Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3)
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Simerjit Kaur INDUSTRALISATION: IMPACT ON THE GROUND WATER QUALITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN DHAKOLI, DISTRICT MOHALI, PUNJAB, INDIA
Simerjit kaur
Rayat-Bahra institute of Engg. & Biotechnology, Mohali Campus. Punjab, India
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ABSTRACT A study was carried out in order to assess the impact of industrialization on Dhakoli-a village nearby, Mohali, Punjab, (India) which disturbed the quality of ground water in that area and to determine its effects on health of common man living in that area. Various water pollution indicators were studied
that include physiochemical parameters like pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness,
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dissolved oxygen, fluoride concentration and biological parameters like total coliforms ( and
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¢ . A survey was also conducted on the inhabitants to know the impact of these parameters on their health. The results of these investigations have shown that ground water has shown increased values of certain parameters i.e. alkalinity, TDS (Total Dissolved solids), TH (Total
hardness) and fluoride concentration but there is slight decrease in pH value. Also ground water is
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$ ¢ found to be significantly contaminated with which is responsible for serious health disorders for the public residing in that periphery. Therefore after proper investigations, it was concluded that industrialization has not only affected the ground water quality of this area but also
has severe health effects on the residents living in that area.
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INTRODUCTION (2002), Morris (2003) and Sidharth
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As we know that ground water forms 75% of the Kulkarni (2010). The increasing demand on matter of the earth’s crust and is indeed a water quality from fast growth of industries has chemical medium capable of dissolving and put pressure on limited water resources. In carrying in suspension huge varieties of Urban areas, careless disposal of industrial
chemicals. Thus it can get contaminated easily. effluent may contribute greatly to the poor
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Ground water is often a resource for our quality of water (Chindah ,- 2004; Emongor
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drinking water. It is estimated that 80% of )
/ 0 / 0 ,- ,- 2005; Wequar Ahmad Siddiqui domestic needs in rural areas and 50% in urban 2009). The physical and chemical properties of areas are met by ground water. According to substances influence their behavior in the central statistical organization (1999), total subsurface and then impact on ground water replenishable ground water has been estimated quantity (Montgomery, 1996). at 4328km3. The average level of ground water development in India is 32%, out of which 85% MATERIALS AND METHODS ground water extracted is used for irrigation Sampling site: Dhakoli is a village in the purposes, 15% for industrial & domestic municipality of Zirakapur, Mohali, Punjab, purposes. While industrial development almost Inida. It is situated near Zirakpur-Panchkula inevitably creates more employment in the border, south of Chandigarh city. The region, the possibilities of adverse effects on the underground water in Dhakoli occurs under environment also increase. Therefore if it is not confirmed and semi-confirmed conditions which treated properly, those harmful elements can is generally fresh and suitable for domestic and cause serious health issues for human beings irrigation purposes but industrialization has and domestic animals. Water in these industries posed tremendous threat to the public health in is used for various purposes such as processing, this area by discharging harmful effluents in to cooling, washing and as boiler feed. Most the nearby water-bodies which ultimately industries in a pressure to expand their deteriorates the ground water quality through production capacities dumped their waste- seepage or by other means. The present water discharges and effluents in nearby lakes investigation was conducted by collecting and rivers. The quantity of wastes from all these ground water samples from Dhakoli, Zirakpur, industries exceeded the self purification District Mohali, Punjab, India situated nearby a capacity of many rivers and streams. Industries polluted stream that receives untreated effluent employ large number of hazardous chemicals in from adjacent industries. its production processes that act as ground water polluter. Information designed to identify Sampling was done in two phases in order to industries substances most likely to cause determine the quality of ground water and to ground water pollution is summarized by Foster determine its impact on the people living in that
