Municipality of Zirakapur, Mohali, Punjab, Purposes
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Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) © §¨ ¡ ¡ £¤ ¥ ¦ §£¨ ¡¤© ¢ Simerjit Kaur INDUSTRALISATION: IMPACT ON THE GROUND WATER QUALITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN DHAKOLI, DISTRICT MOHALI, PUNJAB, INDIA Simerjit kaur Rayat-Bahra institute of Engg. & Biotechnology, Mohali Campus. Punjab, India ¤ ¤ ¡ ¨ ¦ ¤ © ¤ ¡¤ £ ¦ ¥ ¢ ¢ ABSTRACT A study was carried out in order to assess the impact of industrialization on Dhakoli-a village nearby, Mohali, Punjab, (India) which disturbed the quality of ground water in that area and to determine its effects on health of common man living in that area. Various water pollution indicators were studied that include physiochemical parameters like pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, ¥ dissolved oxygen, fluoride concentration and biological parameters like total coliforms ( and " # !¡ £¥ £ ¥ ¤ ¢ . A survey was also conducted on the inhabitants to know the impact of these parameters on their health. The results of these investigations have shown that ground water has shown increased values of certain parameters i.e. alkalinity, TDS (Total Dissolved solids), TH (Total hardness) and fluoride concentration but there is slight decrease in pH value. Also ground water is " ¥ ! £ ¡ ¥ £ ¥ ¤ $ ¢ found to be significantly contaminated with which is responsible for serious health disorders for the public residing in that periphery. Therefore after proper investigations, it was concluded that industrialization has not only affected the ground water quality of this area but also has severe health effects on the residents living in that area. " £ ¡ ¤ £ £ ¤ ¡ ¨£ ¥ £ ¥ ¤ ¥ * + ¢ ¢ ' ) % & ( Key-Words: ¡ £ ¡ £ INTRODUCTION (2002), Morris (2003) and Sidharth ¡ £ As we know that ground water forms 75% of the Kulkarni (2010). The increasing demand on matter of the earth’s crust and is indeed a water quality from fast growth of industries has chemical medium capable of dissolving and put pressure on limited water resources. In carrying in suspension huge varieties of Urban areas, careless disposal of industrial chemicals. Thus it can get contaminated easily. effluent may contribute greatly to the poor . ) / 0 Ground water is often a resource for our quality of water (Chindah ,- 2004; Emongor . ) drinking water. It is estimated that 80% of ) / 0 / 0 ,- ,- 2005; Wequar Ahmad Siddiqui domestic needs in rural areas and 50% in urban 2009). The physical and chemical properties of areas are met by ground water. According to substances influence their behavior in the central statistical organization (1999), total subsurface and then impact on ground water replenishable ground water has been estimated quantity (Montgomery, 1996). at 4328km3. The average level of ground water development in India is 32%, out of which 85% MATERIALS AND METHODS ground water extracted is used for irrigation Sampling site: Dhakoli is a village in the purposes, 15% for industrial & domestic municipality of Zirakapur, Mohali, Punjab, purposes. While industrial development almost Inida. It is situated near Zirakpur-Panchkula inevitably creates more employment in the border, south of Chandigarh city. The region, the possibilities of adverse effects on the underground water in Dhakoli occurs under environment also increase. Therefore if it is not confirmed and semi-confirmed conditions which treated properly, those harmful elements can is generally fresh and suitable for domestic and cause serious health issues for human beings irrigation purposes but industrialization has and domestic animals. Water in these industries posed tremendous threat to the public health in is used for various purposes such as processing, this area by discharging harmful effluents in to cooling, washing and as boiler feed. Most the nearby water-bodies which ultimately industries in a pressure to expand their deteriorates the ground water quality through production capacities dumped their waste- seepage or by other means. The present water discharges and effluents in nearby lakes investigation was conducted by collecting and rivers. The quantity of wastes from all these ground water samples from Dhakoli, Zirakpur, industries exceeded the self purification District Mohali, Punjab, India situated nearby a capacity of many rivers and streams. Industries polluted stream that receives untreated effluent employ large number of hazardous chemicals in from adjacent industries. its production processes that act as ground water polluter. Information designed to identify Sampling was done in two phases in order to industries substances most likely to cause determine the quality of ground water and to ground water pollution is summarized by Foster determine its impact on the people living in that Rising Research Journal Publications 31 Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) area. In the first phase, 10 ground water Total dissolved solids/L = samples were collected from hand