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Journal of Threatened Taxa Bufldfng evfdence for conservafon globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Onlfne) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Prfnt) Short Communfcatfon Small carnfvores of the montane forests of Eravfkulam Natfonal Park fn the , Indfa

S. Nfkhfl & P.O. Nameer

26 November 2017 | Vol. 9| No. 11 | Pp. 10880–10885 10.11609/jot. 2211 .9. 11. 10880-10885

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885

Small carnivores of the montane forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, India

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1 2

Short Communication Short S. Nikhil & P.O. Nameer ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1,2 Centre for Wildlife Studies, College of Forestry, Agricultural University, KAU Main Campus, Thrissur, OPEN ACCESS Kerala 680656, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract: The study of small carnivores of the montane forests of isolated, compact and sharply defined stunted evergreen Eravikulam National Park in the southern Western Ghats, India trees, locally known as (Images 1 & 2) and recorded nine species of small carnivores using the camera trapping technique. These include three species of (Herpestidae), classified as 11A/DS2 - southern wet temperate forests two species each of lesser () and (), one (Champion & Seth 1968). The sholas are confined to the species each of and (). They are Stripe- necked Mongoose vitticollis, Brown Mongoose Herpestes sheltered valleys, while the mountain tops are occupied fuscus, Herpestes edwardsii, Jungle by grasslands (Ranganathan 1938; Meher-Homji 1965; chaus, Cat bengalensis, Common Palm Jose et al. 1994; Thomas & Palmer 2007). Of the 16 hermaphrodites, Viverricula indica, Asian Small-clawed Otter cinereus, and Martes small carnivores of Western Ghats, all except the Honey gwatkinsii. It is interesting to note that the felines (lesser cats) are the Mellivora capensis, are known to occur in Kerala more common small carnivores in the montane forests. Felis chaus was (Mudappa 2013; Nameer 2015); the small carnivore the most abundant small carnivore, which is followed by Prionailurus bengalensis and Herpestes vitticollis. Two species are Vulnerable as community shows a high degree of endemism in the per the IUCN Red List, viz., Martes gwatkinsii and Aonyx cinereus. Western Ghats. The Brown Palm Civet and the Nilgiri Marten are endemic to the Western Ghats at species Keywords: Camera trapping, endemism, Eravikulam National Park, Felidae, Herpestidae, Idukki, IUCN Red List, Kerala, Mustelidae, level while the Stripe-necked Mongoose and the Brown Viverridae. Mongoose are endemic to the Western Ghats at the sub- species level (Pocock 1941; Menon 2014). Small carnivore species diversity studies were The montane landscape (>1500m) in the Western reported from different landscapes and protected areas Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, is situated in the hills of in southern India. For example, eight species of small Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palni, High Wavies and Agasthyamalai carnivores were reported from Kalakad-Mundanthurai Hills. The natural vegetation in these montane Reserve (Mudappa 2002), 11 species from landscapes is dominated by the grasslands, classified as State (Kumara & Singh 2006a,b), seven

11A/C1-Southern Montane Wet Grasslands (Champion species from the southern Western Ghats (Pillay 2009), & Seth 1968). These grasslands are interspersed with nine species from the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger

DOI: http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2211.9.11.10880-10885 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8084A8BD-705F-4984-BC1F-8A920FA20AFC

Editor: H.N. Kumara, SACON, Coimbatore, India. Date of publication: 26 November 2017 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 2211 | Received 02 September 2017 | Final received 04 November 2017 | Finally accepted 09 November 2017

Citation: Nikhil, S. & P.O. Nameer (2017). Small carnivores of the montane forests of Eravikulam National Park in the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 9(11): 10880–10885; http://doi.org/10.11609/jott.2211.9.11.10880-10885

Copyright: © Nikhil & Nameer 2017. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduc- tion and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.

Funding: Kerala Agricultural University.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements: We thank the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (WL) & Chief Wildlife Warden, Kerala Forest Department for the permission to study the small carnivores of Eravikulam National Park (Permit No. WL-10-43470/2013). We thank the Wildlife Warden, Asst. Wildlife Warden and all other staff of the of ENP for helping with the logistics and other support. Sreehari R, prepared the map used in this paper. Sreekumar ER, Ajay KG assisted us with the field work. Our thanks are due to the Dean, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University for encouragement and support. We thank the anonymous reviewers and the subject editor for their critical comments.

