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Coral Reef Monitoring in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Sulu Sea, Philippines

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Coral Reef Monitoring in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Sulu Sea, Philippines Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000, Vol. 2. Coral reef monitoring in Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Sulu Sea, Philippines M.C. Ledesma1 and M. Mejia2 ABSTRACT Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park in the Philippines has been a prime research site for scientists and conservationists. Seven permanent transect sites were set to be monitored annually from 1997 to 2000 using video and fish visual census techniques, although only three of the sites were considered for change through time analysis for benthic cover. From 1997 to 1999, mean live coral cover decreased by 24.9%; this was attributed to the coral bleaching of 1998. However, a 3.3% increase in live coral cover was found from 1999 to 2000 which could indicate recovery. Algal cover significantly increased from 1998 to 1999. Despite the decrease in live coral cover, there was a 530% increase in mean total fish biomass from 1998 to 2000 in the three sites. Although this was not statistically significant when the analysis was extended to include all seven sites, there was a significant increase in mean total fish biomass. The increases in fish biomass and density could be due to the strict enforcement of the Marine Park as a “no take” zone. Keywords Tubbataha reef, Coral reef monitoring, Marine Given the critical levels of over-exploitation of many reserves, Fish biomass coral reefs, marine reserves may be the only viable option available to maintain levels of spawning stock biomass Introduction necessary to sustain reef fisheries (Russ et al. 1992). Hence, the goals of our monitoring efforts are to expand Tubbataha Reef lies in the middle of the Sulu Sea and knowledge of the unique ecosystem of Tubbataha and to is one of the last marine frontiers of the region. Because provide technical information that will improve and faci- of its globally significant biodiversity, UNESCO declared litate the management of this Marine Park. it a natural World Heritage Site in December 11, 1993. The total area of the Park covers 33, 200 hectares Methods including surrounding waters. Tubbataha Reef consists of two coral atolls, separated by an eight-kilometer channel Survey of Benthic Communities (Fig. 1). Seven (100 meter) permanent transects were set The coral reefs of Tubbataha Reef National Marine parallel to the reef crest at an average depth of 10 meters Park have been surveyed since 1982 (White and Arquiza around the two atolls of Tubbataha in 1997 (Fig. 1). 1999). Many different organizations and academic agen- These sites were to be monitored annually from 1997 to cies have visited and collected data in these two remote 2000. However, due to technical difficulties that pre- atolls in the Sulu Sea. Hypothesized to populate neigh- vented the collection of data in some sites (Table 1), only boring reefs with fish and coral larvae due to the three of the sites were considered in the change through prevailing currents in the Sulu Sea (Alcala 1993), Tubba- time analysis. Change in percentage cover of benthic taha Reef is a valuable resource to the country. communities through time was recorded using the video Tubbataha is one of the last few reefs in the Philippines technique, modified from English et al. (1997) except for that is relatively intact and harbors an abundant and 1999 when the benthos point-intercept transect method diverse association of organisms. In one survey alone, was used. A separate benthos point-intercept transect more than 300 coral species and at least 379 species of survey was done in 2000 to compare the results obtained fish were recorded (White and Arquiza 1999). by the two methods. A paired T-test showed that there The Park, despite its remoteness, was still affected by was no significant difference between the two methods illegal fishing practices commonly found all over (T=0.012, P =0.990), therefore data obtained from 1999 Southeast Asia. Tubbataha experienced the highest levels was included in the change through time analysis. Coral of destruction in the 1980’s and by 1989 the reefs were no mortality indices were calculated based on Gomez et al. longer in pristine condition (White and Arquiza 1999). (1994). A one-way ANOVA was used to test for changes The stresses on the reef eased when it was designated as a through time. Data sampling for benthic cover was National Marine Park in 1988 and was closed off to conducted within the summer months of March to May. fishing. However, due to lack of surveillance equipment, illegal fishers still continued to exploit the Park. Fish Visual Census A Tubbataha Protected Area Management Board Fish populations were surveyed from 1998 to 2000 (TPAMB) was