediments, overseeing data collection and analysis, and contributing to and reviewing reports.
Roberts Bank Inter-Causeway Geomorphic Review, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Conducted a review of report predicting potential geomorphic response to the tidal flats within the inter-causeway area of Roberts Bank, Fraser River estuary, arising from a proposed stormwater treatment facility that would discharge stormwater runoff to the upper tidal flats. The review focused on erosion and tidal channel formation in an ecologically-sensitive area comprised of soft sediments and eelgrass ( Zostera Marina, Z. Japonica ). Results of the review were presented to the project proponent for review and potential modification of the project to reduce expected impacts.
Rennell Sound Boat Ramp and Breakwater Design, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, (for BC Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural Resources Operations). Project Manager and senior coastal geomorphologist responsible for a multi- phase project to develop a new boat ramp facility on the west coast of Haida Gwaii as part of the creation of a new forest recreation site. Initial phases included a scoping study to determine the preferred boat ramp location and a cost- benefit analysis of various approaches to install a breakwater. NHC collected bathymetric surveys, developed the detailed design, and provided support during the construction of the boat ramp. A follow-on contract was issued under which NHC developed conceptual design options for a rubble mound breakwater and then participated in a public meeting to receive feedback from local users. A detailed design was then developed of the preferred alternative.
Sturgeon Bank Coastal Geomorphic Modelling Services, British Columbia (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Lead coastal geomorphologist and Project Manager for NHC’s study of sediment transport on Sturgeon Banks in support of a Port Metro Vancouver’s Habitat Enhancement Program. The study was primarily conducted using Telemac-3D to investigate bedload movement induced by wind-driven waves and tidal currents. The numerical modelling results were Page 3 of 15 Derek Ray interpreted in the context of a comprehensive geomorphic assessment that relied on existing studies, historical airphotos, and surveys. Study results were communicated to a management committee on behalf of PMV in the form of written reports and presentations.
Roberts Bank Inter-Causeway Eelgrass Mitigation Modelling, British Columbia (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project Manager and lead coastal geomorphologist supervising a modelling study of tidal exchange in an area of mudflat adjacent to the Deltaport Third Berth structure in the inter-causeway region of Roberts Bank. The investigation utilised HEC-RAS modelling to investigate a potential solution to tidal water impoundment on the tidal flats that was thought to be causing poor water quality, leading to die-off of eelgrass. The study included field data collection through a full tidal cycle to measure water levels, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen concentrations. The study inputs were used by Klohn-Crippen Berger to develop a modification to the existing structure to mitigate the environmental issues.
City of Campbell River Marine Foreshore Habitat Assessment and Restoration Plan, British Columbia, (for City of Campbell River). Project Manager and lead coastal geomorphologist responsible for coordinating a team of professionals investigating the condition and management of sixteen kilometres of marine foreshore that is managed by the City of Campbell River. The multi-disciplinary team is comprised of geomorphologists, engineers, biologists, and landscape architects with the common goal of assisting the City to develop an integrated approach to planning for development, managing ongoing and emerging issues related to shoreline erosion, and to improving habitat conditions.
Deltaport Third Berth Adaptive Management Strategy Monitoring Program, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project Manager responsible for the design and implementation of the coastal geomorphology portion of a long-term (7-year) adaptive management monitoring program. The program evaluates sediment and tidal flow dynamics related to construction of the Third Berth Expansion Project on the ecologically sensitive Roberts Bank tidal flats. Investigative techniques include depth of disturbance rods, collection and analysis of sediment samples, automated turbidity and wave monitoring instruments, and interpretation of airphotos. Field investigations occur quarterly during low tides, which during winter months results in field work at night. Ongoing results are presented in quarterly interim reports and are summarized and analysed each year in an annual report.
Vancouver Island Transmission Reinforcement, British Columbia, (for British Columbia Transmission Corporation). Project Manager and Primary Investigator to study and monitor the effects of power transmission cable removal and replacement on the tidal flats at Roberts Bank. Existing high voltage power cables cross the ecologically sensitive inter- tidal marine habitat of Roberts Bank, part of the Fraser River delta. A study of the potential hydraulic effects of removal and upgrade of the cables, with particular focus on the potential for formation of tidal channels was undertaken. As follow-up to the initial study, a comprehensive and systematic monitoring program has been developed and implemented for inspection of the cable alignment and early detection of erosion of the tidal flats that could lead to the formation of tidal channels. Field Inspection Reports are filed with provincial and federal environmental agencies.
Roberts Bank Dendritic Channel Restoration Design, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project geomorphologist for a study that investigated options for restoring the large area of dendritic channels in the inter- causeway area of Roberts Bank. The area presents serious challenges for construction equipment because of the narrow window of suitable tides. The work involved developing a project solution that would function within the particular hydrodynamic conditions of the channels but that also satisfied the factors limiting constructability. Proposed solutions were vetted through a review committee comprised of client representatives and the various review agencies.
Deltaport Container Expansion Coastal Geomorphology Study, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project geomorphologist responsible for the assessment of historic and ongoing geomorphic impacts of port developments at Roberts Bank on the Fraser delta. The study includes analysis of long-term changes in sedimentation, tidal currents, and waves in order to gain an understanding of the dominant processes controlling the physical environment of the tidal flats. This knowledge was applied to an analysis of the potential impacts that would arise from increased dredging and expansion of the terminal, as well as developing mitigation options to offset these impacts.
Page 4 of 15 Derek Ray
Shoreline Assessment at Goose Spit, British Columbia, (for Comox Valley Regional District). Coastal geomorphologist responsible for investigation of large-scale geomorphic processes. Goose Spit is the site of a popular regional public park on the east coast of Vancouver Island near Comox, BC. This feature is formed from sediments moving southwards through longshore drift that are sourced from eroding cliffs comprised of Quadra Sands. Interruption of the sediment supply as well as large winter storms have caused the spit to be breached in various locations in the past decades. The Regional District has launched this investigation to determine the long-term viability of maintaining this popular public park.
Deltaport Container Expansion Habitat Mitigation and Compensation Project, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project geomorphologist responsible for conducting a detailed study of tidal channels at Roberts Bank to develop recommendations for a physical intervention that would halt further channel expansion and stabilize the existing channels. Proposed intervention includes sediment removal and channel armouring using non- traditional armouring materials that are found naturally in the environment. Detailed construction planning was required to ensure that available equipment could operate safely within the inter-tidal environment while avoiding damage to the surrounding sensitive eelgrass habitat.
Hazard Assessment Hazard Assessment for Unnamed Creek Pipeline Crossings (NPS 24 TMPL and NPS 36 TMX), Alberta (for Kinder Morgan Canada). Mr. Ray acted as the senior geomorphologist to assess debris flood and debris flow potential at Kinder Morgan’s Trans Mountain and Trans Mountain Expansion pipelines crossing of Unnamed Creek in the Canadian Rockies near the Town of Jasper, Alberta. The assessment was conducted based on a site visit conducted by other NHC professionals, morphometric analysis, and examination of recent and historic airphotos. The assessment results contributed to an analysis of potential scour and channel erosion at the pipeline crossing location, leading to a determination of overall vulnerability.
Fairmont Creek Debris Flood Mitigation, British Columbia (for Regional District of East Kootenay, BC). Mr. Ray provided senior geomorphology review of the design hazard event to assist with design of the mitigation infrastructure. A key outcome was the classification of the design event as a debris flood rather than a debris flow event and this review informed the fundamental design options available to the community.
South Alouette River Flood Hazard Assessment for Proposed Development at 240 th Street, Maple Ridge, British Columbia (for City of Maple Ridge). A residential development proposed for a piece of land situated in the mapped floodplain of the South Alouette River in Maple Ridge, British Columbia was assessed using MikeFlood to determine if the project would result in increased flood hazard to surrounding properties, as well as to develop concept-level flood and scour mitigation strategies and to confirm the Flood Construction Level. Derek was the Project Manager and was responsible for overall project review and ongoing communication with the client, including presentation of results at public meetings.
Kinder Morgan Pipeline Unnamed Creek Risk Assessment, Alberta (for Kinder Morgan Canada). Provided senior technical review of the geomorphic risk assessment portion of a routine monitoring report of the Trans Mountain and Trans Mountain Expansion Pipelines across the fan of Unnamed Creek, which is potentially prone to debris flood and debris flow processes.
Kingcome River Flood and Erosion Hazard Assessment, British Columbia (for Dzawada’enuxw First Nation). Senior Geomorphologist and overall Project Manager leading an investigation of the combined hazards associated with flooding in Kingcome River, including overbank flooding, channel migration and avulsion, sedimentation, and glacial lake outburst floods. The main study objective is to quantify the hazards and provide concept-level design that will mitigate the hazard to an acceptable level for the residents of Gwa-Yee Village within the river valley. Critical project components include ongoing engagement with village residents and communication of the study results to the band leadership and the community at large.