10880 Small carnfvores of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park Nfkhfl & Nameer

© S. Nfkhfl © S. Nfkhfl Images 1 & 2. The montane grassland- habftat at Eravfkulam

Reserve, Karnataka (Kumara et al. 2014), and 11 specfes the southern Western Ghats. The average elevafon of from Parambfkulam Tfger Reserve (Sreeharf & Nameer ENP fs 2,000m, wfth the alftude rangfng from 1800– 2016). 2685 m, consftufng an excellent example of a montane A study was conducted between 2014 and 2015 landscape. Anamudf (2695m), the hfghest peak fn on the small carnfvores of the montane landscape penfnsular Indfa, fs located fn ENP, whfch fs surrounded of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park fn the southern Western by Chfnnar Wfldlffe Sanctuary and Sandal Forest Ghats. We report the fndfngs on the occurrence and Dfvfsfon fn the north-east, Anamudf Nafonal Park to the abundance of small carnfvores fn thfs paper, whfch fs east, Mankulam Forest Dfvfsfon to the west, and expected to serve as baselfne fnformafon on these Forest Dfvfsfon to the south. lesser-known taxa from a hftherto unexplored habftat. The mean maxfmum temperature fs 24 0C and the mean mfnfmum temperature fs 10.5 0C. January fs Study area and Methods the coolest month wfth the maxfmum and mfnfmum Eravfkulam Nafonal Park (ENP) extends to 97km 2 and temperatures varyfng between 15.3 to -3 0C (Rfce 1984). lfes wfthfn the laftudes 10 005’–10 020’N and longftudes The mean annual rafnfall fs 5,238mm, wfth fts peak 77 0E–77 010’E fn Idukkf Dfstrfct of Kerala State (Ffg. 1), durfng June to August. The hflls also experfence fog

Ffgure 1. Locafon Map of montane landscape of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885 10881 Small carnfvores of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park Nfkhfl & Nameer

Ffgure 2. Camera trap locafons fn the montane landscape of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park

and heavy wfnd. The major vegetafon of the montane The shola forest fs domfnated by tree specfes such as landscape fs grassland-shola ecosystem. Around 60% of Pfthecellobfum subcorfaceum, Euonymus angulatus, the area fs covered by grasslands, about 25% by shola Syzfgfum arnofanum, Ternstroemfa japonfca, Vaccfnfum forests, about 8% by southern sub-tropfcal hfll forest, leschenaulff, Maesa fndfca, Garcfnfa cambogfa , and Ixora and 7% by shrubs (Menon 2001). Jose et al. (1994) notonfana . The grasslands are domfnated by the specfes who studfed the lorfsfc composffon of the montane such as Andropogon lfvfdus, Arundfnella vagfnata, forests of ENP reported a tree densfty of 1884 ha -1 . Dfgftarfa wallfchfana and Arundfnella mesophylla (Jose

