Techno-Politics, Internet Governance and Some Challenges Facing the Internet
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Internet Invariants: What Really Matters an Internet Society Public Policy Briefing
Internet Invariants: What Really Matters An Internet Society Public Policy Briefing 26 September 2016 Introduction Today’s Internet has We place an enormous amount of faith in the Internet, largely because it facilitates our transformed how more than two billion people connect and everyday lives. We instinctively trust that when we send an email, it will be received by communicate. And it will the intended recipient. When we type a domain name into a browser, we presume that continue to transform our economy, infrastructure, and the results will be what we are looking for. We can make these assumptions because social lives as cloud computing, Internet invariants ensure that if we send data, it arrives; and if we seek content, it will the Internet of Things, and be located. mobile devices evolve in ways we cannot yet imagine. We don’t often talk about how the Starting in the 1970s, a variety of protocols and network architectures were developed, network behind this technology works, just as most of us don’t but none became the driver of economic and social development that the Internet did. concern ourselves with where IBM’s Systems Network Architecture, for example, failed to take off because it could only electricity comes from, so long connect with hardware manufactured by IBM. The technical system that proliferated as our lights turn on. But as the Internet becomes an instead, and which remains at the foundation of the Internet, was TCP/IP because of its increasingly more pervasive and decentralized nature and underlying values of interoperability, flexibility, resilience, and critical piece of infrastructure, we need to understand both global reach. -
2606 A. Panitz BCP: 32 June 1999 Category: Best Current Practice
Network Working Group D. Eastlake Request for Comments: 2606 A. Panitz BCP: 32 June 1999 Category: Best Current Practice Reserved Top Level DNS Names Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved. Abstract To reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion, a few top level domain names are reserved for use in private testing, as examples in documentation, and the like. In addition, a few second level domain names reserved for use as examples are documented. Table of Contents 1. Introduction............................................1 2. TLDs for Testing, & Documentation Examples..............2 3. Reserved Example Second Level Domain Names..............2 4. IANA Considerations.....................................3 5. Security Considerations.................................3 References.................................................3 Authors' Addresses.........................................4 Full Copyright Statement...................................5 1. Introduction The global Internet Domain Name System is documented in [RFC 1034, 1035, 1591] and numerous additional Requests for Comment. It defines a tree of names starting with root, ".", immediately below which are top level domain names such as ".com" and ".us". Below top level domain names there are normally additional levels of names. Eastlake & Panitz Best Current Practice [Page 1] RFC 2606 Reserved Top Level DNS Names June 1999 2. TLDs for Testing, & Documentation Examples There is a need for top level domain (TLD) names that can be used for creating names which, without fear of conflicts with current or future actual TLD names in the global DNS, can be used for private testing of existing DNS related code, examples in documentation, DNS related experimentation, invalid DNS names, or other similar uses. -
Network Working Group J. Postel Request for Comments: 820 J. Vernon January 1983 Obsoletes Rfcs
Network Working Group J. Postel Request for Comments: 820 J. Vernon January 1983 Obsoletes RFCs: 790, 776, 770, 762, 758, 755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433, 349 Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93 ASSIGNED NUMBERS This Network Working Group Request for Comments documents the currently assigned values from several series of numbers used in network protocol implementations. This RFC will be updated periodically, and in any case current information can be obtained from Jon Postel. The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon, subject to the agreement between DARPA/IPTO and DDN/PMO about number allocation, documented in Appendix A of this RFC. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment. Jon Postel USC - Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, California 90291 phone: (213) 822-1511 ARPANET mail: POSTEL@ISIF The ARPANET community is making the transition form the ARPANET to the ARPA Internet. This has been characterized as the NCP/TCP transition [63], although many other the protocols are involved, too. The working documents for the new Internet environment have been collected by the Network Information Center (NIC) in a book entitled the "Internet Protocol Transition Workbook" [62]. Most of the protocols mentioned here are documented in the RFC series of notes. The more prominent and more generally used are documented in the "Internet Protocol Transition Workbook" or in the old "Protocol Handbook" [17] prepared by the NIC. Some of the items listed are undocumented. -
