La Figure Du Dragon : Des Origines Mythiques À La Fantasy Et À La Dragon Fantasy Anglo-Saxonnes Contemporaines

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La Figure Du Dragon : Des Origines Mythiques À La Fantasy Et À La Dragon Fantasy Anglo-Saxonnes Contemporaines La figure du dragon : des origines mythiques `ala Fantasy et `ala Dragon Fantasy anglo-saxonnes contemporaines Daisy De Palmas Jauze To cite this version: Daisy De Palmas Jauze. La figure du dragon : des origines mythiques `ala Fantasy et `ala Dragon Fantasy anglo-saxonnes contemporaines. Litt´eratures.Universit´ede la R´eunion,2010. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2010LARE0025>. <tel-01160963> HAL Id: tel-01160963 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01160963 Submitted on 8 Jun 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES La figure du dragon : des origines mythiques à la Fantasy et à la Dragon Fantasy anglo-saxonnes contemporaines Thèse de littérature anglo-saxonne présentée en vue de l‟obtention du grade de docteur par Daisy de Palmas Jauze préparée sous la direction de Mme le professeur Sophie Geoffroy soutenue le 26 juin 2010 devant un jury composé de : M. Alain GEOFFROY, professeur, Université de la Réunion Mme Sophie GEOFFROY, professeur, Université de la Réunion Mme Irène LANGLET, professeur, Université de Limoges Mme Anne LARUE, professeur, Université de Paris XIII UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION FACULTE DES LETTRES ET DES SCIENCES HUMAINES La figure du dragon : des origines mythiques à la Fantasy et à la Dragon Fantasy anglo-saxonnes contemporaines Thèse de littérature anglo-saxonne présentée en vue de l‟obtention du grade de docteur par Daisy de Palmas Jauze préparée sous la direction de Mme le professeur Sophie Geoffroy soutenue le 26 juin 2010 devant un jury composé de : M. Alain GEOFFROY, professeur, Université de la Réunion Mme Sophie GEOFFROY, professeur, Université de la Réunion Mme Irène LANGLET, professeur, Université de Limoges Mme Anne LARUE, professeur, Université de Paris XIII REMERCIEMENTS Nous tenons à remercier Mme le professeur Sophie Geoffroy, notre directrice de thèse, qui s‟est laissée gagner à la cause des dragons, pour ses conseils avisés, sa correction minutieuse, son soutien et son enthousiasme ; Jill Bonnabeau, ma collègue du collège, qui s‟est portée volontaire, depuis mon Master, pour enseigner dans les classes difficiles où nous nous relayions habituellement ; Jean-Michel Jauze, mon mari, qui a tenu le rôle du candide et dont certaines questions pertinentes m‟ont incitée à éclaircir mes idées, à développer et à structurer mon raisonnement ; et tous les dragons que j‟ai rencontrés, sans lesquels ce travail n‟aurait pas existé. Illustration de L. Grant-West, in A. Collins, S. Williams, J. Wyatt, 2003, Draconomicon, Dungeons & Dragons, USA, Wizards of the Coast, p. 5. 1 SOMMAIRE Introduction Première partie – Du dragon originel à la Fantasy contemporaine I Ŕ Le dragon, une créature aussi ancienne que l‟Homme II Ŕ Le dragon, figure littéraire depuis les premiers écrits III Ŕ Les images du dragon moderne véhiculées par la Fantasy Deuxième partie – La mise en scène des dragons dans la Fantasy : héritage et renouveau I Ŕ Des dragons d‟univers extrêmes II Ŕ Les dragons en toile de fond III Ŕ L‟image renouvelée du gardien de trésor IV Ŕ La métamorphose, une aptitude fréquente mais tenue secrète V - Le vol, une capacité exigée des dragons de la Fantasy Troisième partie – La Dragon Fantasy I Ŕ Les récurrences narratives de la Dragon Fantasy II - Le peuple dragon de la Dragon Fantasy III Ŕ Les nouveaux héros : le dragon et son dragonnier. Conclusion 2 INTRODUCTION Témoignages ou légendes, hauts-faits ou fabuleux récits de voyages, les textes, des plus anciens aux plus modernes, rapportent d‟étranges confrontations de l‟homme à des créatures qui ont constitué, au fil des siècles, un corpus aux noms évocateurs. Certaines de ces créatures ont fait l‟objet de traités scientifiques sans pour autant avoir jamais été vues dans un zoo, sans même qu‟un squelette n‟ait jamais été retrouvé. Ambroise Paré, médecin du XVIème siècle écrivit un traité sur les licornes, le Suisse Conrad Gessner publia en 1589 son Livre des serpents où il établit une catégorie aptère (sans ailes), une autre apode (sans pattes) et une autre ailée. L‟Italien Ulisse Aldrovandi, professeur d‟histoire naturelle à l‟université de Bologne, publia son Histoire des serpents et des dragons (1640) où sont représentées différentes espèces, de l‟hydre au dragon d‟Ethiopie. Il avait « fait exécuter huit mille panneaux peints a tempera et plus de cinq mille gravures et dessins de tous les spécimens rares, exotiques qu‟on lui avait décrits mais qu‟il n‟avait pas pu se procurer »1. Le