10882 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885 Small carnfvores of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park Nfkhfl & Nameer et al. 1994). Table 1. Small carnfvores recorded from the montane forests of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park along wfth thefr camera trap success rate (CTSR) Methods Famfly / Camera Dfrect CTSR Scfenffc name a. Camera traps Common name trap sfghfng (%) Dfgftal scout cameras havfng passfve fnfra red sensors Vfverrfdae for heat and mofon detecfon (Cuddeback Atack model 1. Small Indfan Vfverrfcula 1 0 0.11 1149) were used for the survey. We lafd 180 trappfng Cfvet fndfca 2. Common Palm Paradoxurus 1 0 0.11 stafons at 12 blocks fn the montane forests of ENP (Ffg. Cfvet (Image 3) hermaphrodftus 2) from September 2014 to March 2015, wfth 15 camera Herpesfdae traps per block and kept open for fve consecufve days, 3. Indfan Grey Herpestes 0 1 0.00 that amounts to an efort of 900 camera-trap days wfth Mongoose edwardsff 4. Strfpe-necked Herpestes 4 2 0.46 21,600 trappfng hours. These trappfng stafons were Mongoose (Image 4) vffcollfs selected based on the presence of the fndfrect evfdence 5. Brown Herpestes 0 0 NA* of the small carnfvores. The camera traps were set Mongoose fuscus at a hefght of 30-40 cm above the ground and 150m Mustelfdae 6. Asfan Small- apart from each other (Mudappa et al. 2007). The Aonyx cfnereus 2 0 0.23 clawed Oter (Image 5) cameras were set up fn default mode wfth a fme-delay 7. Nflgfrf Marten Martes 1 1 0.11 of 10 seconds between the pfctures. The camera trap (Image 6) gwatkfnsff locafons were recorded wfth a Garmfn GPS etrex 30. Felfdae 8. Felfs chaus 5 0 0.58 (Image 7) b. Lfne transects 9. Prfonaflurus 4 0 0.46 In each of the 12 survey blocks wfthfn ENP, fve one- (Image 8) bengalensfs kflometer long transects were walked. Thus, a total of * Thfs was not sfghted durfng the present study, but was camera trapped fn 60km was walked to record the fndfrect evfdences as 2012 from ENP (Sreeharf et al. 2013) well as the dfrect sfghfngs, to supplement the camera trap data. Durfng the transect walk the scats of the small carnfvores were recorded. The scats were fdenffed to the small carnfvore group such as cfvet, mongoose and small cats ater Su (2005), as specfes level fdenffcafon was dffcult.

Results a. Specfes rfchness of small carnfvores’ montane forest of ENP The overall small carnfvore camera trap success rate was 2.1%. Of the 84 photographs, the carnfvores accounted for 35.7% (N=30) photographs, among that 60% (N=18) were seven specfes of small carnfvores. The most common specfes recorded was Jungle Cat (27.8%) followed by Leopard Cat (22.2%), Strfpe-necked Ffgure 3. Relafve abundance of small carnfvores from pfeces of fndfrect evfdence fn the montane forests of Eravfkulam Nafonal Mongoose (22.2%) and Asfan Small-clawed Oter Park (11.1%) (Table 1; Images 3–8). Nflgfrf Marten, Common Palm Cfvet and Small Indfan Cfvet were captured only once (5.5%) fn the camera traps. sfghted as a pafr. We had three dfrect sfghfngs of small carnfvores Thus, fncludfng the sfghfng of Indfan Grey Mongoose durfng the day transect that fnclude Grey Mongoose, at Nafkkollfmala, we recorded efght specfes of small Strfpe-necked Mongoose and Nflgfrf Marten. The two carnfvores from the montane forests of ENP, two specfes of were sfghted from the grasslands specfes each from Vfverrfdae, Herpesfdae, Mustelfdae of Nafkkollfmala and Erumapef blocks respecfvely and and Felfdae famflfes (Table 1). Of that Nflgfrf Marten the Nflgfrf Marten was sfghted from the shola forest fn and Asfan Small-clawed Oter belong to the Vulnerable Nafkkollfmala block. The Strfpe-necked Mongoose was category (Mudappa et al. 2015; Wrfght et al. 2015).

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885 10883 Small carnfvores of Eravfkulam Nafonal Park Nfkhfl & Nameer

3 4 5

6 7 8

Images 3–8. Camera trap photographs: 3 - Common Palm Cfvet Paradoxurus hermaphrodftus; 4 - Strfpe-necked Mongoose Herpestes vffcollfs; 5 - Asfan small-clawed Oter Aonyx cfnereus; 6 - Nflgfrf Marten Martes gwatkfnsff; 7 - Jungle Cat Felfs chaus; 8 - Leopard Cat Prfonaflurus bengalensfs. © S. Nfkhfl & P.O. Nameer

b. Indfrect evfdence for the presence of small carnfvores from ENP reconfrms the presence of thfs endemfc and fn the montane forests of ENP threatened mustelfd fn thfs montane protected area. The day transects were walked along the exfsfng There was a prevfous record of Aonyx cfnerea from the trafls, forest roads and streams, searchfng for fndfrect montane forests of ENP (Perfnchery et al. 2011) and evfdence of small carnfvores. One-hundred-and-fty- the present sfghfngs reconfrm fts presence. Although three fndfrect pfeces of evfdence fncludfng 138 scats and the Brown Mongoose was earlfer reported from ENP 15 tracks pertafnfng to small carnfvores were fdenffed (Sreeharf et al. 2013), the present study fafled to record from the Nafonal Park. The small cats (45%) and cfvets the specfes. It fs surprfsfng that the Brown Mongoose (35%) accounted for the majorfty of the fndfrect pfeces could not be sfghted durfng the current study, fn spfte of of evfdence (Ffg. 3). the fact that the present study was a long durafon study wfth greater camera trap efort than the prevfous study Dfscussfon conducted fn 2013. When the small carnfvore fauna fn the lower The present fndfngs once agafn hfghlfght the elevafon (<1,500m) fn the Western Ghats fs domfnated bfodfversfty sfgnffcance of the montane landscape of by the vfverrfds such as Paradaoxurus jerdonf (Mudappa Eravfkulam Nafonal Park, whfch fs an adobe for several 2002) Paradaoxurus hermaphrodftes (Kumara et al. unfque endemfc and threatened bfota (Rfce 1988; 2014) and Vfverrfcula fndfca (Sreeharf & Nameer 2016), Joseph et al. 2012; Praveen & Nameer 2015) of the fn the hfgher elevafon (>1,500m) montane forests ft fs Western Ghats. found to be domfnated by the felfds such as Felfs chaus and Prfonaflurus bengalensfs . Such a patern on the References greater presence of the lower felfnes fn the montane forests has not been reported before. Though we cannot Champfon, H.G. & S.K. Seth (1968). Classffcafon of Forest Types of Indfa . Natraj Publfshers, Dehra Dun, 404p. make any generalfsafons based on a sfngle study, ft can Jose, S., A. Sreepathy, B.M. Kumar & V.K. Venugopal (1994). Structural, be assumed that the montane forests of the Western lorfsfc and edaphfc atrfbutes of the grassland-shola forests of Ghats are domfnated by felfnes than other forms of Eravfkulam fn penfnsular Indfa. Forest Ecology and Management 65: 279–291; htp://dof.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90176-7 small carnfvores. Joseph, J., K.M. Jobfn & P.O. Nameer (2012). Addffonal record Martes gwatkfnsff has already been reported from of Resplendent Bush Frog Raorchestes resplendens (Anura: the montane forests of ENP (Rfce 1988; Madhusudan Rhacophorfdae) from the Western Ghats, Indfa. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(11): 3082–3084; htp://dof.org/10.11609/JoTT. 1995). Thus, the present sfghfng of the Nflgfrf Marten o3214.3082-4

10884 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885 Small carnivores of Eravikulam National Park Nikhil & Nameer

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2017 | 9(11): 10880–10885 10885 OPEN ACCESS The Journal of Threatened Taxa is dedicated to building evidence for conservation globally by publishing peer-reviewed articles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate atwww.threatenedtaxa.org . All articles published in JoTT are registered under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License unless otherwise mentioned. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium, reproduction, and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. ISSN 0974-7907 (Online); ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) November 2017 | Vol. 9 | No. 11 | Pages: 10865–10984 Date of Publication: 26 November 2017 (Online & Print) DOI: 10.11609/jott.2017.9.11.10865-10984 www.threatenedtaxa.org

Communication Recovery of Musk Deer Moschus chrysogaster Hodgson, 1839 (Artiodactyla: Moschidae) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhutan Flies matter: a study of the diversity of Diptera families (Insecta: -- Sonam Tobgay, Thinley Wangdi & Kumbu Dorji, Pp. 10956–10958 Diptera) of Mumbai Metropolitan Region, , India, and notes on their ecological roles First record of the Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine -- Aniruddha H. Dhamorikar, Pp. 10865–10879 Atherurus macrourus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) from western Bhutan Short Communications -- Tashi Dhendup & Rinzin Dorji, Pp. 10959–10960