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Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) area. In the first phase, 10 ground water Total dissolved solids/L = samples were collected from hand pumps and Sample volume (ml) taps as these are the most extensively used where: A = weight of dried residue + crucible source of water in the villages. In the second (mg), B = weight of crucible (mg). phase of these investigations, a survey was conducted over 1500 people covering more Estimation of TH (Total hardness) : Total than100 houses of that specific area in order to hardness is a measure of calcium and determine the health problems related with magnesium estimated by EDTA titration polluted ground water . method. Methodology : Physiochemical and biological Standardization of EDTA solution was done parameters were analyzed by using techniques with standard CaCO 3 solution: In 10ml of given by APHA, 2000 and compared with the distilled water, 2ml of ammonia buffer solution and two drops of EBT indicator were added to it. standards given by WHO 2004 . ( ) Wine red colour appeared. This solution is Estimation of pH: pH of a solution is the titrated against EDTA till wine red colour measure of hydrogen ions that makes a solution changed to blue. Recorded the volume of EDTA acidic, while a dearth of H+ ions makes it basic. used. pH is important in almost all phases of water Titration of test sample: In 10ml of water and wastewater treatment . Pure water is very sample, 2ml of buffer solution and 4-5 drops of slightly ionized Solution with pH less than 7.0, EBT indicator were added. Titrated it with EDTA o referred at 25 C, are acid and those with pH solution till line red colour changed to blue. greater than 7.0 are alkaline. pH of the water Recorded the volume of EDTA solutions used. sample was measured using a pH meter after General Calculation: Total Hardness = calibrating the pH with buffer solution of pH 4.0 AXBX1000/V and 9.2 and then taken readings of samples. Where, V=Volume of sample taken (ml) Estimation of Alkalinity: Alkalinity was , determined volumetrically. In this method, A=Volume of EDTA used , B=mg of CaCO 3 H2SO 4 solution was standardized using std. equivalent to ml of 0.01m of EDTA titrant NaOH solution. 25 ml of sample was taken in Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) : D.O. titration flasks and 2 drops of phenolphthalein was estimated by Winkler’s method . BOD was added indicator, titrated against N/50 bottles were filled with water sample and added H2SO 4 solution, until pink colour just to it 2ml of KF solution, 2ml of MnSo 4 solution, disappeared. Recorded volume of acid used as A 2ml of alkaline KI solution using separate ml. To the same solution, added 2-3 drops of pipette. The bottles were shaken and allowed methyl orange indicator and titrated against the precipitates to settle. Then 2ml of N/50 H 2SO 4 solution, until colour changed from concentration H 2SO 4 was added to all the bottles light yellow to red. Recorded volume of acid and were shaken well to dissolve the ppt. The used in titration with methyl orange as indicator contents of all the bottles were transferred into as B ml. Total volume of acid used = (A+B) ml. titration flasks and few drops of starch indicator General Calculations: Total Alkalinity (as were added to each flask till blue colour CaCO 3) = N 2 x V 2 x eq. Wt. of CaCO 3 x 1000/ V 1 appeared. They were titrated against Na 2SO 4
Where, N2= Normality of standard H 2SO 4 , V2 = solution until blue colour became colorless. Total volume of acid used (A+B) ml. V1= Volume General Calculations: DO (mg/l) = V 1 x N x of sample taken. 8 x 1000/V 2 – V3 Estimation of TDS (Total dissolved solids) : Where, V1 = Volume of titrant Water sample was stirred with magnetic stirrer V2 = Volume of sampling bottle after placing the and pipetted out a measured onto a glass-fibre stopper with applied vacuum. Washed with three V3 = Volume of MnSO 4 solution + volume of successive 10mL volumes of reagent-grade alkaline KI solution + Vol. of H 2SO 4 . water, allowing complete drainage between Estimation of Fluoride : Fluoride was washings and suction was continued for about 3 estimated by Zirconyl alizarin method. To 25ml min after filtration is complete. Total filtrate of water sample, 5ml of alizarin and 5ml of was then transferred to a weighed evaporating zirconyl acid solution were added and total crucible and evaporated to dryness in a muffle volume was made 100ml by adding distilled furnace for at least 1 h in an oven at 180 ± 2°C, water. The absorbance of the solution was cooled in a desiccators to balance temperature, directly read from the spectrophotometer and weighed. whose wavelength had already been set at Calculation 520nm. The fluoride concentration in the water (A – B) X 1000 samples was obtained from a calibration curve
