Documents The Ballad of the Albion On 11 June 1819, the brig Albion discharged 180 passengers from Cardigan, in Wales, at Saint John, N.B.1 Late in July, approximately 150 persons proceed­ ed to Fredericton, where they took up tickets-of-location for forest land "between Madam Keswick and the Nashwaak", founding almost certainly the first Welsh settlement in Canada, at Cardigan, on what is now the Royal Road from the Saint John valley to Stanley.2 The emigrants appear to have been drawn exclusively from West Wales, primarily from the region known as Teifiside (essentially the watershed of the lower Teifi River), with one group of families from the parish of Trelech in Carmarthenshire. While the general features of post-Napoleonic distress were experienced with particular severity in the area, emigration was also prompted by Nonconformist discontent with religious and political restraints. West Wales was a stronghold of the anglicized, Anglican, Tory squirearchy. Since the 1790s, when the first wave of modern emigration from Wales occurred, the libertarian dream of "America" had pene­ trated deeply a Welsh-speaking society whose language had no status in law. Paradoxically, this gave to the Atlantic quest the quality of nationalistic asser­ tion, and many Welshmen left their own country seeking to maintain their Welshness. Debt, land-hunger, unemployment, enclosures, and the famine of 1817-1818 undoubtedly turned the screw. Nevertheless, the Albion ballad demonstrates that these emigrants were not a desperate and dispossessed rabble, despite the very real extremities of their circumstances, but possessed a powerful and coherent sense of communal identity. The only known copy of Cân Sef Hanes Y Brig Albion, Gan Cabden Davies, 1819 (A Song/Ballad Concerning the Brig Albion By Captain Davies) is in the form of a typescript found at the home of Mr. Edgar Thomas, of Aberfan, Glamorganshire, about twenty years ago.3 This typescript is now deposited at the National Library of Wales. Neither the original printed copy nor the transcriber has been traced. The transcription, furthermore, is clearly corrupt and the ballad's attribution to "Captain Davies" may be speculative on the part of the copyist. As the heading of the text-proper makes plain, the copy was made from a second impression of the poem (printed after 1866, when The Cardigan and Tivyside Advertiser commenced publication). The date of both the first publication and the ballad's composition are thus highly conjectural. 1 Royal Gazette (Fredericton), 22 June 1819. 2 Ibid., 10 August 1819, 15 February 1820. 3 I am most grateful to Miss Muriel Bowen Evans, of Trelech, for presenting me with her copy of the transcript, directing me to Edgar Thomas, and responding so kindly to my ill-informed enquiries concerning the social history of the parish. 84 Acadiensis Five holograph verses, entitled Hanes Mordaith yr Albion (History of the Sea-Voyage of the Albion), signed "E. Evans" and contained in a farm account- book of Evan Evans, Llanarth — about 20 miles north of Cardigan — are also deposited at the National Library of Wales.4 This fragment concludes with the Albion yet to sail, and there are grounds for supposing that it may have been an attempt to recall a complete poem from memory, rather than an original composition. Dated 1841 (with the signature), these verses permit some specula­ tion concerning the first printing of the Albion ballad. If it was indeed the original published edition Evan Evans read, or heard, and if the first footnote of the transcript was also included in that first printing, it must have appeared between 8 February 1840 — when David Davies, Esq., bought Castle Green5 — and the end of 1841. The date of composition is bound up with the question of authorship. The ballad hovers between two functions: that of folk-remembrance and the vigorous promotion of the Albion, Captain Llewelyn Davies, his crew, and the whole idea of emigration to New Brunswick. In the later stanzas, as land is neared, fidelity to the record gives way to the hard-sell. "Upwards of Two Thousand persons" entered Saint John in the ten days prior to 16 June 1819, including 530 discharged soldiers of the Royal West India Rangers, from the transports Buerdon, Abeona and Star.6 Even within the context of the ballad the notion that the citizenry of Saint John, swamped and fearful as they were, would shower money and jobs upon a ship-load of sickly, largely unintelligible, strangely dressed Welsh is absurd. Furthermore, the destitute condition of the Albion party is confirmed by weekly accounts in the Fredericton Royal Gazette after their arrival in the capital and by the Minutes of The Cardigan Society (later The Fredericton Emigrant Society). Yet the Welsh did receive favourable treatment in the swift allocation of their land. According to the ballad, they were assisted by a "Leader" who was "a famous Welshman" (st. 63), being "a gentleman from Flintshire" (n. 32). It was the newly-arrived Surveyor-General, Anthony Lockwood, Esq., who took the Welsh under his wing, provided their tickets-of-location and actively promoted their interests in Fredericton. Why he acted so quickly to aid the Albion party, which arrived in New Brunswick less than two weeks before himself, is not yet clear.7 The highly favourable account of life in New Brunswick argues for a very early date of composition, quite possibly on the return voyage. Another 4 Accession 9383A, National Library of Wales [NLW]. 