terme de dragon n‟oriente pas d‟emblée vers la littérature moderne dans l‟esprit du grand public. Il est plus volontiers associé à la culture asiatique, à la religion judéo- chrétienne ou à une volonté économico-politique. En questionnant le fichier central des thèses, nous avons constaté en effet, que le dragon était traité en histoire du Moyen Âge, en art et civilisation asiatiques, en médecine, en cinématographie, mais nous ne l‟avons pas trouvé dans des thèses de littérature, ni de Fantasy. Il est pourtant réapparu dans tous les genres littéraires populaires modernes surtout dans les contes remis au goût du jour, la science-fiction, la littérature de jeunesse et, surtout dans la Fantasy comme nous nous attacherons à le montrer dans notre étude. Il est vrai que la Fantasy est très mal connue. C‟est un genre récent qui a émergé au milieu du XXème siècle, aux Etats-Unis, avec le succès de The Lord of The Rings de Tolkien en 1966. Elle attire l‟attention par ses records de ventes sporadiques qui incitent les libraires à regrouper désormais sous ce terme toutes sortes de romans. Cela aboutit à un amalgame certain et une mauvaise appréciation du genre qui n‟a pas encore de masse critique suffisante, ni de recul temporel, pour s‟imposer aux yeux du plus grand nombre en 1 P. ABSALON et F. CANARD, 2006, Les Dragons, des monstres au pays des hommes, Paris, Gallimard, « Culture et société », p. 73. 3 tant que tel. La Fantasy a du mal à se dissocier de la littérature de jeunesse, voire enfantine à cause de son emprunt au merveilleux, à la magie, aux légendes anciennes, au petit peuple de lutins et de nains, et semble dépendante d‟effets de mode et de quelques auteurs, à l‟instar de J. R. R. Tolkien ou J. K. Rowling pour ne citer qu‟eux. Ce problème provient du fait que la Fantasy commence à peine à être définie véritablement, tant son envergure et son champ d‟actions ont dérouté. L‟imagination fait la vie de ce genre, elle est sans bornes, rapide à rebondir sur tout ce qui éveille son attention. Le flottement du départ a eu pour effet de l‟amalgamer aux littératures de l‟imaginaire en général et à la notion anglaise de fantasy qui recoupe un large champ de la littérature classique et contemporaine où existent des éléments magiques ou fabuleux. Jean-François Ruaud a proposé une définition qui a le mérite d‟être brève : « la Fantasy est une littérature fantastique incorporant un élément d‟irrationnel qui n‟est pas traité seulement de manière horrifique, présente généralement un aspect mythique et est souvent incarné par l‟irruption ou l‟utilisation de magie »2. Définition vague qui peut s‟appliquer aussi bien au conte, à la légende ou au miracle. Le terme fantastique qu‟il emploie est confus, il « se trouve, dès l‟étymologie, opposé à la raison, à la réflexion logique, au raisonnable (sensible) et associé à la fantaisie (fancy/fantasy en anglais) c‟est-à-dire à l‟imagination, aux chimères, à l‟illusion, à la folie, à l‟excentricité »3. Il génère un autre amalgame avec le genre fantastique inapproprié dans le contexte fantasien qui se fonde d‟avantage sur le merveilleux. L‟ensemble des « traits communs » dégagés d‟un ensemble d‟œuvres textuelles, iconographiques et interactives, par Anne Besson, correspond davantage à la définition du genre tel qu‟il apparaît aujourd‟hui : [la Fantasy exalte] « une noblesse passée marquée par l‟héroïsme, les splendeurs de la nature préservée et l‟omniprésence du sacré, en ayant recours à un surnaturel magique qui s‟appuie sur les mythes et le folklore »4. Il est devenu clair aujourd‟hui, que « la Fantasy est une littérature qui cultive le sens du sacré, c‟est-à- dire qui retrouve selon des modalités contemporaines un rapport ancestral au surnaturel »5. Nous étudierons, en effet, toutes ces notions fondamentales de héros, de sacré, de 2 André-François RUAUD, 2001, Cartographie du merveilleux, Paris, Denoël, « Folio SF », p. 10. 3 Sophie GEOFFROY-MENOUX, 2000, Introduction à l’étude des textes fantastiques dans la littérature anglo-américaine, Paris, Editions du temps, pp. 9-10. 4 Anne BESSON, 2007, La fantasy, Paris, Klincksieck, p. 14. 5 Anne BESSON & Myriam WHITE-LE-GOFF, 2007, Fantasy, le merveilleux médiéval aujourd’hui, Paris, Bragelonne, « Essais », p. 12. Actes du colloque du CRELID, Université d‟Artois, avec la collaboration de « Modernités médiévales ». 4 surnaturel magique (le merveilleux), ainsi que le retour vers une nature primitive idéalisée liée à une connaissance et une présence ancestrales surnaturelles (le mythe). Mais la Fantasy s‟adresse encore à un public averti, comme la science-fiction avant elle, ou le roman policier, un public qui choisit son roman selon l‟étiquette « Fantasy » et ce qu‟il présuppose y lire.
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