Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey Prepared by Shane Iremonger and Bruce Graham

Environment Bay of Plenty Environmental Publication 2006/14 September 2006

5 Quay Street P O Box 364 Whakatane NEW ZEALAND ISSN 1175 - 9372

Working with our communities for a better environment Environment Bay of Plenty

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction ...... 1

Chapter 2: Survey methodology ...... 3

Chapter 3: Results ...... 7

3.1 Heating methods ...... 7

3.2 Heating season and time of day ...... 7

3.3 Wood burning ...... 8

3.4 Source of wood...... 9

3.5 Wood burner age...... 9

3.6 Coal burning ...... 9

3.7 Gas usage ...... 9

3.8 Rubbish burning...... 9

Chapter 4: Conclusion...... 11

Appendices...... 13

Appendix I – Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey ...... 15

Appendix II – Questionnaire ...... 21

Appendix III – Raw Data Codes ...... 29

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Chapter 1: Introduction

As part of the Rotorua LAMA emission inventory and airshed dispersion modelling investigations, Environment Bay of Plenty required a survey of home heating methods to be undertaken. This survey was designed to assess the methods of home heating, volume and types of fuel used, as well as the frequency of operating specific heating devices.

This report gives a summary of the key results from the 2005 survey.

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Chapter 2: Survey methodology

The survey was based on telephone interviews of 800 households in the Rotorua urban area. There are about 17,000 households altogether in Rotorua and the survey sample size was designed to give a margin of error of ±3.5%, at the 95% confidence level. The households were selected on the basis of the twenty five census area units (CAUs) (Figure 1) in the urban area, and the distribution was designed to ensure a proportional representation across all of these CAUs.

Full details of the survey methodology and the questionnaire are given in the report by APR Consultants Ltd (see Appendix 1).

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Figure 1: Rotorua Local Air Management Area

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Chapter 3: Results

3.1 Heating methods

The distribution of heating methods used by each household for heating their main living area was as follows:

• Open fire...... 5%

• Wood (log) burner...... 43%

• Multi-fuel burner...... 2%

• Gas (reticulated)...... 19%

• Gas (bottled)...... 25%

• Oil-fired...... 0%

• Geothermal...... 5%

• Electricity ...... 33%

The results for households using wood for heating compare well with the figure of 45% reported for Rotorua in the 2001 census. Similarly, the census figures for gas usage were 15% reticulated and 28% bottled.

Geothermal heating was a low percentage of the total across the whole city, but in those areas where it is available the proportion of users was more typically 30 to 50%.

3.2 Heating season and time of day

A very small proportion (<5%) of households reported heating their homes throughout the year, while the majority of homes were only heated between May and September. There was an additional shoulder period for April and October, during which 30 to 40% of homes were heated.

People were asked about their heating practices during four different times of the day. The peak period for heating was between 1600 and 2200 hours, with up to 95% of households using some form of heating during this time. About 40% reported heating during 0600-1000h, 45% from 1000-1600h, and about 30% heated overnight (2200- 0600h). The only notable exception was overnight gas heating, which was only used by 4% of households with this heating method.

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3.3 Wood burning

The survey respondents were asked to estimate their wood usage, either on a daily basis or the total amount used during winter. This data was problematic in that a significant number of assumptions had to be made in converting the householder units, such as cubic metres, trailer-loads or truck loads, into standardised measurements based on weight. In addition, fewer than 10% of wood users were able to give an estimate of their daily wood use, although 90% provided figures for the seasonal total. This latter data was combined with the information on heating season to give an estimate of the average daily wood use for each household.

The distribution of daily wood use by those households using log burners is shown in Figure 2 below. The average wood usage1 per household was 6.5 kg/day, and 75% of households used less than 8.5 kg/day. However, it should be noted that these figures represent the average usage throughout the heating season—the usage on some days would be much higher than these, and on other days it would be lower. An average daily wood use of 6.5 kg/day is equivalent to a total wood consumption of about 1 tonne for the entire heating season, or about 1.2 truck loads (1 truck load is approximately 5 cubic meters, or 800 kg). The figure for average daily wood usage is quite similar to those reported for other cities and regions, especially those in the North Island.

Average Daily Wood Use

14.0%

12.0%

10.0%

8.0%

6.0% % of households of % 4.0%

2.0%

0.0% 135791113151719212325272931 Daily Wood Use (kg/day)

Figure 2: Daily wood use for households using log burners.