pumps and Sample volume (ml) taps as these are the most extensively used where: A = weight of dried residue + crucible source of water in the villages. In the second (mg), B = weight of crucible (mg). phase of these investigations, a survey was conducted over 1500 people covering more Estimation of TH (Total hardness) : Total than100 houses of that specific area in order to hardness is a measure of calcium and determine the health problems related with magnesium estimated by EDTA titration polluted ground water . method. Methodology : Physiochemical and biological Standardization of EDTA solution was done parameters were analyzed by using techniques with standard CaCO 3 solution: In 10ml of given by APHA, 2000 and compared with the distilled water, 2ml of ammonia buffer solution and two drops of EBT indicator were added to it. standards given by WHO 2004 . ( ) Wine red colour appeared. This solution is Estimation of pH: pH of a solution is the titrated against EDTA till wine red colour measure of hydrogen ions that makes a solution changed to blue. Recorded the volume of EDTA acidic, while a dearth of H+ ions makes it basic. used. pH is important in almost all phases of water Titration of test sample: In 10ml of water and wastewater treatment . Pure water is very sample, 2ml of buffer solution and 4-5 drops of slightly ionized Solution with pH less than 7.0, EBT indicator were added. Titrated it with EDTA o referred at 25 C, are acid and those with pH solution till line red colour changed to blue. greater than 7.0 are alkaline. pH of the water Recorded the volume of EDTA solutions used. sample was measured using a pH meter after General Calculation: Total Hardness = calibrating the pH with buffer solution of pH 4.0 AXBX1000/V and 9.2 and then taken readings of samples. Where, V=Volume of sample taken (ml) Estimation of Alkalinity: Alkalinity was , A=Volume of EDTA used B=mg of CaCO determined volumetrically. In this method, , 3 H2SO 4 solution was standardized using std. equivalent to ml of 0.01m of EDTA titrant NaOH solution. 25 ml of sample was taken in Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) : D.O. titration flasks and 2 drops of phenolphthalein was estimated by Winkler’s method . BOD was added indicator, titrated against N/50 bottles were filled with water sample and added H2SO 4 solution, until pink colour just to it 2ml of KF solution, 2ml of MnSo 4 solution, disappeared. Recorded volume of acid used as A 2ml of alkaline KI solution using separate ml. To the same solution, added 2-3 drops of pipette. The bottles were shaken and allowed methyl orange indicator and titrated against the precipitates to settle. Then 2ml of N/50 H 2SO 4 solution, until colour changed from concentration H 2SO 4 was added to all the bottles light yellow to red. Recorded volume of acid and were shaken well to dissolve the ppt. The used in titration with methyl orange as indicator contents of all the bottles were transferred into as B ml. Total volume of acid used = (A+B) ml. titration flasks and few drops of starch indicator General Calculations: Total Alkalinity (as were added to each flask till blue colour CaCO 3) = N 2 x V 2 x eq. Wt. of CaCO 3 x 1000/ V 1 appeared. They were titrated against Na 2SO 4 Where, N2= Normality of standard H 2SO 4 , V2 = solution until blue colour became colorless. Total volume of acid used (A+B) ml. V1= Volume General Calculations: DO (mg/l) = V 1 x N x of sample taken. 8 x 1000/V 2 – V3 Estimation of TDS (Total dissolved solids) : Where, V1 = Volume of titrant Water sample was stirred with magnetic stirrer V2 = Volume of sampling bottle after placing the and pipetted out a measured onto a glass-fibre stopper with applied vacuum. Washed with three V3 = Volume of MnSO 4 solution + volume of successive 10mL volumes of reagent-grade alkaline KI solution + Vol. of H 2SO 4 . water, allowing complete drainage between Estimation of Fluoride : Fluoride was washings and suction was continued for about 3 estimated by Zirconyl alizarin method. To 25ml min after filtration is complete. Total filtrate of water sample, 5ml of alizarin and 5ml of was then transferred to a weighed evaporating zirconyl acid solution were added and total crucible and evaporated to dryness in a muffle volume was made 100ml by adding distilled furnace for at least 1 h in an oven at 180 ± 2°C, water. The absorbance of the solution was cooled in a desiccators to balance temperature, directly read from the spectrophotometer and weighed. whose wavelength had already been set at Calculation 520nm. The fluoride concentration in the water (A – B) X 1000 samples was obtained from a calibration curve Rising Research Journal Publications 32 Global Journal of Modern Biology and Technology – ISSN 2231-5179 GJMBT Vol.1 (3) prepared by taking the standard fluoride bicarbonates, hydroxides, phosphates and solution (prepared by dissolving 221g of NaF in organic substances. Alkalinity of these water 1litre of distilled water) of different strengths samples has increased due to discharges of ranging from 0.2-2.0PPM.