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Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) prepared by taking the standard fluoride bicarbonates, hydroxides, phosphates and solution (prepared by dissolving 221g of NaF in organic substances. Alkalinity of these water 1litre of distilled water) of different strengths samples has increased due to discharges of ranging from 0.2-2.0PPM. sewage and industrial waste. The alkalinity of Estimation of Total coliform/ E.coli : The m water was found to be in the range from 280- ENDO and NA-MUG (nutrient agar with MUG) 310mg/l. Therefore, decreased pH level and method is a two-step membrane-filtration increased alkalinity also make ground water
method for detection of total coliforms and unpalatable. TDS is very important parameter as
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¢ it determines the suitability of water for ( ). This method can be used in the field or the laboratory. The m-ENDO drinking and other purposes. TDS was found to agar dehydrated medium and NA-MUG (nutrient be beyond permissible limits for drinking agar with MUG) is available from Fisher purposes. Water contains Total hardness Scientific. Incubator was sterilized and represents the level of high basic ions which preheated. Dilutions of the water sample were lead to the hardness of the water. The water is prepared. Filtration apparatus was also defined as hard and soft depending on the level sterilized. Sterile filter was placed on filtration of hardness. Hardness in waters is caused by apparatus using sterile forceps. Water sample natural accumulation of salts from calcareous was shaken and delivered to filtration soils, pollution from tanneries or return flow apparatus. 20ml of sterile buffered water was from irrigated fields. Water having added to filtration apparatus before filtering concentration of 150- 300 mg/l is considered to sample volume less than 10ml. With sterilized be hard (Fig.3 ), therefore ground water of forceps, filter was removed and placed on to m- Dhakoli village is hard. Alkalinity is defined as ENDO plates in petridishes. The m-ENDO plates the power of a solution to neutralize H + ions. It are incubated at 35°C for 22-24 hours. The m- is due to the presence of salts of weak acids, ENDO agar contains selective and differential carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, agents. Sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium phosphates and organic substances. Alkalinity of desoxycholate inhibit Gram-positive cocci and water increases due to discharges of sewage and endospore-forming bacteria. Basic fuchsin and industrial waste. The alkalinity of water ranged sodium sulfite form a green metallic sheen on from 280 to 310 mg/l (Fig.4). The DO in the colonies able to ferment lactose to surface water is important parameter because it acetaldehyde—these colonies are counted as indicates the status of biological degradation of total coliforms. The membrane from the m- sewage by aerobic and anaerobic ENDO medium is transferred to NA-MUG microorganisms while the former require free medium and incubated for 4 hours at 35°C. The oxygen, the latter can react with the chemically results of the MTF technique are expressed in bound oxygen from nitrates, sulphates etc. The terms of the most probable number (MPN) of DO level in the samples was in the range of 6.0 microorganisms present. This number is a to 6.9mg/l (Fig.4). Fluoride content in ground statistical estimate of the mean number of water varies from 0.01 to 1.65mg/l. About 7 of coliforms in the sample. samples exceed the maximum permissible limit of 1.5mg/l (Fig.5). Individual testing is too RESULTS AND DISCUSSION difficult to perform on a routine basis for Data obtained after various investigations were specific pathogenic micro-organisms instead a
compared with the standards given by WHO and much simple technique (Membrane filtration) is
¥ it has been found out that most of the used in which coliform bacteria typically ( ) parameters like pH, TDS, TH, alkalinity are are used as an indicator organisms whose found to be not within permissible limits as per presence suggests that water is contaminated.