The results for daily wood use on open fires and in multi-fuel burners was too limited to allow detailed analysis in the form shown above. However, the wood quantities reported by households using these methods were very similar (±20%) to those reported for log burners.

The total wood use by all forms of wood burners is estimated to be 9,800 tonnes/year, for the whole of Rotorua.

1 All wood weight figures are based on well-seasoned wood, i.e. approximately 25% moisture.

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3.4 Source of wood

Respondents were asked to identify how they obtained their wood. Of the 400 respondents that used wood, 362 provided an answer, with a distribution of, 63% buy their wood, 37% collect it.

3.5 Wood burner age

Respondents were also asked to estimate the age of their wood burners, and the resulting distribution of answers is shown below:

Pre-1990: 42% 1990-1995: 17% 1996-2000: 13% 2000-05: 28%

The irregularities in this distribution suggest that some respondents may have found it difficult to clearly remember dates for events that happened more than 5 to 10 years ago.

3.6 Coal burning

Only 14 people reported using coal for heating, 10 in a multi-fuel burner and 4 on an open-fire, giving an overall usage rate of 1.75%. The average daily coal usage was 7.1 kg/day, or about 1.1 tonnes throughout the full heating season. Applying these figures to the entire population gives a total annual coal usage for Rotorua of about 300 tonnes.

3.7 Gas usage

The average daily usage of reticulated gas was 11.35 kWh, while the consumption of bottled gas was 0.7 kg/day (or a 9kg bottle in 13 days). Interestingly, the usage rates for both forms of gas are equivalent to almost exactly the same heating rates on an energy basis. However, some of the reticulated gas may have been used for water heating and cooking, rather than just home heating.

3.8 Rubbish burning

Eleven percent of all households reported that they used backyard rubbish burning to dispose of household rubbish or garden waste. While the individual quantities varied widely, the total amount of rubbish burned annually by all these respondents was estimated at 18.2 tonnes/yr, or an average of 220 kg per household. No information was obtained on the frequency of burning.

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Chapter 4: Conclusion

This report is one of the modules of the scientific investigations for the Rotorua LAMA (Figure 3). Outputs from this investigation will be used to build a heating model for inclusion in the emission inventory and the dispersion model.

Figure 3: Rotorua LAMA investigations.

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Appendices

Appendix I...... Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey

Appendix II...... Questionnaire

Appendix III...... Raw Data Codes

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Appendix I – Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey

ROTORUA DOMESTIC HEATING SURVEY

METHODOLOGY REPORT

PREPARED BY

APR CONSULTANTS

FOR

ENVIRONMENT BAY OF PLENTY

MARCH 2006

Environmental Report 2006/14 Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey 16 Environment Bay of Plenty

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 17

1.1 Background...... 17

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 17

2.1 Sampling Procedure...... 17

2.3 Surveying Process ...... 19

2.3.1 Pilot Survey...... 19

2.3.2 Telephone Surveying Procedure...... 19

2.4 Survey/Interviewer Audit ...... 20

2.5 Data Processing...... 20

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1 INTRODUCTION

This report presents background information on the 2005 Environment Bay of Plenty (EBOP) Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey.

A total of 800 Rotorua residents were surveyed throughout November and December 2005 by APR Consultants to establish their home heating activity. The research objectives for this research were to:

1. determine what method people use to heat their homes on winter evenings; 2. determine what period of the day this heating is used; 3. determine the quantity of fuel consumed by these heating methods; 4. determine the location of each respondent to verify even distribution (on a population basis of the sample within the Rotorua airshed; 5. produce an output table which will be the basis for emission rate calculations; and 6. produce a report outlining survey methodology.

1.1 Background

Urban Rotorua is the only area in the Bay of Plenty Region currently exceeding air quality standards (i.e high levels of particulate matter - PM10). It is the responsibility of the regional council to ensure that PM10 levels are reduced within the Rotorua airshed over the next eight years. This research was designed to help better understand the impact of domestic heating on the Rotorua airshed and to be reproducible (i.e it is a baseline from which subsequent surveys will measure action plan effectiveness).

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The following section presents the methodology used for the 2005 Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey.

2.1 Sampling Procedure

The Rotorua Airshed was the main focus for this research (refer Figure 1). A total of 800 local residents within the Rotorua Airshed were surveyed, to gain a margin or effort of +/-3.5% at the 95% level of confidence.