5 "Conditions of Sale, Castle Green" [auction-bill], Glanpaith Mss. [estate-papers], Accession 273, NLW. The purchase is confirmed by the 1841 Census for Cardigan. 6 Royal Gazette, 16 June 1819. 7 The preferential treatment of the Welsh caused much resentment, especially in Saint John. See Royal Gazette, 3 and 24 August 1819, for an editorial exchange on the subject with the Saint John Star. (The pertinent issues of the Star have been lost). Acadiensis 85 Cardigan vessel, The Fair Cambrian, brought a further 81 emigrants to St. John on 11 August 1819, and the Active, owned by the same Davies family as the Albion, made the crossing every summer between 1819 and 1822 — carrying 69 passengers from Cardigan on the latter occasion,8 one of whom made the return-journey in the same year, after visiting Cardigan Settlement.9 There is no mention of the Settlement in the ballad; indeed, there is no hint of the move up-river to Fredericton. At any time after 1822, at the latest, friends and rela­ tives on Teifiside certainly had news of the Settlement and what emigrants to New Brunswick might expect. Most telling of all, perhaps, is the discrepancy between the final stanzas — to say nothing of the treatment of the master, ship and crew throughout — and the knowledge that the Albion sank on the Arklow Banks, off Wexford, on or about 11 November 1819, with all hands.10 My hypothesis is that the ballad was composed between 14 July 1819, when the Albion left Saint John, and her departure for the fatal voyage which ended four months later. The Davieses were a large^ intricate maritime family, domin­ ating the port of Cardigan in the early nineteenth century. The author of the ballad was most probably a member of the family in the Albion's crew, with a stake in promoting the vessel and emigration. Llewelyn's cousin William married his widow, was the right age, and himself became a master-mariner — suggesting a suitable possible combination for hagiography and hucksterism. A similar question resides in the authorship of Hanes Mordaith Y Brig Albion O Aberteifi [History of the Sea-Voyage of the Brig Albion of Cardigan], a prose narrative of Llewelyn's 1818 voyage to Perth Amboy, N.J., with emigrants from Caernarfon. Published in 1820 (Peter Evans, Caernarfon), this account may share its authorship with the ballad. Internal evidence very strongly suggests a Davies crew-member, perhaps the Albion's mate. This document could have been delivered to Caernarfon in the fall of 1819, when the Albion was either taking on cargo there or en route to Liverpool (her main trading port). The ballad, however, may have been suppressed when she went down. Its publication in 1841 was possibly connected with the promotion of the biggest emigrant ship ever to leave Cardigan, the Triton, which left for Quebec in 1842. Her owner was that same David Davies, Esq., of Castle Green, by then indisputably the richest and most powerful figure in the family. On one point the ballad's nationalistic zeal may be treated with controlled scepticism but not dismissed. While claiming (st. 62, n. 31) that the Albion party 8 Royal Gazette, 17 August 1819, 3 June 1822; the Active also carried 60 passengers from Cork to Saint John in 1819 (Royal Gazette, 30 June 1819). 9 An account of the journey to Cardigan Settlement by Dafydd Phillips and "some members" of the Blaenywaun Baptist Church (near St. Dogmael's in Pembrokeshire) is contained in Llyfr Eglwys Blaenywaun [The Book of Blaenywaun Church], Accession 506B, NLW. Phillips inten­ ded to return to the Settlement in 1823, with his family, and become the Baptist minister. The plan was abandoned when two of his children died. 10 Lloyd's List, 30 November 1819. 86 A cadi ens is was received with special favour by virtue of the rights of discovery invested in them by Prince Madoc ap Gruffydd, who reputedly colonized "America" at the end of the twelfth century and sired a race of Welsh-speaking Indians, the balladeer was certainly using the Madoc myth as a rallying-theme for those who stayed at home. But Madoc had very wide acceptance during the period," and his story was printed twice in New Brunswick (under the heading "Welsh Indians") during the first weeks of the Welsh party's arrival.12 Madoc certainly moved from Saint John to Fredericton with the Albion people — or was there already, needing only the Cymric flame to rise again.