Encrypted Traffic Analysis
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SSL/TLS Implementation CIO-IT Security-14-69
DocuSign Envelope ID: BE043513-5C38-4412-A2D5-93679CF7A69A IT Security Procedural Guide: SSL/TLS Implementation CIO-IT Security-14-69 Revision 6 April 6, 2021 Office of the Chief Information Security Officer DocuSign Envelope ID: BE043513-5C38-4412-A2D5-93679CF7A69A CIO-IT Security-14-69, Revision 6 SSL/TLS Implementation VERSION HISTORY/CHANGE RECORD Person Page Change Posting Change Reason for Change Number of Number Change Change Initial Version – December 24, 2014 N/A ISE New guide created Revision 1 – March 15, 2016 1 Salamon Administrative updates to Clarify relationship between this 2-4 align/reference to the current guide and CIO-IT Security-09-43 version of the GSA IT Security Policy and to CIO-IT Security-09-43, IT Security Procedural Guide: Key Management 2 Berlas / Updated recommendation for Clarification of requirements 7 Salamon obtaining and using certificates 3 Salamon Integrated with OMB M-15-13 and New OMB Policy 9 related TLS implementation guidance 4 Berlas / Updates to clarify TLS protocol Clarification of guidance 11-12 Salamon recommendations 5 Berlas / Updated based on stakeholder Stakeholder review / input Throughout Salamon review / input 6 Klemens/ Formatting, editing, review revisions Update to current format and Throughout Cozart- style Ramos Revision 2 – October 11, 2016 1 Berlas / Allow use of TLS 1.0 for certain Clarification of guidance Throughout Salamon server through June 2018 Revision 3 – April 30, 2018 1 Berlas / Remove RSA ciphers from approved ROBOT vulnerability affected 4-6 Salamon cipher stack -
Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach and Education for Resilience in Hybrid Threats Model
S S symmetry Article Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach and Education for Resilience in Hybrid Threats Model William Steingartner 1,* , Darko Galinec 2 and Andrija Kozina 3 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia 2 Department of Informatics and Computing, Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, Vrbik 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 3 Dr. Franjo Tudman¯ Croatian Defence Academy, 256b Ilica Street, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to explore the cyber-deception-based approach and to design a novel conceptual model of hybrid threats that includes deception methods. Security programs primarily focus on prevention-based strategies aimed at stopping attackers from getting into the network. These programs attempt to use hardened perimeters and endpoint defenses by recognizing and blocking malicious activities to detect and stop attackers before they can get in. Most organizations implement such a strategy by fortifying their networks with defense-in-depth through layered prevention controls. Detection controls are usually placed to augment prevention at the perimeter, and not as consistently deployed for in-network threat detection. This architecture leaves detection gaps that are difficult to fill with existing security controls not specifically designed for that role. Rather than using prevention alone, a strategy that attackers have consistently succeeded against, defenders Citation: Steingartner, W.; are adopting a more balanced strategy that includes detection and response. Most organizations Galinec, D.; Kozina, A. Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach deploy an intrusion detection system (IDS) or next-generation firewall that picks up known attacks and Education for Resilience in or attempts to pattern match for identification. -
Trend Micro Incorporated Research Paper 2012
Trend Micro Incorporated Research Paper 2012 Detecting APT Activity with Network Traffic Analysis Nart Villeneuve and James Bennett Contents About This Paper .................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Detecting Remote Access Trojans ................................................................................................... 3 GhostNet......................................................................................................................................... 3 Nitro and RSA Breach .................................................................................................................4 Detecting Ongoing Campaigns .........................................................................................................5 Taidoor ............................................................................................................................................5 IXESHE ............................................................................................................................................5 Enfal aka Lurid ..............................................................................................................................6 Sykipot ........................................................................................................................................... -
Configuring SSL for Services and Servers