Figure 1Figure 1: Rotorua Airshed

A total of 25 Statistics New Zealand ‘Area Units’ fall under the Rotorua Airshed. The streets contained in each of the 25 Area Units are shown in Appendix 1.

To ensure an even spread of respondents throughout the Airshed, the sample was based on the total number of households in each of the 25 areas to ensure a total sample of 750 respondents (refer to Table 1). A random sample of residential telephone numbers was generated using the Rotorua Telecom White Pages. Phone numbers were categorised by street name (note that streets boarding two or more Area Units were excluded from the sample to ensure correct area classification).

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Table 1 - Sample details

Area Total households2 Sample quota required Fairy Springs 708 31 Fenton 600 27 Fordlands 501 22 Glenholme East 942 42 Glenholme West 870 39 Hillcrest 510 23 Kawaha Point 585 26 Koutu 639 28 Kuirau 396 18 Lynmore 1032 46 Mangakakahi 804 36 Ngapuna 174 8 Ohinemutu 108 5 Owhata East 864 38 Owhata West 1149 51 Pomare 501 22 Pukehangi North 645 29 Pukehangi South 831 37 Selwyn Heights 354 16 Springfield 1482 66 Sunnybrook 633 28 Utuhina 510 23 Victoria 798 35 Western Heights 1167 52 Whakarewarewa 78 3 TOTAL 16,881 750

2.2 Survey Design

The questionnaire for the telephone survey was designed by Environment Bay of Plenty, in consultation with APR Consultants (refer to Appendix 1).

Survey questions related to:

• Methods used to heat homes (e.g. open fire, electrical heating, gas heating, log burner, multi-fuel burner, oil fired heating system and geothermal).

• Heating activity throughout the year (i.e. use of heating on a monthly basis).

• Heating activity throughout the day (i.e. use of heating in the morning, day time, evening and overnight)

• Quantity of fuel consumed.

• Methods for gaining fuel (i.e. purchase wood versus collection).

• Outdoor burning activity (i.e. to determine behaviour and type and quantity of material burnt).

2 http://xtabs.stats.govt.nz/eng/statsbyarea/area_main.asp?rc=04&ta=024

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2.3 Surveying Process

2.3.1 Pilot Survey

An initial pilot survey was undertaken of 50 respondents throughout the Rotorua Airshed to ensure that all survey questions were appropriate. Only minimal changes were made to the survey form, to aid in respondent understanding, following consultation with EBOP. The timing of the survey was deemed appropriate as respondent’s recall was high in terms of heating and fuel usage for the previous winter period. Note that some pilot surveys were later discarded as it proved that some respondents lived outside the Rotorua Airshed or had not satisfactorily defined the area in which they lived.

2.3.2 Telephone Surveying Procedure

Following the pilot survey, further telephone surveys were undertaken in order to gain an effective sample of 800.

Experienced telephone interviewers were briefed and trained to a high standard regarding the survey form and the survey’s objectives. Each interview lasted 10-15 minutes and restrictions were placed on the times for calling respondents. Qualifiers were put in place to ensure a minimum respondent age of 18 years. The survey was administered at varying times throughout the day and interviewers made three calling attempts to each contact in order to mitigate the non-response bias. Interviewers ensured respondents of confidentiality and in a few instances, gave out APR’s freephone number to ring with specific queries.

Quota booster surveying was undertaken to ensure a sufficient representation of respondents from each suburb. Final quotas received from each suburb are shown in Table 2.

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Table 2 - Number of surveys undertaken within each suburb

Area Sample quota required Number of surveys completed Fairy Springs 31 31 Fenton 27 27 Fordlands 22 22 Glenholme East 42 43 Glenholme West 39 41 Hillcrest 23 25 Kawaha Point 26 33 Koutu 28 32 Kuirau 18 23 Lynmore 46 49 Mangakakahi 36 42 Ngapuna 8 8 Ohinemutu 5 6 Owhata East 38 38 Owhata West 51 51 Pomare 22 25 Pukehangi North 29 29 Pukehangi South 37 37 Selwyn Heights 16 19 Springfield 66 68 Sunnybrook 28 28 Utuhina 23 26 Victoria 35 35 Western Heights 52 57 Whakarewarewa 3 5 TOTAL 750 800

2.4 Survey/Interviewer Audit

Interviewer quality was assessed by re-calling 5.0% of respondents (40 people). A copy of this audit process was provided to Environment Bay of Plenty.