Dzawada’enuxw FN Access Road Improvements, British Columbia (for Dzawada’enuxw First Nation). Senior Geomorphologist and reviewing Principal of an assessment of debris flow and debris flood hazards affecting a road alignment on the north side of Kingcome River, British Columbia that services the community of Gwa-Yee. The road is a vital link between a barge ramp at tidal waters and the community’s diesel-powered electric generators, which is used
Page 5 of 15 Derek Ray to deliver fuel and supplies by truck that arrive by barge. NHC’s report provided advice on road maintenance, creek crossings, debris and sediment management, hazard mitigation, and upgrades to the existing barge ramp.
Kingcome River Flooding Early Warning System Annual Maintenance, British Columbia (for Dzawada’enuxw First Nation). NHC installed a flood early warning system at Gwa-Yee Village on Kingcome River in 2011 as part of an integrated flood hazard and erosion assessment. During the flood of record in 2010, flood waters rose very rapidly and residents were forced to evacuate homes by boat, and eventually leave the village by helicopter under very dangerous situations. The flood early warning system consists of two river stage monitoring stations with satellite uplink, a mechanical village alarm with audible siren, and staff gauges distributed throughout the village. It was designed to communicate flood conditions in real-time to members within the community, as well as to designated agencies outside of the community. The audible alarm provides notice to community members of rising water levels at night when the community is dark, and the staff gauges provide a useful reference to communicate flood levels during the event. NHC has conducted annual maintenance to the system, beginning in 2012, producing an annual report for tracking results and flagging future maintenance issues. Mr. Ray has been the Project Manager of this ongoing effort.
Good Hope Lake Fan Hazard Assessment, British Columbia (for Indian and Northern Affairs Canada). Slope stability and alluvial fan hazards were identified as a potential concern for the small community at Good Hope Lake in northern BC, just south of the BC-Yukon border. Mr. Ray was the principal investigator responsible for conducting the alluvial fan hazard assessment while coordinating the geotechnical expertise provided by Thurber Engineering. Travel and field work during late fall in this far northern region was an additional challenge. The contract required that the results of the study be communicated to the band members during an in-person presentation in order to ensure that findings were incorporated into future planning.
Frosst Creek Alluvial Fan Hazard Assessment, British Columbia, (for Fraser Valley Regional District). Project Manager and Primary Investigator responsible for conducting a study to evaluate the potential hazards to developments on the alluvial fan of Frosst Creek, a heavily disturbed watershed with a history of recent high energy hydro-geomorphic events such as flooding and debris floods. Provided recommendations to the local planning authority for hazard mitigation strategies to be adopted in the local building and development bylaws based on mapped hazard zones on the fan.
Individual Property Hazard Assessment, British Columbia, (for various clients). Numerous hazard assessments have been undertaken for individual property owners in support of building, or other development applications to various local municipal authorities. Geomorphologist and Primary Investigator for a number of hazard assessments which included consideration and evaluation of debris flow, debris flood, flooding and erosion hazards as well as design of mitigation structures or measures.
Alluvial Fan Hazard Study, Harrison Lake and Pitt Lake, British Columbia, (for Land and Water BC). Project geomorphologist responsible for carrying out a hydro-geomorphic hazard assessment on 52 properties along Harrison Lake and 28 properties along Pitt Lake. Each property was assessed in the field to determine if it was located on an alluvial fan or adjacent to a stream channel. The potential hazards that were assessed included floods, debris floods and debris flows, as well as channel avulsions and lateral bank erosion. The assessments were used to assist Land and Water B.C. to develop a decision matrix to guide potential property sale and regulate new developments.
Lillooet and Nahatlatach Lakes Recreational Property Hazard Assessments, British Columbia, (for Land and Water BC). Project geomorphologist responsible for the application of a standardized assessment system developed as part of previous project to the assessment of 50 recreational properties. Assessments considered the hazard rankings for flooding, erosion, debris flood, and debris flow potential and were used by Land and Water B.C. to develop a decision matrix to guide potential property sale and regulate new developments.
Geomorphic and Hydraulic Assessment Mayo Lake Outlet Channel Dredging Study, Yukon, (for Yukon Energy Corporation). Yukon Energy Corporation (YEC) manages water levels in Mayo Lake, located approximately 400 km north of Whitehorse, in order to augment flows to the downstream hydropower facilities. NHC was engaged to conduct a study of the outlet channel, which presently is restricting access to existing and future licenced flows because of siltation over the past 60 years. The objective of the study is to develop a plan for dredging that is economically and environmentally feasible, and to quantify future maintenance requirements or mitigation, based on new sediment inputs. Technical studies include Page 6 of 15 Derek Ray radiometric dating of lake-bottom sediments to determine accumulation rates, sediment transport and hydraulic modelling, dredging analysis, and geomorphic interpretation of the permafrost landscape under future climate change.
Lower Cheakamus River Morphology Review, Squamish, British Columbia (for Steelhead Society of BC). Project Manager and reviewing geomorphologist of an overview-level assessment of morphological changes to the lower reaches of Cheakamus River, which has experienced channel aggradation and partial avulsion of the reaches between the Cheekye River and Squamish River. The assessment was undertaken based on an aerial reconnaissance and inspections on foot, and review of available information. The report to the Steelhead Society included recommendations for potential habitat mitigation strategies.
Kingcome River Flood Mitigation Scour Assessment, British Columbia (for Dzawada’enuxw First Nation). Project Manager of a technical study to assess potential scour and erosion associated with a proposed design to raise the existing houses at Gwa-Yee Village above the Flood Construction Level on steel piles. The proposed plan to build a resilient community in the floodplain of the Kingcome River was initially developed by local residents and advanced by Chatwin Engineering Ltd. NHC provided input to the preliminary and conceptual design using HEC-RAS 2D to calculate flow velocities around and within the raised building, and applying scour assessment methods and engineering design for scour mitigation.
Cascade Creek Flood Recovery Channel Design, Alberta (for TansAlta). The Cascade Hydroelectric Station experienced a peak release through the spillway as a result of extreme rainfall during June 2013 that affected much of Southern Alberta. The same flood event caused bank erosion and mobilised large amounts of sediment that forced a shutdown of facility. Emergency works in the spillway channel were necessary to permit repairs to the generating facility in order to properly manage reservoir levels. As the Senior Geomorphologist, Derek provided channel design input and assisted with writing a management plan to meet the environmental requirements of Parks Canada, which has jurisdiction over the channel recovery works.
Fraser River Duck Island Assessment, Richmond, British Columbia (for Jingon International Development Group LLP). Project Manager and Principal-in-Charge of a geomorphic investigation and numerical modelling study of suspended sediment dynamics in the lower Fraser River, British Columbia. Jingon International Development Group is advancing a proposal to develop lands in Richmond, BC, adjacent to the Fraser River near the bifurcation with the North Arm and Middle Arm. The City of Richmond has requested that studies be conducted to investigate the potential for changes to hydraulic conditions within the reach to alter patterns of fine sediment transport and deposition, which may lead to a need for additional maintenance dredging. The study is in process.
KGHM Ajax Project EA Application Support, British Columbia, (for Stk’emlupsemc Te Secwepemc Nation). NHC and GW Solutions Inc. conducted a technical review the KGHM Ajax Mine Project Environmental Assessment Application documents related to surface water and groundwater respectively. The technical review, focusing on the adequacy of the methodology, data, interpretation, and conclusions of the Environmental Impact Assessment, was conducted with the objective of identifying information that should have been collected, and flaws in interpretation and conclusions. These findings were presented to the client – Stk’emlupsemc Te Secwepemc Nation (SSN), one of the First Nations in whose traditional territory the proposed mine development would be located – in both written format and during a full-day formal review process initiated by the SSN. Mr. Ray acted as the overall Project Manager to coordinate effort within the team and to ensure that deliverables were provided to the client.
Active Fluvial Units, British Columbia, (for British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations). The BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations (FLNRO) engaged Mr. Ray as the primary investigator to assist with the development of a framework for research that will strengthen the scientific basis for definitions of features described under the category “Active Fluvial Units” or AFUs. AFU’s are defined within Provincial land management documents as part of an ongoing commitment to incorporate Ecologically Based management in the Land and Resource Management Planning process. Functional descriptions need to be developed that are based on sound scientific reasoning while at the same time be practical for landscape-level mapping. FLNRO research scientists are undertaking field research to inform better practical definitions of these important features.
