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Elucidating the Impact of Roseophage on Roseobacter Metabolism and Marine Nutrient Cycles University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2015 Elucidating the Impact of Roseophage on Roseobacter Metabolism and Marine Nutrient Cycles Nana Yaw Darko Ankrah University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Bioinformatics Commons, Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Microbial Physiology Commons, Oceanography Commons, and the Virology Commons Recommended Citation Ankrah, Nana Yaw Darko, "Elucidating the Impact of Roseophage on Roseobacter Metabolism and Marine Nutrient Cycles. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3289 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Nana Yaw Darko Ankrah entitled "Elucidating the Impact of Roseophage on Roseobacter Metabolism and Marine Nutrient Cycles." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Microbiology. Alison Buchan, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Steven W. Wilhelm, Erik R. Zinser, Shawn R. Campagna, Mark A. Radosevich Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Elucidating the Impact of Roseophage on Roseobacter Metabolism and Marine Nutrient Cycles A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Nana Yaw Darko Ankrah May 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Nana Yaw Darko Ankrah All rights reserved. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my mom, Jemima Olivia Karley Pappoe; daughter, Olivia Karley Ankrah; wife, Victoria Ankrah and Grandma Harriet. This dissertation is also dedicated to the rest of my family, to Nii Oto, Nii Darku, Christopher, Olivia Kotey, Mr. Quarshie, Unlce James, Sis Nana, Ivy, Kuuku, Stephen, Emmanuel, Gloria and all the cousins, nephews and nieces. iii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my strongest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Alison Buchan, for giving me the opportunity join her lab and for all the personal and professional development I have attained under her tutelage. I would also like to thank all my committee members, Professor Steven Wilhelm, Dr. Erik Zinser, Professor Mark Radosevich and Dr. Shawn Campagna for their intellectual guidance throughout my doctoral degree. In addition, I would like to extend thanks to lab members, both past and present, for their help and support. I’d like to thank Dr. Charles Budinoff for introducing me to various techniques in microbiology and virology during my first years as a PhD student. I’d also like to thank our lab manager, Mary Hadden, for her assistance with all qPCR assays associated with this dissertation. I’d also like to thank all Buchan lab members; Dr. Chris Gulvik, Dr. Nathan Cude, Ashley Frank, Lauren Mach Quigley, Jonelle Basso, and April Mitchell for being awesome people to work with. I’d also like to thank all the wonderful undergraduates who have contributed immensely to this dissertation in numerous ways: Dan Jones, Chelsi Short (née White), Nikki Szayni, Nathan Bendrieum, Drew Garrone, Kattie Moccia, Will Brading and Yi- Ting Huang. And last, but in no way the least, I’d like thank my family, my daughter Olivia for staying up with me every night to get this dissertation done, and my wife, Victoria, for being a strong support base and an awesome wife. iv Abstract As the most abundant biological entities in marine environments, viruses are an important component of marine food webs. The activity of viruses contributes significantly to the mortality of marine microorganisms, ultimately influencing biological function and chemical composition of aquatic systems by impacting species composition and flow of carbon, nitrogen and other nutrients. Despite the growing recognition that viral activity contributes to marine biogeochemical cycles, the extent to which virus infection reshapes host metabolism and the effect of this alteration on the composition of host lysate remains poorly understood. Additionally, the degree to which natural bacterioplankton communities metabolise the released lysate material remains an open question. In this study, we use a Roseobacter lysogen, Sulfitobacter sp. CB2047, and its infecting phage as models to examine phage-host interactions in the marine environment. Specifically, this dissertation investigates the effect of superinfection of Sulfitobacter lysogens on resident prophage induction and its effect on accelerating the transfer of genetic material and increasing microbial genetic diversity. This work also characterizes the effect that phage infection has on reshaping host metabolic processes to provide building blocks for the synthesis of new virion particles and how this redirection of host metabolism affects the composition of material released as virus lysate after cell lysis. Finally, this dissertation examines how virus-derived lysates are metabolised by members of the natural bacterioplankton community and how this affects the consuming population’s metabolism. Results from our studies indicate that superinfection of Sulfitobacter lysogens increases prophage induction ~24-fold and increases Sulfitobacter diversity by up to 2%. Our results also indicate that phage infection significantly elevates host metabolism, redirecting ~75% of host resources from energy production to the production of new phage virions. Additionally, our v results demonstrate that viral lysates are rich in small, labile nutrients that are readily utilized by natural bacterioplankton communities, significantly increasing their metabolite pools and nutrient turnover. Overall, this research provides an enhanced framework for understanding the role of marine viruses in shaping microbial genetic diversity and characterizes the impact that virus infections have on redirecting host metabolism as well as the availability and metabolism of nutrients to natural bacterioplankton communities. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 References ...................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 Genomic analysis of the marine bacterium Sulfitobacter sp. CB2047 and its infecting phages ΦCB2047A, B & C ............................................................................. 14 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 16 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 16 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 18 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................ 19 Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... 23 References .................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 3 Polylysogeny and prophage induction by superinfection in a member of the Roseobacter clade............................................................................................................ 27 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 28 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 28 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................... 30 Results .......................................................................................................................... 35 Discussion..................................................................................................................... 41 Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................... 48 References .................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix ...................................................................................................................... 57 Chapter 4 Phage infection of an environmentally relevant marine bacterium alters host metabolism and lysate composition ............................................................................... 67 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 69 Introduction ................................................................................................................
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