2.5 Data Processing

Survey data was entered into a purpose built MS Excel database and coded. Details of results coding can be found in Appendix 2. The data was collated, tabulated and presented in an electronic output table to Environment Bay of Plenty.

Note that an accuracy audit of the data entry process was undertaken on 5.0% of data (40 surveys) and a record of this audit process was provided to Environment Bay of Plenty.

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Appendix II – Questionnaire

Good morning / afternoon / evening my name is ……………. and I am calling on behalf of Environment Bay of Plenty. May I please speak to an adult in your household who knows about your home heating?

We are currently undertaking a survey in your area on methods of home heating. We wish to know what you use to heat your main living area.

Can you spare about 10 minutes of your time to answer some questions? This survey is strictly confidential. All responses will remain completely confidential and will be grouped with others.

If it is not convenient to talk now, when would it be convenient to call you back? (Record their details on phone number sheet)

Open Fires

1a. Do you use an open fire in your MAIN living area? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q2

1b. Which months of the year do you typically use your open fire? (tick all that apply) {1 January {5 May {9 September {2 February {6 June {10 October {3 March {7 July {11 November {4 April {8 August {12 December

1c. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

1d. Do you use wood on your open fire? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q1h

1e. How much wood do you use during the winter? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in winter: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire winter: Cubic meters …………………………………….

If NO summer months (Nov – Jan incl.) are indicated in Q1b GO TO Q1g

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1f. How much wood do you use during the summer? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in summer: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire summer: Cubic meters …………………………………….

1g. Do you buy your wood from a wood merchant or collect it yourself? (tick ONE only) {1 Buy it {3 Both Î % bought ……………… % collected ……………… {2 Collect it

1h. Do you use coal on your open fire? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q2

1i. How much coal do you use per day during the winter? (ie, how many 10 liter standard laundry buckets would you use on an average winter’s day?) Number of buckets ……………………

If NO summer months (Nov – Jan incl.) are indicated in Q1b GO TO Q2

1j. How much coal do you use per day during the summer? (ie, how many 10 liter standard laundry buckets would you use on an average summer’s day?) Number of buckets ……………………

Electrical Heating

2a. Do you use any type of electrical heating in your MAIN living area on a TYPICAL winter’s day or night? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q3

2b. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

Gas Heating

3a. Do you use any type of gas heating in your MAIN living area on a TYPICAL winter’s day or night? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know

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{2 No Î Go to Q4

3b. Is it flued or unflued gas heating? (ie, flued is with a chimney) (tick ONE only) {1 Flued {3 Both {2 Unflued {4 Don’t know

3c. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

3d. Do you use gas bottles or a reticulated supply? … How much gas do you use? {1 Gas bottles Î what size gas bottles(s) do you use and how often they would refill them? Sizes are 2kg, 2.5kg, 3kg, 4.5kg, 9kg, 18kg, 20kg, 45kg and 90kg. Size#1 ______Freq#1 ______Size#2 ______Freq#2 ______

{2 Reticulated gas supply Î what is the ammount quoted on your monthly bill? ………………. kWh ………………. $

Log Burners

4a. Do you use a log burner in your MAIN living area? Note that a log burner is not a multi-fuel burner ie, it does not burn coal. (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q5

4b. How old is your log burner? Is it… (please prompt and tick ONE only) {1 Pre 1990 {5 Don’t know {2 1990-95 {3 1996-2000 {4 Post 2000

4c. Which months of the year do you typically use your log burner? (tick all that apply) {1 January {5 May {9 September {2 February {6 June {10 October {3 March {7 July {11 November {4 April {8 August {12 December

4d. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

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4e. How much wood do you use during the winter? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in winter: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire winter: Cubic meters …………………………………….

If NO summer months (Nov – Jan incl.) are indicated in Q4c GO TO Q4g

4f. How much wood do you use during the summer? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in summer: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire summer: Cubic meters …………………………………….

4g. Do you buy your wood from a wood merchant or collect it yourself? (tick ONE only) {1 Buy it {3 Both Î % bought ……………… % collected ……………… {2 Collect it

Multi-Fuel Burners

5a. Do you use a burner which burns coal as well as wood in your MAIN living area? Note that a multi-fuel burner includes incinerators, pot belly stoves and space heaters) (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q6

5b. How old is your multi fuel burner? Is it… (please prompt and tick ONE only) {1 Pre 1990 {5 Don’t know {2 1990-95 {3 1996-2000 {4 Post 2000

5c. What type of multi fuel burner is it? ……………………………………… {3 Don’t know

5d. Which months of the year do you typically use your multi fuel burner? (tick all that apply) {1 January {5 May {9 September {2 February {6 June {10 October {3 March {7 July {11 November

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{4 April {8 August {12 December

5e. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

5f. How much wood do you use during the winter? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in winter: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire winter: Cubic meters …………………………………….