established in July 1999 and as a result, the rules of the Park are now fully and strongly enforced using the visual fish census modified from English et al. by a composite team of Park rangers, using a new radar (1997) in all seven (100 m) permanent transect sites. For system and more chase boats. This has led to many each variety of fish encountered, the numbers and sizes improvements in the Park and has kept illegal fishers out. were estimated. Biomass of fish assemblages were 1 WWF-Philippines, Research Officer, WWF-Philippines, #3 WESCOM Road, Puerto Princesa City 5300 Philippines, Tel. No. (63 48) 434-2100, 2 WWF-Philippines, 23 Maalindog St., U.P. Village, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines, [email protected] calculated based on Kulbicki et al. (1993) and ICLARM Philippines was relatively fair. The bleaching in the Fishbase and was standardized to metric tons per square country was described by Wilkinson et al. (1998) as kilometer. Data on fish density were standardized to moderate and patchy on some reefs in large areas, with a density per square meter. A one-way ANOVA was used mix of coral recovery and approximately 20-50% morta- to test for changes between years. Biomass data was log lity. Other countries recorded as high as a 95% mortality transformed prior to analysis to ensure normality. Data rate (Wilkinson et al. 1998). The bleaching all over the sampling for the fish census was conducted also within world was most pronounced in shallow water (less than the summer months of March to May. 15 m) and particularly affected staghorn and plate Acropora and other fast growing species (Wilkinson et al. Results 1998). Dead but intact Acropora forests were observed in Sites 1 and 5. It was observed that these corals were Mean live coral cover in the three sites (sites N1, N3 colonized by turf algae upon close inspection. This obser- and S5) decreased by 24.9% from 1997 to 1999. vation could be the after effect of the bleaching event However, there was a recorded 3.3% increase in live coral when algae colonizes over corals unable to recover after cover from 1999 to 2000 (Fig.2). Results from the one- being bleached and an explanation for the significant way ANOVA, however, show that both hard coral and increase in algal assemblage (AA) between 1998 and soft coral did not differ significantly over time. There 1999. There was no significant change in live coral cover were no significant differences in the abiotic component from year to year, nevertheless, there was a recorded and other live benthic components (OT). Algal cover, 24.9% decline from 1997 to 1999. The recorded 3.3% however, significantly increased (F=15.585, P= 0.001) increase in live coral cover from 1999 to 2000 could between 1998 and 1999, and dead coral with algae (DCA) indicate the absence of both natural and anthropogenic (F=23.010, P=0.0001) between 1999 and 2000, thus stresses within the year and could indicate signs of showing an increase in coral mortality from 1998-2000 recovery. (Fig. 2, Table 2). There was a significant increase (F= The coral mortality index was highest in year 2000 4.307, P= 0.030) in the mean total fish biomass in all (Table 2). However, the low coral mortality index in seven sites over the latter three years. Estimated mean 1999 could be an underestimated value; the significant total fish biomass was 63.73, 446.92 and 647.33 metric increase in algae in 1999 could have covered areas of tons per square kilometer (MT/km2) for 1998, 1999 and dead coral which the observer was unable to distinguish, 2000 (Fig.3), respectively. This dramatic increase in fish thus some accounted for algae and not dead coral with stocks represents more than 900% rise since 1998. It was algae (DCA). the presence of large schools of pelagic fish species that accounted significant increase (F= 4.246, P= 0.031) while Fish Visual Census demersal fish species showed no significant changes over Fish Density and Biomass time (Fig. 3). Although mean density of total fish species decreased by 10% from 1999 to 2000, the value for 2000 The mean total density of fish in the seven sites was 36% higher than that recorded for 1998. Pelagic decreased from 1999 to 2000, mainly due to the decrease species, Caesionids, significantly increased in mean in damselfish density. In 1999, 58% of the average fish density from 1998 to 2000 (F=5.091, P=0.018) while density was made up of damselfishes, this lessened to Carangids displayed increasing trends. Some comercially 49% in year 2000. It was noted in 2000 that fish density important demersal fish families such as Lethrinids and was not comprised mainly of the smaller reef fishes such Serranids showed an increase in both mean density and as anthiases and damselfishes compared to the past years. biomass over the study period, however, these were not It was observed that there were greater aggregations of statistically significant (Fig.4).
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