Network Working Group J. Reynolds Request for Comments: 923 J
Network Working Group J. Reynolds Request for Comments: 923 J. Postel ISI Obsoletes RFCs: 900, 870, 820, October 1984 790, 776, 770, 762, 758, 755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433, 349 Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93 ASSIGNED NUMBERS Status of this Memo This memo is an official status report on the numbers used in protocols in the ARPA-Internet community. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Introduction This Network Working Group Request for Comments documents the currently assigned values from several series of numbers used in network protocol implementations. This RFC will be updated periodically, and in any case current information can be obtained from Joyce Reynolds. The assignment of numbers is also handled by Joyce. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, network number, etc., please contact Joyce to receive a number assignment. Joyce Reynolds USC - Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way Marina del Rey, California 90292-6695 Phone: (213) 822-1511 ARPA mail: [email protected] Most of the protocols mentioned here are documented in the RFC series of notes. The more prominent and more generally used are documented in the "Internet Protocol Transition Workbook" [33] or in the old "ARPANET Protocol Handbook" [34] prepared by the NIC. Some of the items listed are undocumented. Further information on protocols can be found in the memo "Official ARPA-Internet Protocols" [89]. In all cases the name and mailbox of the responsible individual is indicated. In the lists that follow, a bracketed entry, e.g., [nn,iii], at the right hand margin of the page indicates a reference for the listed protocol, where the number ("nn") cites the document and the letters ("iii") cites the person. -
A FACULTY PERSPECTIVES and PRACTICES of SOCIAL PRESENCE in ONLINE POST-SECONDARY LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS a Dissertation SUBMITTED
FACULTY PERSPECTIVES AND PRACTICES OF SOCIAL PRESENCE IN ONLINE POST-SECONDARY LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Julie Ann Smith IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF EDUCATION Joyce Strand, Ph.D., Adviser April 2018 a Julie Ann Smith 2018 © b Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been able without my patient adviser, Dr. Joyce Strand, who continued to support me throughout the years and help me to finally finish this research project. The last three years of trying to finish my dissertation included the caregiving to my mother and father. My father spent over two years in assistive care at the end of battling a long war with Alzheimer’s. He needed my mother’s help and she needed mine. This, and a concurrent divorce to my husband of 23 years, prolonged my ability to complete the writing of this dissertation, thus a long time had passed since the literature review. Many thanks go to my committee and doctoral chair who patiently provided me excellent advice in educational theory, interview and survey questionnaire revisions and/or dissertation guidance: Drs. Helen Mongan-Rallis, Craig Stroupe, Terrie Shannon, and Linda Deneen, and Chair Dr. Frank Guldbrandsen. Acknowledgements also go out to the faculty survey respondents and interviewees. Without their volunteer time, participation, and input, I would not have results to advance the study of social presence in the Community of Inquiry model. Additional thanks go to the faculty and staff and my cohort of the Education Doctorate in Teaching and Learning program at the University of Minnesota Duluth in the College of Education and Human Service Professions. -
1117 M. Stahl Obsoletes Rfcs: 1062, 1020, 997, 990, 960, 943, M
Network Working Group S. Romano Request for Comments: 1117 M. Stahl Obsoletes RFCs: 1062, 1020, 997, 990, 960, 943, M. Recker 923, 900, 870, 820, 790, 776, 770, 762, SRI-NIC 758, 755, 750, 739, 604, 503, 433, 349 August 1989 Obsoletes IENs: 127, 117, 93 INTERNET NUMBERS Status of this Memo This memo is an official status report on the network numbers and the autonomous system numbers used in the Internet community. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Introduction This Network Working Group Request for Comments documents the currently assigned network numbers and gateway autonomous systems. This RFC will be updated periodically, and in any case current information can be obtained from Hostmaster at the DDN Network Information Center (NIC). Hostmaster DDN Network Information Center SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: 1-800-235-3155 Network mail: [email protected] Most of the protocols used in the Internet are documented in the RFC series of notes. Some of the items listed are undocumented. Further information on protocols can be found in the memo "Official Internet Protocols" [40]. The more prominent and more generally used are documented in the "DDN Protocol Handbook" [17] prepared by the NIC. Other collections of older or obsolete protocols are contained in the "Internet Protocol Transition Workbook" [18], or in the "ARPANET Protocol Transition Handbook" [19]. For further information on ordering the complete 1985 DDN Protocol Handbook, contact the Hostmaster. Also, the Internet Activities Board (IAB) publishes the "IAB Official Protocol Standards" [52], which describes the state of standardization of protocols used in the Internet. -