If NO summer months (Nov – Jan incl.) are indicated in Q5d GO TO Q5h

5g. How much wood do you use during the summer? You can estimate your wood usage per day (ie, how many logs or quantity of box wood) or estimate for the entire winter period (ie, cubic meters)

Quantity per day in summer: Number of logs ……………………….…..…..… Quantity of box wood ………………………...… Other (please specify) ……………………………

Quantity for entire summer: Cubic meters …………………………………….

5h. Do you buy your wood from a wood merchant or collect it yourself? (tick ONE only) {1 Buy it {3 Both Î % bought ……………… % collected ……………… {2 Collect it

5i. Do you use coal on your multi fuel burner? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q6

5j. How much coal do you use per day during the winter? (ie, how many 10 liter standard laundry buckets would you use on an average winter’s day?) Number of buckets ……………………………

If NO summer months (Nov – Jan incl.) are indicated in Q5d GO TO Q6

5k. How much coal do you use per day during the summer? (ie, how many 10 liter standard laundry buckets would you use on an average summer’s day?) Number of buckets …………………………… Oil Fired Heating System

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6a. Do you use an oil fired heating system in your MAIN living area on a TYPICAL Winter’s day or night? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {2 No Î Go to Q7 {3 Don’t know

6b. Do you use it… (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 In the morning (between 6am and 10 am) {3 Evening (between 4pm and 10pm) {2 Day time (between 10am and 4pm) {4 Overnight (between 10pm and 6am)

6c. How much oil do you use? ……………………………………………………..……..

Geothermal Heating

7. Do you use geothermal heating? {1 Yes {2 No {3 Don’t know

Outdoor Burning

8a. Do you ever have outdoor fires (ie, burn rubbish in your backyard) (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {2 No Î Go to Q9 {3 Don’t know

8b. How many times per year do you have outdoor fires? (please specify) Times per year: ………………………………………………

8c. What type of material do you burn? (please prompt and tick all that apply) {1 Green waste (ie, garden waste) {2 Household rubbish {3 Other (please specify) …………………………………………………………………..………………

8d. Approximately how much material would you burn on an average outdoor fire? (prompt if required) Cubic meters ……………………………………………….…. Wheel barrow size …………………………………….…....… Tin drum size ………………………………………….…….… Other (please specify) …………………………………..………

9. Which of the following best describes where you live? (please prompt and specify location)

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{A Rotorua city (central city area)

{B Rotorua suburbs (please tick ONE location below) {1 Fairy Springs {10 Lynmore {19 Selwyn Heights {2 Fenton Park {11 Mangakakahi {20 Springfield {3 Fordlands {12 Ngapuna {21 Sunnybrook {4 Glenholme East {13 Ohinemutu {22 Utuhina {5 Glenholme West {14 Owhata East (incl. Owhata Sth) {23 Victoria {6 Hillcrest {15 Owhata West (incl. Poet’s {24 Western Heights Corner) {7 Kawaha Point {16 Pomare {25 Whakarewarewa {8 Koutu {17 Pukehangi North {26 Other (please specify)…..…… {9 Kuirau {18 Pukehangi South ……………………………………..

May I also ask your first name? This is just so my supervisor can do quality control checks on me if necessary. First name: ……………………………………….…………..

Thank you for your participation. We appreciate your time.

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Appendix III – Raw Data Codes

Environment Bay of Plenty were provided with an Excel file showing all raw survey data for processing purposes. Codes used in this document correspond to the survey form codes (refer to Appendix 2). Note that each question in the survey form relates to a different column in the Excel file.

As an example of coding, Q1a (refer to box below) was coded as follows:

1 = Yes.

2 = No.

3 = Don’t know.

1a. Do you use an open fire in your MAIN living area? (tick ONE only) {1 Yes Î Continue {3 Don’t know {2 No Î Go to Q2

Note that for confidentiality purposes, respondents’ telephone numbers and names have been removed from the Excel database.

Environmental Report 2006/14 Rotorua Domestic Heating Survey