Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form 549

Home , Depth perception, Form perception, Motion perception

Chapter 28 I Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form 549

A 28 Stripes in area 18

lnterblob Perception of Motion, Depth, and Form Blob

V2 V1

B The Parvocellular and Magnocellular Pathways Feed Into N VISION, AS IN OTHER mental operations, we experi- Two Processing Pathways in Extrastriate Cortex ence the world as a whole. Independent attributes- motion, depth, form, and color-are coordinated Motion Is Analyzed Primarily in the Dorsal Pathway to the I Parietal Cortex into a single visual image. In the two previous chapters Motion Is Represented in the Middle Temporal Area we began to consider how two parallel pathways-the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways, that extend Cells in MT Solve the Aperture Problem from the retina through the lateral geniculate nucleus of Control of Movement Is Selectively Impaired by Lesions the thalamus to the primary visual (striate) cortex- ofMT might produce a coherent visual image. In this chapter Perception of Motion Is Altered by Lesions and we examine how the information from these two path- Microstimulation of MT ways feeds into multiple higher-order centers of visual Depth Vision Depends on Monocular Cues and Binocular processing in the extrastriate cortex. How do these path- Disparity ways contribute to our perception of motion, depth, Monocular Cues Create Far-Field Depth Perception form, and color? The magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) path- Stereoscopic Cues Create Near-Field Depth Perception ways feed into two extrastriate cortical pathways: a dor- Figure 28-1 Organization of V1 and V2. B. Connections between V1 and V2. The blobs in V1 connect Information From the Two Eyes Is First Combined in the sal pathway and a ventral pathway. In this chapter we A. Subregions in V1 (area 17) and V2 (area 18). This section primarily to the thin stripes in V2, while the interblobs in V1 Primary Visual Cortex examine, in cell-biological terms, the information pro- from the occipital lobe of a squirrel monkey at the border of ar- connect to interstripes in V2. Layer 48 projects to the thick Random Dot Stereograms Separate Stereopsis From eas 17 and 18 was reacted with cytochrome oxidase. The cy- stripes in V2 and to the middle temporal area (MT). Both thin cessing in each of these pathways. and interstripes project to V4. Thick stripes in V2 also project Object Vision We shall first consider the perception of motion and tochrome oxidase stains the blobs in V1 and the thick and thin stripes in V2. (Courtesy of M. Livingstone.) to MT. Object Vision Depends on the Ventral Pathway to the Inferior depth, mediated in large part by the dorsal pathway to Temporal Lobe the posterior parietal cortex. We then consider the per- Cells in V2 Respond to Both Illusory and Actual ception of contrast and contours, mediated largely by Contours the ventral pathway extending to the inferior temporal The Parvocellular and Magnocellular Pathways dorsal pathway that extends to the posterior parietal Cells in V4 Respond to Form cortex. This pathway also is concerned with the assess- Feed Into Two Processing Pathways cortex. However, the actual relationships are probably Recognition of Faces and Other Complex Forms Depends ment of color, which we will consider in Chapter 29. in Extrastriate Cortex not so exclusive. Upon the Inferior Temporal Cortex Finally, we shall consider the binding problem in the The evidence for separation of function of the dor- Visual Attention Facilitates Coordination Between Separate visual system: how information conveyed in parallel In Chapter 27 we saw that the parallel parvocellular sal and ventral pathways begins in the primary visual, Visual Pathways but separate pathways is brought together into a coher- and magnocellular pathways remain segregated even in or striate, cortex (Vl). Staining for the mitochondrial en- the striate cortex. What happens to these P and M path- zyme cytochrome oxidase reveals a precise and repeat- The Binding Problem in the Visual System ent perception. ways beyond the striate cortex? Early research on these ing pattern of dark, peg-like regions about 0.2 mm in di- An Overall View pathways indicated that the P pathway continues in the ameter called blobs. The blobs are especially prominent ventral cortical pathway that extends to the inferior in the superficial layers 2 and 3, where they are sepa- temporal cortex, and that theM pathway becomes the rated by intervening regions that stain lighter, the in-

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set set

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Many Many

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one one

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Essen Essen primate primate

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Van Van

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the the

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visual visual

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occur occur

we we

Nealey Nealey

visual visual may may

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theM theM dark dark

its its as as

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for for

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cellular cellular

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selected selected

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While While

example, example,

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ple ple

tex tex

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macaque macaque

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projections projections

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Biol40:591-600. Biol40:591-600.

1982. 1982.

1991. 1991.

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observations. observations.

the the

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Friston Friston

cortex cortex

Quant Quant

organization organization

Am Am

JS. JS.

anatomy anatomy

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follow-up follow-up

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cortex cortex

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