Barracuda Web Application Firewall Configuring SSL for Services and Servers https://campus.barracuda.com/doc/4259877/ Configuring SSL for SSL Enabled Services You can configure SSL encryption for data transmitted between the client and the service. In the BASIC > Services page, click Edit next to a listed service and configure the following fields: Status – Set to On to enable SSL on your service. Status defaults to On for a newly created SSL enabled service. Certificate – Select a certificate presented to the browser when accessing the service. Note that only RSA certificates are listed here. If you have not created the certificate, select Generate Certificate from the drop-down list to generate a self-signed certificate. For more information on how to create self- signed certificates, see Creating a Client Certificate. If you want to upload a self-signed certificate, select Upload Certificate from the drop- down list. Provide the details about the certificate in the Upload Certificate dialog box. For information on how to upload a certificate, see Adding an SSL Certificate. Select ECDSA Certificate – Select an ECDSA certificate presented to the browser when accessing the service. SSL/TLS Quick Settings - Select an option to automatically configure the SSL/TLS protocols and ciphers. Use Configured Values - This option allows you to use the previously saved values. If the values are not saved, the Factory Preset option can be used. Factory Preset - This option allows you to enable TLS 1.1, TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 protocols without configuring override ciphers. Mozilla Intermediate Compatibility (Default, Recommended) - This configuration is a recommended configuration when you want to enable TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 and configure override ciphers for the same. -
Introducing Traffic Analysis
Introducing Traffic Analysis George Danezis and Richard Clayton January 26, 2007 1 Introduction In the Second World War, traffic analysis was used by the British at Bletchley Park to assess the size of Germany's air-force, and Japanese traffic analysis countermeasures contributed to the surprise of their 1941 attack on Pearl Harbour. Nowadays, Google uses the incidence of links to assess the relative importance of web pages, credit card companies examine transactions to spot fraudulent patterns of spending, and amateur plane-spotters revealed the CIA's `extraordinary rendition' programme. Diffie and Landau, in their book on wiretapping, went so far as to say that “traffic analysis, not cryptanalysis, is the backbone of communications intelligence" [1]. However, until recently the topic has been neglected by Computer Science academics. A rich literature discusses how to secure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of communication content, but very little work has considered the information leaked from communications ‘traffic data' and how these compromises might be minimised. Traffic data records the time and duration of a communication, and traffic analysis examines this data to determine the detailed shape of the communication streams, the identities of the parties communicating, and what can be established about their locations. The data may even be sketchy or incomplete { simply knowing what `typical' communication patterns look like can be used to infer information about a particular observed communication. Civilian infrastructures, on which state and economic actors are increasingly reliant, are ever more vulnerable to traffic analysis: wireless and GSM telephony are replacing traditional systems, routing is transparent and protocols are overlaid over others { giving plenty of opportunity to observe, and take advantage of the traffic data. -
Mass Surveillance
Mass Surveillance Mass Surveillance What are the risks for the citizens and the opportunities for the European Information Society? What are the possible mitigation strategies? Part 1 - Risks and opportunities raised by the current generation of network services and applications Study IP/G/STOA/FWC-2013-1/LOT 9/C5/SC1 January 2015 PE 527.409 STOA - Science and Technology Options Assessment The STOA project “Mass Surveillance Part 1 – Risks, Opportunities and Mitigation Strategies” was carried out by TECNALIA Research and Investigation in Spain. AUTHORS Arkaitz Gamino Garcia Concepción Cortes Velasco Eider Iturbe Zamalloa Erkuden Rios Velasco Iñaki Eguía Elejabarrieta Javier Herrera Lotero Jason Mansell (Linguistic Review) José Javier Larrañeta Ibañez Stefan Schuster (Editor) The authors acknowledge and would like to thank the following experts for their contributions to this report: Prof. Nigel Smart, University of Bristol; Matteo E. Bonfanti PhD, Research Fellow in International Law and Security, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Pisa; Prof. Fred Piper, University of London; Caspar Bowden, independent privacy researcher; Maria Pilar Torres Bruna, Head of Cybersecurity, Everis Aerospace, Defense and Security; Prof. Kenny Paterson, University of London; Agustín Martin and Luis Hernández Encinas, Tenured Scientists, Department of Information Processing and Cryptography (Cryptology and Information Security Group), CSIC; Alessandro Zanasi, Zanasi & Partners; Fernando Acero, Expert on Open Source Software; Luigi Coppolino,Università degli Studi di Napoli; Marcello Antonucci, EZNESS srl; Rachel Oldroyd, Managing Editor of The Bureau of Investigative Journalism; Peter Kruse, Founder of CSIS Security Group A/S; Ryan Gallagher, investigative Reporter of The Intercept; Capitán Alberto Redondo, Guardia Civil; Prof. Bart Preneel, KU Leuven; Raoul Chiesa, Security Brokers SCpA, CyberDefcon Ltd.; Prof. -
The Origination and Evolution of Radio Traffic Analysis: the World War I Era
UNCLASSI Fl ED The Origination and Evolution of Radio Traffic Analysis: The World War I Era (b )(3)-P. L. 86-36 Not unlike the telegraph and ita influence on the American Civil War, the invention of radio had a profound affect on World War I military operations and in all conflicts since 1901. Signals intelligence, a new form. of intelligence produced from. the intercept of radio traffic, developed on a parallel course with radio during the early years of the twentieth century. Although signals intelligence was identified as a method to produce useful and critical information during war, it did not mature as a significant tool until after the ,.War to End All Wars." Radio traffic analysis, a branch of signals intelligence, was not even recognized as a separate technique until long after the First World War ended. Nevertheless, traffic analysis, or TIA, existed as a function in that era and made significant contributions to military operations and to the development ofsignals intelligence. For the American signals intelligence service, radio traffic analysis originated as a technique in the codebreaking section and with the clerks in the goniometric or Direction Finding (DF) service of the American Expeditionary Force. The early cryptanalysts developed TIA techniques to identify the originator and receiver of radio messages and to determine the more important encoded or enciphered messages to attack. TIA also evolved in the DF service with the clerks who discovered ways to produce intelligence from analysis of the externals of messages and from the location ofthe radio transmitters. The increasingly more complex communications systems which defied cryptanalytic attack provided the impetus for these developments. -
Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center Conveys MITRE’S Expertise on Accumulated Expertise on Enterprise-Grade Computer Network Defense
Bleed rule--remove from file Bleed rule--remove from file MITRE’s accumulated Ten Strategies of a World-Class Cybersecurity Operations Center conveys MITRE’s expertise on accumulated expertise on enterprise-grade computer network defense. It covers ten key qualities enterprise- grade of leading Cybersecurity Operations Centers (CSOCs), ranging from their structure and organization, computer MITRE network to processes that best enable effective and efficient operations, to approaches that extract maximum defense Ten Strategies of a World-Class value from CSOC technology investments. This book offers perspective and context for key decision Cybersecurity Operations Center points in structuring a CSOC and shows how to: • Find the right size and structure for the CSOC team Cybersecurity Operations Center a World-Class of Strategies Ten The MITRE Corporation is • Achieve effective placement within a larger organization that a not-for-profit organization enables CSOC operations that operates federally funded • Attract, retain, and grow the right staff and skills research and development • Prepare the CSOC team, technologies, and processes for agile, centers (FFRDCs). FFRDCs threat-based response are unique organizations that • Architect for large-scale data collection and analysis with a assist the U.S. government with limited budget scientific research and analysis, • Prioritize sensor placement and data feed choices across development and acquisition, enteprise systems, enclaves, networks, and perimeters and systems engineering and integration. We’re proud to have If you manage, work in, or are standing up a CSOC, this book is for you. served the public interest for It is also available on MITRE’s website, www.mitre.org. more than 50 years. -
Hosting Multiple Certs on One IP
Hosting multiple SSL Certicates on a single IP S Solving the IPv4 shortage dilemma FULL COMPATIBILITY When it comes to SSL security, hosting companies are increasingly facing In public environments, using SNI alone would mean cutting access to a issues related to IP addresses scarcity. Today every digital certificate used large number of potential site visitors as around 15% of systems (as of to provide an SSL connection on a webserver needs a dedicated IP January 2013) are incompatible with SNI. address, making it difficult for hosting companies to respond to increas- ing demand for security. The true solution GlobalSign has developed a solution to address hosting companies’ operational limitations and to let them run multiple certificates on a By coupling the Server Name Indication technology with SSL Certificates single IP address, at no detriment to browser and operating system and a CloudSSL Certificate from GlobalSign, multiple certificates can compatibility. now be hosted on a single IP without losing potential visitors that might lack SNI support. Host Headers GlobalSign SSL Certificates can be installed on several name-based virtual hosts as per any SNI-based https website. Each website has its To address the current concern of shortage of IPv4 addresses, most own certificate, allowing for even the highest levels of security (such as websites have been configured as name-based virtual hosts for years. Extended Validation Certificates). When several websites share the same IP number, the server will select the website to display based on the name provided in the Host Header. GlobalSign will then provide a free fall-back CloudSSL certificate for legacy configurations, enabling the 15% of visitors that do not have SNI Unfortunately this doesn’t allow for SSL security as the SSL handshake compatibility to access the secure websites on that IP address. -
Perception Financial Services Cyber Threat Briefing Report
PERCEPTION FINANCIAL SERVICES CYBER THREAT BRIEFING REPORT Q1 2019 1 Notable Cyber Activity within Financial Services Contents January 2019 October 2018 A security researcher discovered that The State Bank of India Between the 4th and 14th October 2018 HSBC reported a number Table of Contents . 1 (SBI), India’s largest bank, had failed to secure a server which of US online bank accounts were accessed by unauthorized users, Welcome . 1 was part of their text-messaging platform. The researcher was with potential access to personal information about the account able to read all messages sent and received by the bank’s ‘SBI holder. HSBC told the BBC this affected fewer than 1% of its 1 Notable Cyber Activity within Financial Services . 2 quick’ enquiry service which contained information on balances, American clients and has not released further information on 2 Threat Actor Profile: The Carbanak Organized Crime Gang . 4 phone numbers and recent transactions. This information could how the unauthorized access occurred. have been used to profile high net worth individuals, or aid social 3 Benefits and challenges of deploying TLS 1.3 . 5 engineering attacks which are one of the most common types of It is likely that this was an example of a credential-stuffing attack, 4 Ethereum Classic (ETC) 51% Attack . 9 financial fraud in India.1 where attackers attempt to authenticate with vast quantities 5 Authoritative DNS Security . 10 of username and password combinations obtained from other December 2018 compromised sites, hoping to find users who have re-used their Kaspersky published a detailed examination of intrusions into credentials elsewhere. -
New Directions in Automated Traffic Analysis
New Directions in Automated Traffic Analysis Jordan Holland1, Paul Schmitt1, Nick Feamster2, Prateek Mittal1 1 Princeton University 2 University of Chicago https://nprint.github.io/nprint ABSTRACT This paper reconsiders long-held norms in applying machine Despite the use of machine learning for many network traffic anal- learning to network traffic analysis; namely, we seek to reduce ysis tasks in security, from application identification to intrusion reliance upon human-driven feature engineering. To do so, we detection, the aspects of the machine learning pipeline that ulti- explore whether and how a single, standard representation of a mately determine the performance of the model—feature selection network packet can serve as a building block for the automation of and representation, model selection, and parameter tuning—remain many common traffic analysis tasks. Our goal is not to retread any manual and painstaking. This paper presents a method to auto- specific network classification problem, but rather to argue that mate many aspects of traffic analysis, making it easier to apply many of these problems can be made easier—and in some cases, machine learning techniques to a wider variety of traffic analysis completely automated—with a unified representation of traffic that tasks. We introduce nPrint, a tool that generates a unified packet is amenable for input to existing automated machine learning (Au- representation that is amenable for representation learning and toML) pipelines [14]. To demonstrate this capability, we designed a model training. We integrate nPrint with automated machine learn- standard packet representation, nPrint, that encodes each packet in ing (AutoML), resulting in nPrintML, a public system that largely an inherently normalized, binary representation while preserving eliminates feature extraction and model tuning for a wide variety the underlying semantics of each packet. -
The Trip to TLS Land Using the WSA Tobias Mayer, Consulting Systems Engineer BRKSEC-3006 Me…
The Trip to TLS Land using the WSA Tobias Mayer, Consulting Systems Engineer BRKSEC-3006 Me… CCIE Security #14390, CISSP & Motorboat driving license… Working in Content Security & IPv6 Security tmayer{at}cisco.com Writing stuff at “blogs.cisco.com” Agenda • Introduction • Understanding TLS • Configuring Decryption on the WSA • Troubleshooting TLS • Thoughts about the Future • Conclusion For Your Reference • There are (many...) slides in your print-outs that will not be presented. • They are there “For your Reference” For Your Reference Microsoft and Google pushing encryption • Microsoft pushing TLS with PFS • Google, FB, Twitter encrypting all traffic • HTTPS usage influencing page ranking on google • Deprecate SHA1, only SHA2+ • Browser Vendors aggressively pushing https • Problems with older TLS versions leading to upgrade of servers to newer protocols and ciphers • Poodle, Freak, Beast, …. Google Search Engine • Google ranking influenced by using HTTPS • http://blog.searchmetrics.com/us/2015 /03/03/https-vs-http-website-ssl-tls- encryption-ranking-seo-secure- connection/ Understanding TLS TLS Versions • SSLv3, 1996 • TLS 1.0, 1999, RFC2246 • TLS 1.1, 2006, RFC4346 • Improved security • TLS 1.2, 2008, RFC5246 • Removed IDEA and DES ciphers • Stronger hashes • Supports authenticated encryption ciphers (AES-GCM) • TLS 1.3, currently Internet Draft Attacks… • POODLE • SSLv3 Problems with Padding, turn of SSLv3 • BEAST • Know issues in CBC mode, use TLS 1.1/1.2 with non-CBC mode ciphers (GCM) • CRIME/BREACH • Compression Data Leak, disable