Willow Creek and Claymore Creek Flood Damage Assessment, West Vancouver, British Columbia, (for District of West Vancouver). Project Manager and Principal-in-Charge of investigations to identify the cause and damages
Page 7 of 15 Derek Ray resulting from a large magnitude flood event that occurred in the watersheds in June, 2016. The high flow event, which uncharacteristically for the season was associated with a rain-on-snow event at lower elevations, caused very high discharge in two small moderately urbanised catchments draining the forested slopes of the North Shore Mountains in West Vancouver, British Columbia. High flows eroded banks and entrained large quantities of sediment and debris, which overwhelmed the stream channel and associated stormwater system, in some cases plugging culvert inlets, resulted in flooding into adjacent homes via the street network. NHC conducted a hydrological assessment to reconstruct the hydrologic event, conducted a reconnaissance assessment of channel and infrastructure, and provided a series of recommendations for immediate and medium-term action, ranging from physical interventions to institutional/planning efforts.
Kingslcear Shoreline Erosion Assessment, Kingsclear, New Brunswick, (for Dillon Environmental Consulting Ltd.). Project Manager and Reviewing Professional of a study to assess shoreline erosion on the Saint John River at Kingsclear First Nation lands near Fredericton, New Brunswick. The purpose of the study, conducted for Dillon Environmental Consulting Ltd. on behalf of the Kingsclear First Nation, was to quantify the rate and pattern of shoreline retreat that occurred in response to the construction of the Mactaquac Dam and hydroelectric power generating station. NHC conducted the assessment using available airphotos, site photographs, surveys, and maps, and employed techniques of photo ortho-rectification and geomorphic mapping in GIS to delineate historical banklines.
Goldstream River Canyon Sediment Dynamics and Geomorphic Assessment, British Columbia, (for Capital Regional District). The Capital Regional District (CRD) manages various watersheds as part of the municipal drinking water supply area for municipalities on southern Vancouver Island, including the City of Victoria, BC. High flow events in Goldstream River canyon often result in high turbidity levels that require that water from this system is diverted from the supply stream. Mr. Ray acted as senior fluvial geomorphologist and Reviewing Principal for a study to investigate sediment sources, including in-channel activity and hillslope processes, and to develop recommendations for actions that can be taken to mitigate the issue. The study included extensive fieldwork to map channel conditions throughout the isolated and difficult to access canyon reach.
Toba and Filer Road Erosion, Toba Inlet, British Columbia, (for Alterra Power Corp.). The mainline road connecting hydropower projects in the upper Toba River watershed to tidal waters interacts frequently with the Toba River, a high- energy coastal channel. Bank erosion and lateral bank migration threaten the road and associated infrastructure, including a hydro tower. Mr. Ray conducted a geomorphic assessment based on field assessment and airphoto interpretation to categorise and prioritise erosion sites. The highest priority site was identified as a meander bend adjacent to a high tension power line tower. NHC subsequently collected bathymetric and topographic surveys of the site to design bank protection measures using rock and logs to reduce negative environmental impacts.
Tretheway and Big Silver Creek Geomorphic Monitoring, British Columbia, (for Innergex Renewable Energy Inc.). NHC collected geomorphic information, including topographic surveys, sediment sampling, and site photographs of remote sites in sub-basins draining to Harrison Lake in Coastal Mountains of British Columbia as part of Innergex Renewable Energy’s commitments for environmental monitoring of hydroelectric project effects. Mr. Ray acted as Project Manager and Senior Geomorphologist to coordinate field personnel and review project reporting.
Wedge Creek Geomorphic Assessment, British Columbia (for Lil’wat Construction Enterprises LP). Senior Fluvial Geomorphologist providing project management and technical review of Geomorphic Assessment related to a proposed run-of-river hydroelectric project on Wedge Creek near Whistler, BC. The assessment methodology included field investigations and a desktop study of available airphotos, geological maps, and GIS analysis of topographic information. The results of the study will form part of the Environmental Assessment for the proposed project.
Reddington Setback Levee Design Investigations for Green River, Washington State (for King County, Wa.). Senior Fluvial Geomorphologist tasked with assessing the future response of the reach of Green River that runs through the town of Auburn, Washington to a proposed levee setback project. The work included analysis of past channel behaviour prior to levee construction and the effects of sediment and hydrology effects from the construction of the Howard Hanson Dam. Removal of the levees would place a section of unprotected pipeline within the active floodplain and so river training works were designed that incorporated engineered logjams and other habitat-friendly elements to impart channel stability while benefiting aquatic habitat conditions.
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Pepin Creek Geomorphic Assessment (for Ebe Engineering and the City of Lynden, Wa.). Senior Fluvial Geomorphologist responsible for conducting a geomorphic assessment of current conditions in Pepin Creek for the purposes of predicting future channel response to changes to the watershed hydrology. The City of Lynden plans to alleviate upland flooding by altering drainage across low-relief agricultural and residential areas that would result in an increase in flood flows during high runoff events. The channel of Pepin Creek was inspected and assessed to determine the sensitivity of various reaches to higher flood flows and to develop a suite of mitigation options to offset channel degradation, bank erosion and gulley side-wall failures.
Calistoga Levee Setback Investigations for Puyallup River, Washington State (for Parametrix Engineering and City of Orting, Wa.). Project geomorphologist tasked with investigating the potential geomorphic response of the steep, gravel/cobble bed Puyallup River to a proposed levee setback project. Moving the levees on the right bank back to the edge of the historic flood-way will re-connect the river with its floodplain and result in a geomorphic response in the river reach that will include a shift from a single-thread channel to a multi-channel planform, improved aquatic habitat, and potentially a lowered flood profile. Other reach effects may include an increase in sedimentation and greater retention of woody debris.
McLymont Creek Hydroelectric Project, British Columbia (for Coast Mountain Hydro). Senior reviewing geomorphologist for the geomorphic investigations in support of a proposed run-of-river hydro-electric development project in the northern Coast Mountains of BC. Project scope was to conduct geomorphic watershed-level investigations as part of the Environmental Assessment phase of the project development. Follow-on detailed investigations include analysis of bedload and suspended sediments in support of headpond design and turbine manufacture, as well as installation and maintenance of a hydrological monitoring network.
Middle Fork Snoqualmie River, Washington State (for King County). Project geomorphologist working with a team of professionals from NHC to provide a rapid assessment of potential short-term flood risk for a site of concern along the Middle Fork Snoqualmie River. This reach of Snoqualmie River flows across a paleo alluvial fan and bank retreat in previous years has raised concerns that additional bank erosion during the 2010 flood season could result in a channel avulsion that would threaten several homes on the floodplain. NHC provided a rapid-response assessment of the ongoing channel conditions as well as providing options for flood mitigation strategies that could be implemented in the short-term.
Amor de Cosmos Level 1 Assessment, British Columbia (for International Forest Products). Principal investigator responsible for coordination of field work, data collection, mapping, and reporting to prepare a modified Level 1 assessment of the Amor de Cosmos watershed. Amor de Cosmos drains an area on the east coast of Vancouver Island, BC through a chain of over 15 lakes of various sizes. The watershed has been under active forest harvesting for almost a century and is currently under long-term tenure to two separate forest companies, adding a certain amount of challenge to the data gathering phase of the project. NHC teamed with biologists Rupert Wong and Violet Komori to complete the comprehensive assessment.
Cairn Glacier Hydroelectric Projects, British Columbia, (for Cloudworks Energy). Project geomorphologist responsible for the geomorphic assessment of four watersheds as part of an environmental impact assessment for proposed run- of-river hydroelectric projects. The watersheds drain small mountainous catchments in the Coast Mountains of BC near Harrison Lake and are subject to heavy rainfall, seasonal snowpack melt, and the steep valley sides are subject to snow avalanches, landslides, and debris flows. The intake structures for the four projects generally lie in the steeper headwater sections of the watershed immediately upstream of canyon reaches. The Geomorphic Assessment includes an evaluation of historic disturbance in the watershed, current processes including sediment dynamics, and the potential for impacts to the habitat values of the channel and riparian vegetation from the project.
Chehalis Lake Landslide, British Columbia, (for Ministry of Environment). A very large landslide released into Chehalis Lake near Harrison Hot Springs, BC, resulting in a tsunami wave that reached up to 17 m above the lake elevation. In addition to the large amount of woody debris that was directly introduced to the lake from the slide, the wave removed a swath of forest from the perimeter of the lake, travelling both up the lake towards the inlet as well as down the lake towards the outlet. Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for the development of a geomorphic assessment to assess the potential for the formation of a log jam and subsequent outburst flood from the lake outlet. A monitoring program was designed to provide early warning of a sudden rise in lake level.
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Athabasca River Habitat Survey and Numerical Model, Alberta, (for CEMA). A project funded under the auspices of the Cumulative Environmental Management Association (CEMA) of Alberta to quantify winter habitat conditions for fish living in the Athabasca River upstream of Athabasca Lake. The project’s main goal was to assess the effects of reduced winter flow conditions associated with withdrawals upstream in the various tar sands projects. Mr. Ray acted as field team leader during the multi-week winter survey to collect topographic and hydrologic data as well as to quantify ice conditions and water depths. The work required that the crew operate in extreme cold conditions.