Digital Image Steganalysis Techniques
ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 4, October 2013 A Review on Digital Image Steganalysis Techniques Categorised by Features Extracted Rita Chhikara, Latika Singh ITM University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India presence or absence of embedded message. Images are Abstract- The overwhelming growth in communication often used as a carrier because of their extensive technology and usage of public domain channels (i.e. availability with high resolution of pixels. Data Internet) has greatly facilitated transfer of data. However, embedding in a multimedia carrier like image may such open communication channels have greater vulnerability involve varying parameters such as different image to security threats causing unauthorized information access. Steganography is the art of hiding and transmitting data formats, different embedding algorithms and various through apparently innocuous carriers such as text, image, steganographic keys. This has made steganalysis a more audio or video in an effort to conceal the existence of the difficult and challenging task. Earliest work on secret data and the fact that communication is even taking steganalysis was reported by Johnson and Jajodia [9] and place. Steganalysis is an attack on steganography. Both Chandramouli et al.[10]. It has gained prominence in steganography and steganalysis have received a great deal of national security and forensic sciences as detection of attention from law enforcement and the media. In the past hidden messages can lead to the prevention of disastrous years many powerful and robust methods of steganography security incidents. Algorithms for Steganalysis are and steganalysis have been reported in the literature. -
Use of Mobile Technology by Adults Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Voices from Two Countries
Volume 11, Summer 2017 Assistive Technology Outcomes and Benefits Volume 11, Summer 2017, pp. 66-81 Copyright ATIA 2017 ISSN 1938-7261 Available online: www.atia.org/atob Use of Mobile Technology by Adults Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Voices from Two Countries Diane Nelson Bryen, PhD Professor Emerita, Temple Univeristy – USA Juan Bornman, PhD Professor and Director, Center for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria – South Africa John Morris, PhD Clinical Research Scientist, Shepherd Center – USA Enid Moolman Lecturer, Center for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria – South Africa F. Mark Sweatman, PhD Data Analyst, Shepherd Center – USA Abstract are important, but some Find it diFFicult to use requiring a variety of modifications. More than 50% Mobile technology – cell phones, smartphones and of participants From each country used their mobile tablets – has expanded communication and social devices For text-messaging, web browsing, keeping interaction, commerce, and access to inFormation a directory oF contacts, voice calling, sharing photos for many people with disabilities. Little is known or videos online, listening to music, and social about the use of these mainstream technologies by networking. Recommendations are made For adults who use augmentative and alternative industry and people who rely on AAC. communication (AAC). InFormation comparing their use by adults who rely on AAC From both high- Keywords: augmentative and alternative income and low or middle-income countries is communication, AAC, cell phones, mobile technol- nonexistent. This article presents data on the use oF ogy mobile technology by 38 adults From the United States and 30 adults From South AFrica who use AAC. -
Network Working Group N. Freed Request for Comments: 2049 Innosoft Obsoletes: 1521, 1522, 1590 N
Network Working Group N. Freed Request for Comments: 2049 Innosoft Obsoletes: 1521, 1522, 1590 N. Borenstein Category: Standards Track First Virtual November 1996 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Five: Conformance Criteria and Examples Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. Abstract STD 11, RFC 822, defines a message representation protocol specifying considerable detail about US-ASCII message headers, and leaves the message content, or message body, as flat US-ASCII text. This set of documents, collectively called the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, or MIME, redefines the format of messages to allow for (1) textual message bodies in character sets other than US-ASCII, (2) an extensible set of different formats for non-textual message bodies, (3) multi-part message bodies, and (4) textual header information in character sets other than US-ASCII. These documents are based on earlier work documented in RFC 934, STD 11, and RFC 1049, but extends and revises them. Because RFC 822 said so little about message bodies, these documents are largely orthogonal to (rather than a revision of) RFC 822. The initial document in this set, RFC 2045, specifies the various headers used to describe the structure of MIME messages. The second document defines the general structure of the MIME media typing system and defines an initial set of media types. -