Small carnivores of the montane forests of Eravikulam National Park The Vulnerable Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis Swainson, 1838 in the Western Ghats, India (Aves: Charadriiformes: Laridae) breeding in , eastern India -- S. Nikhil & P.O. Nameer, Pp. 10880–10885 -- Subrat Debata, Tuhinansu Kar, Kedar Kumar Swain & Himanshu Shekhar Palei, Pp. 10961–10963 Distribution and population of Himalayan MarmotMarmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) in On the occurrence of Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes Dumont, 1820 Leh-, Jammu & Kashmir, India (Aves: Falconiformes: Accipitridae) in the Gupteswar forests of the -- Vipin Chaudhary, R.S. Tripathi, Surjeet Singh & M.S. Raghuvanshi, Eastern Ghats, Odisha, India Pp. 10886–10891 -- Swetashree Purohit, Manoj V. Nair & Sharat Kumar Palita, Pp. 10964–10967 First record of Bourret’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus paradoxolophus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from Myanmar with a New locality records of the Stout Sand Snake Psammophis review of the , distribution and ecology of the species longifrons Boulenger, 1890 (Reptilia: Squamata: Lamprophiidae) in -- Sai Sein Lin Oo, Du Sar No, Lucia Nang Seng, Ngwe Lwin, Malcolm , India Pearch & Paul J.J. Bates, Pp. 10892–10898 -- Avinash C. Visvanathan, Sandeep Anne & Aditya Kesav Kolli, Pp. 10968–10970 A first record of the Smallfin Gulper SharkCentrophorus moluccensis Bleeker, 1860 (Chondrichthyes: Squaliformes: Centrophoridae) from A note on the distribution of two highly threatened butterflies in the Andaman & Nicobar waters, Indian EEZ Sri Lanka (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Spindasis greeni and Rapala -- H.D. Pradeep, Swapnil S. Shirke, M. Nashad & Monalisha Devi lankana), with a report on the range extension of S. greeni Sukham, Pp. 10899–10903 -- Tharaka Sudesh Priyadarshana, Ishara Harshajith Wijewardhane & Mithila Karunarathna, Pp. 10971–10973 Taxonomic revision of the genus Atmetonychus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from the Indian subcontinent A new record of grass Ottochloa (Poaceae) to the Eastern Ghats, -- G. Mahendiran & V.V. Ramamurthy, Pp. 10904–10908 India -- Midigesi Anil Kumar, P. Anjaneyulu & Boyina Ravi Prasad Rao, A new species of dewflowerMurdannia sanjappae (Commelinaceae) Pp. 10974–10976 from Andaman Islands, India -- Mudavath Chennakesavulu Naik & Boyina Ravi Prasad Rao, An extended distribution of Natesh’s Cape-pondweed Aponogeton Pp. 10909–10913 nateshii (Aponogetonaceae), a new record to the state of -- Rutuja Rajendra Kolte, Anup Satish Deshpande, First records of two Ginger Lilys Hedychium (Zingiberaceae) species Prabha Muraleedharan Pillai & Shrirang Ramchandra Yadav, from the Western Ghats, India Pp. 10977–10979 -- Sinjumol Thomas, Susai John Britto & Bince Mani, Pp. 10914–10919 Detection of Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex - a zoonotic parasite An annotated checklist of microbes associated with bamboo in the from the Small Indian Mongoose Herpestes auropunctatus Indian subcontinent (Mammalia: Carnivora: Herpestidae) in Jammu & Kashmir, India -- O.K. Remadevi, P. Sharada & H.C. Nagaveni, Pp. 10920–10947 -- Sanku Borkataki, Pankaj Goswami, Rajesh Katoch, Sahil Kumar & Pratiksha Raghuvanshi, Pp. 10980–10982 Notes Book Review Roadkill records of Lowland Tapir Tapirus terrestris (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Tapiridae) between kilometers 06 and 76 of highway Requisite for long term studies in ecology BR-163, state of Pará, Brazil -- S. Suresh Ramanan, Pp. 10983–10984 -- Marco A. de Freitas, Rodrigo C. Printes, Eric K. Motoyama, Assor E. Fucks & Diogo Veríssimo, Pp. 10948–10952

Population size, herd structure and sex ratio of the Blackbuck Antilope Cervicapra(Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae) in a human dominated area in Odisha, India -- Subrat Debata, Pp. 10953–10955

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