China Creek Geomorphic Assessment, British Columbia, (for Ecofish Research Ltd.). Project geomorphologist responsible for a geomorphic watershed assessment in support of a small run-of-river hydroelectric generation project. Study included an estimate of overall sediment production and annual bedload estimate. The results of the analysis were incorporated into the biophysical environmental impact analysis for the proposed project.
Seven Mile Reservoir Debris Inputs, British Columbia, (for BC Hydro). Lead Investigator and Geomorphologist for a study to predict potential debris inputs to BC Hydro’s Seven Mile Reservoir on the Pend D’Oreille River in the West Kootenay Mountains of BC. The study applied an established methodology that was developed previously by NHC that estimates average annual debris inputs as well as expected annual maximum inputs. The methodology includes estimating historic debris inputs as well as potential inputs from landslides, tree wind-throw, shoreline erosion, and upstream bank erosion. The study also calculated loading conditions for the design of debris management booms on the reservoir.
Highway 16 Erosion, British Columbia, (for BC Ministry of Transportation and Highways). The BC Ministry of Transportation and Highways initiated a study of 17 sites along the Skeena River in northern BC where the highway is under direct attack from riverbank erosion. Project geomorphologist responsible for the geomorphic assessment of each of the high-priority sites to determine whether historic trends in the development of the channel would have a negative impact on the proposed bank protection measures.
Mobbs Creek Hydraulic Assessment, British Columbia, (for Ministry of Environment). Project geomorphologist responsible for supervising the construction of instream log structures to reduce bank erosion, and a channel re- alignment project to reduce flooding and impacts on Gerrard Rainbow Trout habitat. Completed hydraulic study of the reach using HEC-RAS modelling software to assess the impacts of channel alterations on fish habitat.
Surface Water and Sediment Management Fairmont Creek Debris Flood Mitigation, British Columbia (for Regional District of East Kootenay, BC). Mr. Ray provided senior geomorphology review of the design hazard event to assist with design of the mitigation infrastructure. A key outcome was the classification of the design event as a debris flood rather than a debris flow event and this review informed the fundamental design options available to the community.
Aquatera Utilities Hydrological Support, Alberta, (for Aquatera Utilities, Grande Prairie, AB). Principal-in-Charge of ongoing field data collection, hydrological analysis, and reporting in support of ongoing engagement with the Government of Alberta (Alberta Environment and Parks) and the Wapiti River Environmental sub-Committee (WREC). Specific tasks included discharge measurements of Wapiti River using ADCP, review and critique of technical memos issued by WREC, and hydrological modeling of Wapiti River using HEC-RAS to provide input parameters for river habitat modelling.
Cowichan River Sediment Management, British Columbia, (for Cowichan Valley Regional District, Vancouver Island, BC). Senior Geomorphologist providing input to the long-term sediment management plan for the downstream reaches of Cowichan River as well as providing input to project planning and habitat enhancement aspects of the instream sediment management works. The sediment management plan was developed to meet multiple goals, including flood mitigation, offset channel erosion, and provide instream habitat benefits. Projects arising from the sediment management plan targeted specific sites but with reach-level benefits. Both the plan and individual projects were favourably reviewed by a multi-agency review committee.
Eagle Creek Sediment Management Study, British Columbia, (for Metro Vancouver). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for coordinating multi-discipline team to investigate the feasibility of installing sediment management facilities in Eagle Creek. As a follow up to a study that investigated sediment management options for Still Creek, another tributary to Burnaby Lake, an urban watershed in Burnaby, BC. Design options were investigated Page 10 of 15 Derek Ray using 2-D and 3-D modelling, which were assessed for sediment trap cost and effectiveness. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted to compare the cost of facility operation versus the cost of dredging from the lake. Both options were also considered in terms of potential negative effects and positive benefits for aquatic habitat values.
Still Creek Sediment Management Study, British Columbia, (for Metro Vancouver). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for coordinating multi-discipline team to investigate the feasibility of installing sediment management facilities in Still Creek. As a follow up on a study to previous work performed by others at NHC to quantify and characterize sediment dynamics in Still Creek, sediment management options were developed for the regional government of Metro Vancouver as an alternative to periodic channel dredging. Management of sediment in Still Creek is complicated by the fact that the watershed is heavily urbanized and most sites that are suitable for installation of sediment basins are bounded closely by light industrial and office/retail buildings. The final design will enhance, rather than detract from, the value of the aquatic habitat and the visual effect for the public.
Cypress Creek Hydrologic Study, British Columbia, (for VANOC). Project geomorphologist responsible for developing a regional hydrologic analysis to supplement the available short-term hydrometric record in order to evaluate the suitability of using Cypress Creek as a source of water for snowmaking at one of the 2010 Olympic ski venues. The suitability criteria included an assessment of the likelihood of a dry hydrologic year in the months preceding the Olympics as well as the negative consequences of dewatering the creek.
Lagace Creek Flood Damage Channel Recovery, British Columbia, (for Fraser Valley Regional District). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for conducting a study to quantify the damage to Lagace Creek, located in southwestern British Columbia, as a result of a series of flooding events that occurred in 2003 and 2004. Developed recommendations for channel recovery, including excavation of excess sediment and bank protection options. Implemented and supervised channel recovery works that were funded by the BC Provincial Emergency Program. Responsibilities included securing contractors, coordinating environmental mitigation efforts, tracking budget spending, and providing project completion assurance. Completed a follow-up study for completion of outstanding works that were finalised in 2006.
N’Quatqua Indian Band Floodplain Mapping, British Columbia, (for N’Quatqua Indian Band). Project Manager and Lead Investigator supervising a floodplain mapping study to calculate potential flood elevation and extent. Gates Creek drains an ungauged basin in the Coast Mountains and has been heavily influenced by post-glacial processes. The study relied on extensive field investigations, remote sensing and hydraulic modelling using HEC-RAS with mapping integrated using GIS.
Stream Restoration, Bank Protection & Habitat Creation Beaver Lake Habitat Enhancement Project (Phase I), British Columbia, (for City of Vancouver and the Stanley Park Ecology Society). Project manager and senior geomorphologist responsible for NHC’s contribution to a multi-team study of Beaver Lake to determine the best options for restoration and enhancement of the lake. Technical studies included a detailed bathymetric survey and collection and analysis of lake cores to determine historic sedimentation rates as well as to provide information to inform a dredging approach. NHC provided an assessment of the hydrological conditions in the lake catchment and installed a temporary stream flow gauging site to assess the potential impact of periodic high discharges related to beaver dam removal from the lake outlet. The City adopted the conceptual restoration plan in 2014.
Beaver Lake Habitat Enhancement Project (Phase II), British Columbia, (for City of Vancouver and the Stanley Park Ecology Society). The objective of Phase II of the Habitat Enhancement Project for Beaver Lake is to develop a detailed plan and cost estimate to support the tendering process. Design analysis includes ongoing hydrological monitoring, supplemental surveys and sediment sampling, investigation of dredging methods and options for disposal of the organic and inorganic material that will be removed from the lake, and investigation of practical constraints to construction in the sensitive and highly public environment of one of Canada’s most famous public municipal parks. As Project Manager, Derek is responsible for coordinating activities with the prime consultant (Aquaterra Environmental) and other technical team members, while tracking project progress and costs.
Kingslcear Shoreline Protection and Habitat Enhancement Project, Kingsclear, New Brunswick, (for Dillon Environmental Consulting Ltd.). Project Manager and Principal-in-Charge of a project to design and construct shoreline
Page 11 of 15 Derek Ray protection and habitat enhancement features along the St. John River near Fredericton, New Brunswick. Working with Dillon Environmental Consulting Ltd. (on behalf of Kingsclear First Nation and New Brunswick Power), NHC collected bathymetric and topographic surveys to support design of the project, which was based in part on results of a 2D numerical model. NHC provided conceptual to Issued for Tender drawings, as well as construction support for the constructed works, which included rock spurs, channel realignment, rock riffles, bank protection features, habitat substrate, and log placements.
Roberts Bank Terminal 2 Onsite Habitat Features, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Project Manager and senior coastal geomorphologist assessing shoreline processes, wave environment, and sediment dynamics along the north side of the Deltaport Causeway as background to design input for proposed onsite habitat features. Design input included recommendations on design wave height, stable sediment and rock size, feature functionality, and interactions between coastal processes and marine vegetation. Reviewed conceptual designs prepared by Klohn-Crippen Berger to confirm concordance with NHC recommendations.