The Effect of Social Control Models on Motivation and Use in Electronic Communication Infrastructures
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL CONTROL MODELS ON MOTIVATION 103 The Effect Of Social Control Models On Motivation and Use In Electronic Communication Infrastructures Dan Manson Computer Information Systems Electronic communication can restrict organizational communication, or open communication channels to all employees regardless of status and personality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships between social control patterns and electronic communication infrastructure use. Political, administrative, and computing infrastructure examples are used to provide initial understanding of infrastructure use. Social control models are used to provide insight into employee use of an electronic communication infrastructure. Case data from electronic communication systems is mapped to social control models to illustrate the effect of social control types on electronic communication use. Introduction A communications infrastructure provides an enabling platform for employees to share information to be used for decision-making, problem-definition, and coordination of organiza- tional behaviors. A functioning infrastructure enables the delivery of products and services facilitating human and cognitive processes adding value through information and knowledge exchange. In discussing the role of computing infrastructures, it is important to define infrastructure characteristics being considered. Computing infrastructure refers to the set of human and organizational resources that help make it simpler and faster for skilled people to use computerized systems (Kling, 1993). A computing infrastructure can consist of physical, technological and social characteristics. Physical characteristics can affect the ability to access the system. Technological characteristics involve issues of quality and reliability. Social characteristics address issues of information access and accountability. Physical and technological issues are driven by economic and technical issues, while social issues involve organizational issues. -
Honeywell's Next Generation Plcs Powerful, Compact, Versatile, Open Network
Programmable Logic Controllers MasterLogic-200 Honeywell's next generation PLCs Powerful, compact, versatile, open network Programmable Logic Controllers MasterLogic-200 · Powerful & versatile · Scalable & modular · Compact pocket-size modules · CPU redundancy, power supply redundancy, network redundancy · Range of I/O modules-digital (source/sink,transistor/relay),analog (voltage/current) · Special modules-High Speed Counter, Position Control, RTD, Thermocouple · Open network-Profibus-DP, DeviceNet, Fast Ethernet, Modbus · Dedicated peer-to-peer networking of PLCs · Large I/O capacity and Remote I/O Contents Overview 4 Overview Introduction System Architecture 8 CPU & System configuration General Specifications CPU Specifications Highlights Introduction Network Fast Ethernet(FEnet) 15 Serial Communication(Snet) Profibus-DP(Pnet) DeviceNet(Dnet) Digital I/O Modules Input/Output Modules 20 Position Control Modules Analog I/O Modules Smart I/O(s) Thermocouple Module RTD Module High Speed Counter Modules Key Features Software 29 Project Management Online Functions Maintenance & Troubleshooting Monitoring PLC Event History Program Navigation & Editing Program Ease Simulation System Requirements SoftMaster-NM (Network setup & diagnostics) Special Interface Special Interface with Experion 37 PKS & Experion Vista MasterLogic-50 Other Related Products Master Panel 38 HCiX Series Product List 39 Product List Overview Introduction Key Features · Powerful & versatile processors - High speed i.e. (28ns/step, flash memory, hot-swapping) · CPU redundancy -
How Constructing the DNS Shaped Internet Governance
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Malcic, Steven Article The problem of future users: how constructing the DNS shaped internet governance Internet Policy Review Provided in Cooperation with: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG), Berlin Suggested Citation: Malcic, Steven (2016) : The problem of future users: how constructing the DNS shaped internet governance, Internet Policy Review, ISSN 2197-6775, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society, Berlin, Vol. 5, Iss. 3, pp. 1-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.14763/2016.3.434 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/214028 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten