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Scoping Mission Catalyzing Women's Entrepreneurship in Côte D'ivoire

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Scoping Mission Catalyzing Women's Entrepreneurship in Côte D'ivoire Scoping Mission Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire Commissioned by the Netherlands Enterprise Agency Scoping Mission Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire Commissioned By: The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Netherlands Enterprise Agency (April - October 2020) Research Team: Beatrice Maneshi - Lead Investigator Judith vollebregt- Supporting Investigator Ismael Soumahoro- Lead Local Investigator Benjamin N'Dri- Supporting Local Investigator 1 Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire- Scoping Study (Fall 2020) Table of Contents 1. Definitions 4 Acronyms 5 2. Executive Summary 6 3. Objectives 7 4. Methodologies 8 Team Composition and Collaborative Efforts 10 Limitations: 10 5. Overall Findings 12 6. Overview 14 Economy & Politics 14 Women's Roles in Society 16 The Rural vs. Urban Divide 17 Women in Rural Settings 18 Women in Urban Settings 19 7. Legal Statutes and Government Policies 22 Women, Business, and the Law 22 The Issues around Statutory Law vs. Customary Law 23 Entrepreneurship Regulations 23 8. Women’s Entrepreneurship Culture 27 Abidjan 28 Korhogo 29 San Pedro 31 Odienné 32 Bouaké/Yamoussoukro 33 Man 34 9. Access to Finance 36 Overview 36 Cooperative Finance Models 37 Micro-Finance 37 Venture Capital & Angel Investors 38 Traditional Banks 40 10. Women’s Access to and Use of Education for Business 44 Primary Education 44 Higher Education 45 2 Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire- Scoping Study (Fall 2020) Incubators and Accelerators 46 Co-working Spaces 48 NGOs Focused on Women and Business 49 Corporate Social Responsibility 52 11. Entrepreneurship Ecosystem and Access for Women 53 Trends 53 Professional Associations 54 Legal Aid and Support 55 12. The Impacts of Covid-19 56 3 Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire- Scoping Study (Fall 2020) 1. Definitions Basel I & II - Basel II is the international framework for the assessment of international banks' capital adequacy, the second of the 'Basel Accords' issued by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2004. Basel III (issued December 2010) provides a regulatory framework targeting governance and risk management and the introduction of two global liquidity standards. The final Basel III standard was announced in December 2017 and comes in to effect in January 2022 Enterprise - according to the Ivorian government, an enterprise is that which is owned independently, with less than a 25% share of ownership held by a large company (exceptions include: venture capital, public holding companies, and institutional investors) Entrepreneurship vs. self-employment - for the purposes of this report, Catalystas defines entrepreneurship as a combination of skill and mindset that activates an individual to create a new work environment that will generate additional jobs for a greater community outside of their own familial circles and contribute to the economy beyond personal self sufficiency Gender - Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time. Gender is hierarchical and produces inequalities that intersect with other social and economic inequalities. Gender Equality: Elimination of all forms of discrimination in processes and decision-making based on gender. Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making. Gender equality does not account for the additional barriers that one gender may face in accessing or participating in a process. Gender Equity: Elimination of discrimination and the inequalities in accessibility of processes and decision-making between the genders. Adapting processes and functions to allow equal accessibility for all genders, according to the external factors that affect their condition based on gender. Gender Inequality Index (GII) - The GII is a tool developed in 2010 by UN Development Programming that reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions – reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity. Reproductive health is measured by maternal mortality and adolescent birth rates; empowerment is measured by the share of parliamentary seats held by women and attainment in secondary and higher education by each gender; and economic activity is measured by the labor market participation rate for women and men. The GII can be interpreted as the loss in human development due to inequality between female and male achievements in the three GII dimensions. Gender Sensitive Pedagogy - the application and process of teaching and