Roberts Bank North Causeway Habitat Features Remediation, British Columbia, (for Vancouver Fraser Port Authority). Acting as Principal Investigator, conducted a review of existing habitat enhancement features along the Deltaport Causeway that bounds the north side of the inter-causeway region of Roberts Bank, Fraser River delta. Annual monitoring revealed that the habitat features were not performing as expected and the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority wished to implement design measures to remediate the features and improve productivity. Conceptual designs were presented to address issues relating to high wave energy, sediment transport, introduction of wrack and debris, and incorrect elevation to support key marsh habitats.
Falls River Habitat Enhancement Project Monitoring, British Columbia, (for BC Hydro). Project Manager and Reviewing Principal to monitor spawning substrate mapping project in Falls River on the north coast of British Columbia. Mapping techniques included use of Real Time Kinetic GPS and underwater camera to photograph substrate, which was later digitized to measure substrate size. Maps of bed elevations and substrate sizes were compared to previous monitoring to comment on substrate stability.
Beaver Creek Instream Habitat Enhancement Project, British Columbia, (for Stanley Park Ecology Society). Project manager and senior geomorphologist responsible for designing instream works to improve fish passage in the lower portion of Beaver Creek, within Vancouver BC’s world-renowned Stanley Park. Fish passage at the Stanley Park seawall is addressed through the development of an estuary enhancement project to reconnect the perched channel outlet at the seawall face. Another key fish passage barrier underneath Pipeline Road is addressed through manipulation of the streambed downstream of a concrete grade control structure. Both sites are highly visible as they are adjacent to popular public footpaths. NHC worked closely with the Stanley Park Ecology Society to develop the design and construction methodology. To date construction is pending the outcome of ongoing engagement with First Nations.
Shelly Creek and Honna River Instream Habitat Enhancement, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, (for BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Resource Operations). Project manager and project geomorphologist in charge of the design and construction of fish habitat enhancement structures using ballasted large woody debris to address degraded aquatic habitat conditions in two coastal streams on Graham Island. The prescriptions were developed in partnership with Mr. Leandre Vigneault, a local biologist, and were tailored to suit the site conditions and the known materials available for construction. Following development of the habitat enhancement prescriptions, NHC acted as prime contractor to implement the construction plan.
Cheakamus River Bank Erosion and Fish Habitat Design and Implementation, British Columbia, (for British Columbia Conservation Foundation). Project geomorphologist supervising the design and construction of a complex bank protection and fish habitat structure on the Cheakamus River near Vancouver, BC. The purpose of the structure was two-fold: i) to prevent further bank erosion at a key site that is of significant value to the local First Nation, and ii) to enhance fish habitat values in the river reach. The design is primarily comprised of large logs with boulder ballasting, attached with steel cables and mimics natural logjams found elsewhere in the river system. The design was constructed using heavy machinery and labour supplied by the proponent under the supervision of Mr. Derek Ray.
Lyell Island Stream Restoration Design and Monitoring, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, (through Haida Fisheries Program for Canada Parks). Project geomorphologist during the 2010 Phase I and Phase II components of a multi-year effort to improve ecological function and habitat quality within select fish-bearing watersheds on Lyell Island, BC. Page 12 of 15 Derek Ray
Working closely with the project biologist, the geomorphic condition of selected stream channels on Lyell Island was assessed for suitability to receive restoration effort. The geomorphic condition was analysed to develop prescriptions for instream woody debris structures that would be installed to emulate the natural features and functions typically found in undisturbed channels and to encourage the disturbed channel to return to the original conditions. A monitoring program was designed and implemented to track the long-term success and effect of individual components of the restoration effort as well as the overall effect as compared to a control stream that will not be treated. Conducted follow-on monitoring in 2013 and analysis of field data in support of a science-based project effectiveness assessment.
Fraser Creek Habitat Compensation, British Columbia, (for Township of Langley). Project geomorphologist in a design team to develop a habitat compensation project in support of the Langley, BC airport expansion. Channel design incorporated numerous aquatic habitat types including pond, Coho salmon spawning and rearing, cutthroat trout spawning and rearing, and wetland. Supervised construction of the project that was built in difficult, wet and unstable soils.
Hyde Creek Road Crossings, British Columbia, (for City of Coquitlam). Project Manager and Principal Designer. Channel reconstruction at three road crossings in Coquitlam, BC were improperly designed and constructed by others and failed during high flow events immediately following construction. The goal of the project was to reconstruct the channel both upstream and downstream of the road crossings, while incorporating design features to maximize the aquatic habitat values for resident and anadromous fish species. The channels were deeply incised, creating additional difficulty for construction and necessitated working closely with a geotechnical engineer to incorporate retaining walls into the design. Project deliverables included production of tender-ready design drawings.
Guichon Creek Habitat Compensation, British Columbia, (for Electronic Arts). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for habitat enhancement design and construction. Instream fish habitat enhancement structures and a riparian restoration plan were designed as part of a habitat compensation package relating to construction within a riparian corridor on the campus of the British Columbia Institute of Technology. The semi-urban, public setting posed particular design challenges, which extended to the implementation of the design in the construction phase. The enhanced reach is currently being used as a teaching example as part of the Fish and Wildlife program at the college.
Copper River Habitat Enhancement, British Columbia, (for Council of the Haida Nation). Project geomorphologist responsible for the design and construction of ballasted large woody debris structures to enhance instream fish habitat values in Copper River in the Queen Charlotte Islands. The project was implemented through a partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and local forestry companies and was funded by the Province of BC through the Watershed Restoration Program. Construction supervision was complicated by the high public use of the site.
Deena Creek Habitat Enhancement, British Columbia, (for Council of the Haida Nation). Project geomorphologist responsible for the design and construction of ballasted large woody debris structures to enhance instream fish habitat values in Deena Creek and tributaries in the Queen Charlotte Islands. Deena Creek is a highly productive salmon bearing system in the Queen Charlotte Islands but was heavily impacted by past logging practices. Through a partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and Weyerhaeuser, a multi-year program was initiated to construct habitat enhancement structures in a 400 m long reach of one of the main tributaries in the watershed. The project required careful design and creative construction techniques for successful implementation as there was limited road access along the reach.
Louise Island Habitat Enhancement, British Columbia, (for Council of the Haida Nation). Project geomorphologist responsible for the design, construction implementation, and monitoring of a multi-year habitat enhancement effort that included multiple project sites. Louise Island is an isolated part of the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii) and project implementation was complicated by difficult access and isolation. Project types included excavation of off- channel habitat, installation of ballasted large woody debris structures, channel reconstruction and alluvial fan rehabilitation. Project completed through a partnership with the Council of the Haida Nation and Weyerhaeuser.
Ramsay Creek Habitat Compensation, British Columbia, (for NEXT Environmental Services). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for the design and implementation of a habitat enhancement plan. Habitat enhancement works were designed to improve fish passage through a heavily impacted reach of Ramsay Creek that flows through a public park in Burnaby, BC. Increasing urbanization in the watershed has contributed to channel Page 13 of 15 Derek Ray erosion and incision, resulting in the creation of impassable fish barriers wherever hard points, such as culverts and grade control, are encountered. The public setting of the site imposed particular design challenges as casual, recreational re-arrangement of the bed material by members of the public is a common occurrence. The City of Burnaby Parks Department required adherence to stringent environmental protection guidelines.
Swift Creek Habitat Compensation Design and Construction, Washington State, (for PacifiCorp). Project geomorphologist responsible for the development of a habitat compensation project in support of a re-licensing application for a large hydroelectric power generation company in Washington State. The habitat design was developed in conjunction with a senior fisheries biologist to maximize the usable habitat area within the confines of the general geomorphic setting of the site. Intake flows will be carefully regulated, which introduced an added challenge to the project because there will be no flood events capable of flushing fine sediment and organic debris from the channel. Channel maintenance is therefore dependent on good hydraulic design. Construction was successfully completed during August and September of 2009 with no adverse impacts to the surrounding environment.
Seymour River Boulder Placements, British Columbia, (for Recreational Canoeing Association of BC). Project Manager and Geomorphologist responsible for the development of a geomorphic and hydraulic assessment to assist a local community-based white-water paddling group to implement a project to construct river features to improve both recreational paddling opportunities as well as anadromous fish habitat. The project took advantage of a supply of very large boulders that were excavated from the riverbed as part of a drinking water pipeline upgrade by the local municipal authority. Participation in discussions between various community groups, regulatory agencies, and municipal staff was a key component of the project.
South Fork Nooksack River Bank Erosion Works, Washington State, (for Whatcom County). Project geomorphologist responsible for the design and implementation of bank protection and habitat enhancement works on an eroding bend in South Fork Nooksack River for Whatcom County, Washington. The funding mechanism for this project required that bank protection works be designed to enhance aquatic habitat for endangered anadromous species while considering the potential for both positive and negative feedback for flooding from the design. The proposed design incorporates structures constructed from large logs as the main bank protection mechanism but encompasses a reach-wide assessment of channel form and function for long-term planning. Construction was successfully completed in July, 2009 under the direct supervision of NHC.