WHO guidelines and samples have shown Samples collected have also shown significant
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numbers of . Therefore, it positive results for Experimental results of various is concluded from above data that water is not physiochemical parameters at Dhakoli fit for drinking purposes (Table 1) . village : The pH should not be below 6.5 or Effects of polluted water on Public health : more than 8.5 as it affects the taste, corrosion And to analyze the effects of polluted water on and disinfection process. The pH was found to the public health, people were interviewed for be in the range of 6.1- 6.7 which is not within three months for various diseases. In this permissible limits at some sampling spots survey, it has been found out that out of 1500 (Fig.1). Alkalinity is defined as the power of a inhabitants; around 985 were affected with solution to neutralize H + ions. It is due to the different kind of diseases. Most of the people presence of salts of weak acids, carbonates, being investigated were suffering from skin
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Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) problems, cold, fever, typhoid, diarrhea and New Delhi”: Department of statistics, fluorosis which shows that 76.8% population is Ministry of planning & programme affected and only 23.2% population is normal. implementation, Govt. of India. Also most of the inhabitants were found to be Chindah A.C, Braide A.S and O.C. Sibeudu . suffering from flourosis. The study indicates that 2004, Distribution of Hydrocarbons and people are more susceptible to stomach and Heavy metals in sediment and a crustacean digestive system diseases like skin problem and (shrimps-Penaceous notialis) from the diarrhoea which is the direct effect of polluted bonny/new Calabar river estuary, Niger water used for drinking and for irrigation Delta. Ajeam-Ragae, 9 :1-14. purposes (Table 2) . In other words we can say Emongor V, Nkegbe E, Kealotswe B, Koorapetse that ground water of this area has shown certain I, Sankwasa S, and S. Keikanetswe . 2005.
parameters beyond permissible limits and also Pollution Indicators in Gaborone Industrial
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found to be contaminated with bacteria.
5(1): 147-150.
Therefore, it becomes necessary for the people Foster, SSD, Hirata, R, Gomes, D, D’Elia, M and M.
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Paris, 2002, ¢
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problems.
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¢ CONCLUSION World Bank,Washington DC. All sampling data reveals that the pollution of Montgomery J. H, 1996, Groundwater Chemicals ground water is mainly due to discharge of Desk Reference, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, untreated effluent in to the nearby stream that Florida. passes along the periphery of village. This poor Morris, BL., Lawrence, AR., Chilton, PJ, Adams, B, quality water is responsible for causing health Calow, R and BA. Klinck,2003, problems in inhabitants residing in that area. Groundwater and its susceptibility to Therefore, it is concluded from these findings degradation: A global assessment of the that most of the parameters are not in the range problems and options for management. of WHO which results in causing disastrous Early Warning and Assessment Report effect on the public health as well as to the Series, RS, 03-3. United Nations environment. There is no easy way to solve this Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. problem but by spreading awareness among Sidharth Kulkarni, Dashrath Chavhan, Santwana masses and by proper treatment of industrial Shukla . 2010 . Biochemical and
waste before discharge may reduce the risk of Microbiological analysis of water of
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ground water pollution in this area. Khandala Tahsil & adjoining areas.
¨ ¦£¤ £ ¤ ¡ ¢ 2(6):1-6. Acknowledgements : Author is thankful to Wequar Ahmad Siddiqui and Rajiv Ranjan Head, department of biotechnology, Post Sharma . 2009, Assessment of the impact of Graduate College, sector-11 for providing all the industrial effluents on ground water laboratory facilities for experimentation. quality in okhla indusrial area, New Delhi,
REFERENCES India. E-Journal of chemistry. 6(S1), S41-
S46.
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APHA . 2000 . Standard methods for the ¡
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WHO . 2004, ¢ £
examination of water and waste water. ¤
., 3rd ed. Vol.1. Recommendations, Central statistical organization . 1999 . World Health Organization, Geneva. “Compendium of environment statistics.
Fig.1 Estimation of Ph Fig.2 Estimation of TDS (mg/l)
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Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3)
Fig.3 Estimation of TH (mg/l) Fig.4 Estimation of D.O. (mg/l)
Fig.5 Estimation of alkalinity (mg/l) Fig.6 Estimation of Fluoride (mg/l)
Table 1: Experimental results showing Table 2: Affected people according to their age in ground water contamination at Dhakoli Dhakoli, Zirakpur. village:
Name of Total coliform
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Sample-1 ++++ Sample-2 +++ Sample-3 +++ Sample-4 ++ Sample-5 ++ Sample-6 +++ Sample -7 +++ Sample-8 + Sample-9 + Sample-10 +++
+++=Good, +++=Fair, ++=Poor,
+=Insignificant
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