learning that accounts for different needs based on gender and works to avoid the marginalization that can occur when pedological responses are based on social norms that include gender discrimination. The process of gender sensitive pedagogy seeks to include both gender equity and gender equality in the teaching and learning process. Gombo - largely individualized, small scale, and informal economic buying and selling activities conducted outside of one’s primary role or occupation, largely practiced by Ivorian men and women. SME - any business or producer that employs less than 200 people as full-time employees and achieves less than 1 billion CFA turnover annually (1,526,362 Euros) Medium Business - a company that employs less than 200 people and has an annual taxable income between 150 million - 1 billion CFA (228,954 - 1,526,362 Euros) Small Business - any company that employs 50 people or less on a full-time basis and has an annual taxable income of 50 million CFA or less (76,318.10 Euros) Micro-Enterprise - any company that employees less than 10 people on a full-time basis and has a taxable income of 30 Million CFA or less (48,876 Euros) Statutory vs. customary law - Statutory law comprises the national legal framework and laws, while customary laws are those based on tribal, ethnic, and religious traditions. Although Côte d'Ivoire has a progressive constitution and statutory laws addressing women, 4 Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire- Scoping Study (Fall 2020) often these laws are not applied, with over 85% of the country choosing to apply customary laws instead. Customary laws often are informed by patriarchal interpretations of justice, which are largely discriminatory to women. Skirtism - the act of a senior-level female going out of their way to avoid providing additional support, or in some cases, actively being more critical of women who are younger or in their lower spheres of influence. Psychologists attribute this action to successful women feeling that they must work hard to secure and maintain whatever social power they can, sometimes resulting in exclusionary practices aimed at other women. Acronyms AFAWA - Affirmative Finance Action for Women in Africa AfDB - The African Development Bank Group AFFEED - African Foundation for Entrepreneurship and Economic Development AFIP - Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Côte d'Ivoire AGI - Africa Governance Institute AWI - African Women in Law Association BCEAO - Central Bank of West African States CEDaW - Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women CGECI - General Confederation of Largescale Companies operating in Côte d'Ivoire CGFE - Gender and Woman Entrepreneurship Commission CNLVFE - National Committee to Combat Violence against Women and Children COCOFCI - compendium of Women's Competencies of Côte d'Ivoire ESA - Higher School of Agronomy - Incubator Program at the National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët-Boigny university FCFA - the West African CFA franc - the official currency in Côte d'Ivoire FGD - Focus Group Discussions FGM - Female Genital Mutilation FI - Financial Institution FIPME - Federation of Small and Medium Enterprises GBV - Gender-Based Violence GDP - Gross Domestic Product GII - Gender Inequality Index HDI - Human Development Index IECD - Institute for European Cooperation and Development IHPHB - National Polytechnic Institute Félix Houphouët-Boigny university MECT - Mutuelle d’Epargne et de Crédit Tafiré MFI - Micro Financial Institution OCP - Orange Corners Program OHADA - Organization for the Harmonization of African Business Law PDESFI - Financial Sector Development Plan PDSFI - Financial Sector Development Strategy CI-PME - The Ivorian Enterprise Development Agency RVO – The Netherlands Enterprise Agency SDG - Sustainable Development Goals SGBV - Sexual and Gender-Based Violence SGI - Société Générale Bank Snafci - National Strategy Document for the Empowerment of Women WAEMU - Economic Community of West African States VSLA - Village Savings and Loans Associations 5 Catalyzing Women’s Entrepreneurship in Côte d'Ivoire- Scoping Study (Fall 2020) 2. Executive Summary In fall 2020, Catalystas Consulting, on behalf of the Dutch government, undertook a study of Côte d'Ivoire's entrepreneurship ecosystem and its effects on women in particular. The study aims to provide insights and recommendations on areas for intervention and support by donors including, but not limited to, the Dutch government. These recommendations are for internal use only and are therefore not published. Côte d'Ivoire, despite a long history of civil conflict and a resurgence of violence surrounding the 2020 elections,
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