Finney Creek Bank Protection Works, Washington State, (for Skagit County). Project geomorphologist responsible for developing a bank protection design for the County engineering department to protect a river bank immediately upstream of a threatened bridge. The design incorporates large wood pieces to maximize the creation of aquatic habitat and ensure regulatory support from the various environmental agencies.
Sauk River Habitat Compensation, Washington State, (for Snohomish County). Project geomorphologist providing geomorphic input into the design of a habitat enhancement project within a floodplain channel of the Sauk River in western Washington State. The project was required to be carefully designed and executed to minimise disturbance to the sensitive floodplain vegetation. Large woody debris pieces (LWD) were placed to maximise habitat benefit but avoid excessive erosion or scour of the bed and banks. The design was required to be modified through numerous iterations to adjust to changing demands from client and environmental agencies. NHC personnel were responsible for overseeing construction to ensure that the LWD pieces were placed appropriately and properly secured.
Overseas Experience Arunachal Pradesh Technical Assistance Support, India, (Asian Development Bank through Water Resources Department, Arunachal Pradesh). River geomorphologist, watershed processes interpretation, and river engineering support provided through technical support to the North-East Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Management (NEIFREM) Program during an extended assignment to Arunachal Pradesh, India. Six sub-project sites were investigated during this Technical Assistance mission, each facing unique challenges with regard to river bank erosion and flooding but all having in common the regional setting of the steep mountain catchments of the Himalayan foothills that meet the larger valley rivers flowing out to the plains of the Brahmaputra River. Project input included transfer of technical knowledge to state engineers, developing structural measures to address flooding and erosion, study of geomorphic processes within the catchments, and preparation of reports.
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Assam RE Support, India, (Asian Development Bank through Water Resources Department, Assam). River Geomorphologist providing technical support to the North-East Integrated Flood and Riverbank Erosion Management (NEIFREM) Program during an extended assignment to Assam, India. The project was funded by the Asia Development Bank through the Water Resources Department of Assam. Technical input included transfer of knowledge of surveying techniques to field engineers, development of an integrated strategy for flood and erosion protection, management and analysis of data, production of site maps and plans, and supervision of junior project engineers.
Berbice River Bridge EIA, Guyana (for Government of Guyana). Project geomorphologist participating in a study of the estuary portion of the Berbice River in Guyana, S.A. to evaluate the hydraulic conditions and sediment transport dynamics of the river at a proposed new bridge crossing as part of the environmental impact assessment of the project. The study included the development of a River2D numerical model that was verified using data collected in the field using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Performed field data collection using ADCP and supervised bathymetric survey data collection. Provided recommendations for modifications to the proposed bridge design to prevent anticipated failure of the structure during the expected physical conditions.
Publications and Conferences
Ray, D.A. and Rowland, E., 2011. The Use of Large Woody Debris in Habitat Enhancement and River Training Works in British Columbia and Washington – A Decade of ‘Lessons Learned’. River Restoration Northwest – 2011 Symposium, February, 2011, Skamania, Washington.
Ray, D.A. and McLean, D., 2006. The Fluvial Geomorphology of Tidally Driven Channels at Roberts Bank, B.C. Canadian Water Resources Association Conference, October, 2006, Vancouver, BC.
Ray, D.A. and McLean, D., 2005. The Development of Tidal Channel Systems in the Presence of Expanding Eelgrass Beds on Roberts Bank, BC, Canada. Association of American Geographers – Annual Meeting, April 6, 2005, Denver, Colorado.
Ray, D.A., 2003. The Fluvial Geomorphology of Undisturbed Alluvial Fan Distributary Systems, Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), BC, Canada. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Geography, Simon Fraser University.
Page 15 of 15 James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 1 of 6
EDUCATION James is a professional biologist with over 25 years of experience conducting, Master of Science developing, and managing studies on wildlife populations and their habitats. He has (Biology), San Diego extensive experience in conducting species-specific and ecosystem level Species State University at Risk inventories to federal and provincial standards, as well as using a variety of techniques to assess wildlife habitat health. James has extensive knowledge and Bachelor of Science (Natural Resource experience in study design and the statistical analysis of complex datasets. James Management), has led teams of biologists to collect and analyze data to conducted ecological Rutgers University assessments to assessments potential project effects to vegetation and wildlife communities associated with numerous environmental assessments. He is also experienced in effectively working within a project team, including engineering staff, DESIGNATIONS to facilitate project development while minimizing potential environmental effects. College of Applied Over his career James has built strong working relationships with regulatory Biology agencies, including the Canadian Wildlife Service. James has managed a number - Member of projects for a variety of clients, including the federal government, military, and transportation industry.
ADDITIONAL TRAINING The focus of James’ biological work includes: environmental impact assessment, avian ecology, population biology, habitat suitability determination, the effects of Oiled Wildlife Responder, 2016 exotic species on wildlife populations, and exotic species management. He has a strong background in community ecology, natural history, and the identification of Emergency First Aid, plants, mammals, and birds within western North America’s ecosystems. 2018 Bear Awareness and Working in Bear RELEVANT EXPERIENCE Country, 2015 Construction Safety Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Roberts Bank Terminal 2, 2011 – Ongoing: Training System, James is the coastal birds and biofilm discipline lead for the Roberts Bank Terminal 2016 2 project. He oversaw and directed the development and implementation of over 15 survey programs within terrestrial and marine environments to collect baseline data Species Occupancy to inform the environmental assessment. During this multiyear program James Modelling, 2011 supervised crews of 2 to 15 biologists. Study programs he oversaw included: an 18- month study to assess avian-collision mortalities with powerlines and vehicles on PSMJ Project local populations; a year-round survey of coastal waterbird distribution, abundance, Management and habitat usage in the marine environment; a study to assess upland waterbird Course, 2009 distribution, abundance, and habitat usage; a shorebird-specific habitat usage study Advanced Bird of Roberts Bank and the Fraser River Estuary, genetics studies of migrating western Identification, 2009 sandpiper and overwintering pacific dunlin populations; and an assessment of shorebird migratory connectivity at the Fraser River Estuary. Managed revenue for Terrestrial the program was over 3.2 million dollars. James was also the principle author of the Ecosystem Mapping, environmental assessment chapter assessing potential effects to the avian 2009 community. Avalanche Metro Vancouver, Widgeon Marsh Regional Park Waterfowl Surveys, Awareness Training, 2017 – Ongoing: James designed and oversees a program to document winter 2009 waterfowls and waterbird distribution and abundance in relation to habitat availability and usage. Surveys are conducted, and bird distribution and abundance mapped, Wildlife Trees using unmanned aerial vehicles (a.k.a., drones). Stewardship Workshop, 2009 James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 2 of 6
Environment and Climate Change Canada, Widgeon Valley National Wildlife Area Waterfowl Surveys, 2017 – 2018: James designed and oversaw a program to document winter waterfowls and waterbird distribution and abundance in relation to habitat availability and usage. Surveys were conducted, and bird distribution and abundance mapped, using unmanned aerial vehicles (a.k.a., drones). BC Hydro, Site C Clean Energy Project, 2016 – Ongoing: James is one of the technical design and analysis leads for the Site C project. His duties include: providing sound decisions related to study design, data review, and wildlife mitigation and management measures; ensuring field programs meet the EA commitments; providing comprehensive technical knowledge of the wildlife species and species at risk present; providing technical oversight of data collection, analyses, and reporting; and providing guidance to address challenges in field programs or wildlife management during construction. Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Habitat Enhancement Program, 2014 – Ongoing: As a senior biologist James contributes to the development of various enhancement projects through providing expert advice of habitat attributes beneficial to the avian community, direction on study design to assess existing conditions and monitor effectiveness, and methods for assessing intertidal sites values of biofilm. Confidential Project, Lower Fraser River, 2015 – Ongoing: James provides senior oversight for the terrestrial wildlife component of the environmental assessment (EA) of a proposed bulk commodity importing terminal adjacent to the Fraser River. Baseline studies conducted at the site will support an EA submission under the Port Metro Vancouver Project Environmental Review Process. Canadian Pacific Railway, Bird Nesting Calendar Mapbook, 2017: James oversaw the development of a mapbook detailing refined bird nesting windows across Canada in the vicinity of CP’s rail corridor. The final product used Bird Studies Canada data to refine vegetation clearance windows based on when birds would likely be nesting in specific habitats and facilitated CP’s ability to conduct rail maintenance with contravening federal and provincial legislation. Husky Energy, Prince George Refinery Wildlife Spill Response Plan, 2016: James led the development of a wildlife spill response plan for Husky Energy’s Prince George refinery to detail actions to be taken to prevent and/or lessen potential effects to wildlife in the event of a hydrocarbon spill. The project involved: a literature and database assessment of potential wildlife and wildlife habitats in the vicinity of the project; site visit to assess potential facility risks, confirm information obtained from the desktop assessment, and review of spill control points; and writing the project-specific spill response plan. Steelhead LNG, Malahat LNG Project, 2015 – 2017: James is the wildlife discipline lead for the Malahat LNG Project overseeing the development, design, and implementation of eight studies including terrestrial birds (passerines, northern goshawk, owls, and common nighthawk), marine birds, herptiles (sharp-tailed snake, red-legged frog and western toad), invertebrates, and bats. Gateway Program, South Fraser Perimeter Road, 2008 – 2017: As part of the mitigation monitoring program for the South Fraser Perimeter Road project, James designed and implemented ongoing research to determine factors influencing sandhill crane use of agricultural fields adjacent to the proposed SFPR alignment. He has analyzed foraging and distribution data to determine possible project impacts and developed recommendations to maintain this high valued resource within the project area. He was also an integral part of the sandhill crane satellite telemetry banding conducted to track crane use of habitats within the Lower Mainland. Gateway Program, South Fraser Perimeter Road, 2008 – 2015: As part of the mitigation monitoring program for the South Fraser Perimeter Road project, James designed and implemented ongoing research to assess possible impacts of the South Fraser Perimeter Road (SFPR) on the avian community (i.e., songbirds, woodpeckers, and water associated birds) adjacent to the proposed highway alignment, including sites within and around Burns Bog Ecological Conservation Area. James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 3 of 6
Gateway Program, South Fraser Perimeter Road, 2009 – 2014: As part of the mitigation monitoring program for the South Fraser Perimeter Road project, James provides technical oversight and assistance on study design and data analyses of the project’s red-legged frog adaptive management program. James also conducted fieldwork to determine the occupancy and abundance of frogs within natural and created habitats. BC Hydro, John Hart Replacement Project: 2010 – 2013: The John Hart Generating Station facility was near the end of its usable life and required upgrades to meet current seismic guidelines. James oversaw the management, implementation, study design, baseline data collection, and the environmental impact assessment to assess potential project-related effects to terrestrial vegetation and wildlife valued ecosystem components. As well as overseeing the implementation of studies, James also conducted field surveys to assess the distribution and abundance of wildlife (i.e., amphibians, owls, passerines, raptors, small mammals) potentially affected by the project. Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, Deltaport Third Berth, Adaptive Management Strategy, 2008 – 2013: James supervised the monitoring to assess avian distribution, abundance, diversity, and habitat use of areas adjacent to the Deltaport Third Berth’s construction and subsequent operation. The goal of this program was to provide practical advance warning of potential emerging negative ecosystem trends and to establish actions that VFPA would undertake to prevent or mitigate negative treads attributable to the DP3 project. James supervised a crew of two biologists. Data was analyzed and reported quarterly and through an annual report to evaluate and interpret potential trends. Squamish Oceanfront Development, 2010 – 2011: As the Vegetation and Wildlife Task Leader, James was responsible for leading the Squamish Oceanfront Development Project (SODC) terrestrial vegetation and wildlife assessment team. The SODC Project is a project to build a vibrant, innovative, sustainable, downtown oceanfront community showcasing the spirit, cultural heritage and values of the people of Squamish. Working with the Environmental Manager, James oversaw study design, baseline data collection, and the environmental impact assessment report preparation. Valued components included small mammals, birds, amphibians, and vegetation. Hatch Ltd. / Ministry of Transportation, Evergreen Line Project 2008 – 2011: The Evergreen Line project is a light rapid transit project connecting the existing Millennium Line station at Lougheed Station through Port Moody to Douglas College in Coquitlam. As the vegetation and wildlife task field lead, James was responsible for: designing, overseeing, and implementing inventory studies to collect baseline data for the environmental impact assessment report; summarizing results and writing the vegetation and wildlife EIA; assessing impacts and developing mitigation plans; and determining the extent of cumulative effects the project may have on vegetation and wildlife. The Evergreen Line project received its environmental assessment certificate in February 2011. Bear Mountain Wind / Aeolis- Bear Mountain Wind Park, Dawson Creek, 2006 – 2014: James provided technical advice and assistance on study design and data analyses of the project’s bird and bat adaptive management program. Kivalliq Energy, Angilak Early-stage Vegetation and Wildlife Baseline Project, 2010 – 2012: The Angilak Project was a program to collect baseline data on wildlife, wildlife habitat, hydrology, climatic conditions, and air and water quality for a prospective uranium mine in Nunavut. James oversaw all aspects of the project during its initial year and provided senior oversight to the vegetation and wildlife programs in subsequent years. Work from the baseline program was designed to feed directly into future Environmental Assessment and Mine Permitting Processes. Silver Quest Ltd., Capoose Early-stage Vegetation and Wildlife Baseline Project, 2010 – 2011: The Capoose Project was a program to collect baseline data on vegetation, wildlife, wildlife habitat, hydrology, climatic conditions, and water quality for a prospective gold and silver mine in the Peace Region, outside Prince George, BC. James oversaw all aspects of the project during its initial year and provided senior oversight to the vegetation and wildlife programs in the second year. Results from the baseline program are designed to feed directly into future Environmental Assessment and Mine Permitting Processes. James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 4 of 6
Aeolis Wind Power Corporation, BC, 2008: As part of a field team, James conducted spring migration avian radar surveys and terrestrial ecosystem mapping (TEM) of the project area to support the vegetation and wildlife assessment for the Wapiti/Thunder and Red Willow Environmental Assessment Application. Department of Defense, Camp Pendleton, California, Effects of Invasive Species on Avian Productivity, 2005 – 2007: James designed, supervised, and managed a research program to study the effects of exotic plants on avian productivity, distribution, and habitat use. Components of this work investigated competition and establishment between willow species and exotic herbaceous plants, and the invasive species, giant reed ( Arundo donax ), within riparian systems in California. Department of Defense, Camp Pendleton, California, Endangered Songbird Productivity Monitoring, 2002 – 2008: James was the technical lead of studies that assessed the distribution, abundance, productivity, and habitat suitability for the endangered least Bell’s vireo ( Vireo bellii pusillus ) and southwestern willow flycatcher ( Empidonax traillii extimus ) within riparian systems on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. James oversaw a field crew of four to eight biologists, while also conducting fieldwork. Fieldwork consisted of: distribution and abundance inventory surveys, nest searching, nest monitoring, mist netting to capture adult and fledged birds, color banding of young and adults, drawing blood for genetic analyses, and detailed habitat assessments. He also analyzed data annually and produced reports detailing the project’s findings. US Bureau of Reclamation, Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Information Management System, 2000 – 2007: James developed and supervised the implementation of an information management database to compile, maintain, and manage abundance and distribution data for the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher ( Empidonax traillii extimus ) within California. Associated with this, James led annual survey training workshops for agency and consulting biologists that detailed surveys techniques, the species natural history and biology, and instructed participants in the system’s use. This database was developed in MS Access and subsequently migrated to MS SQL Server. Department of Defense, Multiple Locations, California, Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survival, 2001 – 2007: James captured and banded songbirds as part of a MAPS (Monitoring Avian Productivity and Survival) program at three stations to assess the long-term trend of bird populations on Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and the Fallbrook Naval Weapons Station. Southern Sierra Research Station, Endangered Species Site-suitability, 2004 – 2007: Based on the assemblage of birds detected at sites within central and southern California, James developed models for predicting potential site suitability for the endangered least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus ) and/or southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus ). He also analyzed data using multivariate techniques and wrote a manuscript detailing the study’s findings. California Department of Fish and Game, Statewide Species Inventory, 2001 – 2004: James managed a state-wide project, and conducted inventory surveys, to determine the distribution and abundance of the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher ( Empidonax traillii extimus ) in California. He also summarized data and wrote a report detailing the project’s findings. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Mitigation Monitoring Program, 1996 – 2000: James led the Arizona Game and Fish’s program to assess changes in productivity of the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher ( Empidonax traillii extimus ) associated with the raising of Roosevelt Lake Dam and the subsequent inundation of suitable nesting habitat. James developed, designed, and implemented studies to investigate habitat suitability, productivity, abundance, and distribution of southwestern willow flycatchers in riparian habitats in Arizona at Roosevelt Lake and on the San Pedro River. Annually, he trained and supervised a field crew of 8 to 24 biologists to work on the program. He analyzed productivity data and produced annual status reports. James reviewed management plans, biological opinions, and environmental impact assessments and provided management recommendations to agencies pertaining to threatened and endangered species within Arizona. Also, as part of the AZ’s statewide survey program, James annually co-led a workshop on flycatcher and brown- headed cowbird ecology and trained agency and consulting biologist on effective survey techniques. James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 5 of 6
Northern Arizona University, Goshawk Winter Ecology Study, 1995 – 1996: James studied the winter foraging ecology and habitat use of the Northern Goshawk ( Accipiter gentilis ) in northern Arizona. Radio telemetry was used to follow and determine goshawk movement and position. Boise Front Migration, Fall Migration Raptor Trapping and Flyway Monitoring, 1995: James trapped, processed, and banded raptors using mist nests and bow nests, and performed raptor surveys during fall migration. National Biological Survey, Nesting Raptor Productivity Study, 1994: James performed inventory surveys for nesting raptors (prairie falcons ( Falco mexicanus ), golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ), ferruginous hawks ( Buteo regalis ), burrowing ( Athene cunicularia ) and short-eared owls ( Asio flammeus ), as well as monitored the nest success and productivity of prairie falcons and short-eared owls. Radio telemetry was used to track owl movements and locate nests. As part of a separate program, James ground-truthed satellite imagery, recording vegetation data and abiotic features on federal lands in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington to evaluate GIS models derived from reflectance values of spectral polygons. Bureau of Land Management, Northwestern Arizona Desert Tortoise Inventory and Ecology, 1991, 1993: James used radio telemetry to locate and study the foraging ecology of the Mojave Desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizi ) in northwestern Arizona. He also conducted population level inventory surveys and wrote an annual population status report.
PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
Fatty acid dynamics within Biofilm during Western Sandpiper Northward Migration (2016-2017). Poster Presentation. International Ornithological Congress, Vancouver, BC. August 2018. Foraging Opportunity: A Method of Monitoring Shorebird Migration and Overwintering Sites in a Changing Environment. Oral Presentation. Salish Sea Ecosystem Conference, Seattle, WA. April 2018. Biofilm Dynamics during Western Sandpiper Northward Migration (2016). Oral Presentation. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Group meeting, Paracas Peru, November 2017. Investigation of Selective Feeding on Biofilm Communities by Western Sandpiper during Northward Migration at Roberts Bank, British Columbia . Poster Presentation. Paracas Peru, November 2017. Szabo, I., K. Walters, J. Rourke, and D. Irwin. 2017. First Record of House Swift ( Apus nipalensis ) in the Americas. Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 129:411-416. Capacity of Biofilm to Support Northward Migrating Shorebirds, Roberts Bank, Fraser River Estuary . Oral Presentation. Salish Sea Conference, Vancouver, April 2016. Reurink, F., N. Hentze, J. Rourke, and R. Ydenberg. 2015. Site-specific flight speeds of nonbreeding Pacific dunlins as a measure of the quality of a foraging habitat. Behavioral Ecology: arv223. Factors Influencing Sandhill Crane Site Selection and Habitat Use during Fall-Staging, Lower Mainland, BC. Oral Presentation. North American Ornithological Conference, Vancouver, August 2012. Rourke, J. W. and J. C. Palmer. 2010. “South Fraser Perimeter Road: Passerine, woodpecker, and marsh bird monitoring ”. Prepared for: Ministry of Transportation, Metrotower 1, Burnaby, B.C Rourke, J. W., J. C. Palmer, and B. Paterson. 2009. “South Fraser Perimeter Road: Fall 2008 Sandhill Crane Monitoring ”. Prepared for: Ministry of Transportation, Metrotower 1, Burnaby, B.C. Rourke, J. W. and J. C. Palmer. 2009. “South Fraser Perimeter Road: Passerine, woodpecker, and marsh bird monitoring ”. Prepared for: Ministry of Transportation, Metrotower 1, Burnaby, B.C. Rourke, J. W. and B. E. Kus, B E. In prep . “An evaluation of fluctuating asymmetry as a tool in identifying imperilled bird populations”. James Rourke, M.Sc., R.P.Bio. Terrestrial Ecology Practice Leader, Senior Biologist Page 6 of 6
Rourke, J. W. and B. E. Kus, B E. October 2006. “Nesting habitat selection of the southwestern willow flycatcher in southern California ”. Poster presentation. North American Ornithological Conference. Rourke, J. W., B. E. Kus, and D. Deutschman. 2005. An evaluation of fluctuating asymmetry as a tool in identifying imperilled bird populations. Oral presentation. Cooper Ornithological Society. Mora, M.A., J.W. Rourke, S.J. Sfera, and K. King. 2003. Environmental contaminants in surrogate birds and insects inhabiting southwestern willow flycatcher habitat in Arizona . Studies in Avian Biology. 26:168-176. Allison, L.J., C.E. Paradzick, J.W. Rourke, and T.D. McCarthey. 2003. “A Characterization of vegetation in nesting and non-nesting plots for southwestern willow flycatchers in central Arizona”. Studies in Avian Biology. 26:81-90. Natural history and identification of the southwestern willow flycatcher . 1997-2000. Annual Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Workshop. Co-workshop leader. Natural history of the brown-headed cowbird . 1997-2000. Annual Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Workshop. Co-workshop leader. Southwestern willow flycatcher survey techniques . 1997-2000. Annual Southwestern Willow Flycatcher Workshop. Co-workshop leader. Southwestern willow flycatcher natural history and status. 1999. Invited lecture, Desert Botanical Gardens, Phoenix, AZ. The southwestern willow flycatcher: 1998 survey and nest monitoring results. 1999. Poster presentation, Arizona and New Mexico Chapters of the Wildlife Society, 32nd joint annual meeting. Natural history of the sandhill crane . 1997 and 1999. Wings Over Wilcox Sandhill Crane Celebration, Wilcox, AZ. Remote video monitoring of passerines - a preliminary look into causes of nest failure and time activity budgets of willow flycatchers . 1998. Poster presentation, American Ornithologist's Union Annual Meeting.
PROFESSIONAL AWARDS
Hemmera, Wayfinder Award, 2015 Western Ecological Research Center, Certificate of Appreciation, 2004 and 2007 AGFD Wildlife Management, Division Award for Special Achievement, 2000
PROFESSIONAL HISTORY
Hemmera, Ecologist, 2008 – Present US Geological Survey, Ecologist, 2000 – 2008 Arizona Game and Fish Department, Wildlife Specialist, 1995 – 2000 US National Biological Survey, Wildlife Technician, 1994 Bureau of Land Management, Biological Technician, 1991, 1993
RONALD C. YDENBERG
Director, Centre for Wildlife Ecology Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 CANADA
PERSONAL:
EDUCATION: B.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 1977 Ph.D., Oxford University, 1982
POSITIONS: Director, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, 2002-present Professor, Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 1995-present Adjunct Professor, Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 2008-2017 Associate Editor, Journal of Avian Biology, 2003 - present
CENTRE FOR WILDLIFE ECOLOGY Full details on the CWE, including all past annual reports and can be found at http://www.sfu.ca/biology/wildberg/
RESEARCH INTERESTS: My research interests lie in behavioral ecology, with special emphasis on migration, foraging, predation, parental investment and life history research. I am especially interested in the application of this knowledge to wildlife ecology, conservation and other applied issues.
GRADUATE SUPERVISION Students graduated - 22 PhD students, 50 MSc students Current Graduate Students - 5 PhD students, 7 MSc students
PUBLICATIONS Books Stephens, D.W., J. Brown and R.C. Ydenberg. 2007. Foraging. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Recognized as the authorative reference in the field.
C.V. – RC Ydenberg, p. 2 Scientific articles in Refereed Journals As shown in the attached, I have published more than 150 research papers in peer-reviewed journals. According to the website ‘Harzing’s Publish or Perish’ (March 28, 2019), these have been collectively cited more than 9100 times by other peer-reviewed scientific literature. Among a wide variety of topics, several of these papers concern sandpiper migration and biofilm feeding.
RELEVANT EXPERIENCE The Centre for Wildlife Ecology explicitly identifies a role for providing science advice to government and other public bodies, to inform policy and social needs, defined broadly. As such I have outside of my academic research career worked with a variety of groups and organizations, and spoken to scores of others.
As an Adjunct Professor at Wageningen University in The Netherlands, I also worked with a variety of groups on wildlife management issues, providing advice on how to use research to address issues and problems they faced. The biggest of these was work with the Water Authorities (‘Waterschappen’), large quasi-governmental bodies that maintain and regulate everything to do with dykes, waterways and water levels – all ultra-important in this low-lying country. The issue concerned muskrats, an invasive species whose burrowing threatens the integrity of dykes and levees. An expensive (€35M per year) control program is currently in place. My work showed how that program could be used to eliminate the species completely, and so improve public safety and over the medium term, greatly reduce this expenditure. ! " # $ % &' ()!%
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