British mining in Latin America War on Want fights against the root causes of poverty and human rights violation, as part of the worldwide movement for global justice.

We do this by: • working in partnership with grassroots social movements, trade unions and workers’ organisations to empower people to fight for their rights • running hard-hitting popular campaigns against the root causes of poverty and human rights violation • mobilising support and building alliances for political action in support of human rights, especially worker’s rights • raising public awareness of the root causes of poverty, inequality and injustice, and empowering people to take action for change. www.waronwant.org

This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are This project has been financed the sole responsibility of War on Want and can in no way by the European Union. be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. CONTENTS 01

Preface 02 1. London and extractivism 04 Extractivism and global markets 06 Corporate elites 06 Copper and coal 06 Mining Conflicts in Latin America: Table and Map 09

2. Anglo American: Toxic spills and deadly threats 14 Chile and Peru: environmental pollution 15 Minas Rio, Brazil: opposition and fear 17

3. BHP Billiton: the world’s biggest mining giant 19 The Samarco dam collapse: the worst environmental disaster in Brazil’s history 19 Antamina: poisoning people? 22 Escondida in Chile: the biggest copper mine in the world 24

4. Glencore: rotten to the core 25 Environmental damage in Argentina, Colombia, Bolivia and Peru 26 Tintaya: human rights violations 29

5. Anglo American, BHP and Gencore: the devastating case of the Cerrejón mine in Colombia 30 6. Antofagasta: copper, destruction and division 35 7. Conclusions 39 8. Recommendations 41 9. References 43 02 The Rivers are Bleeding: British Mining in Latin America Preface faced by marginalised people around the already injustices intersecting the exacerbating is we facing are emergency planetary The transnational companies. This report also companies. This report transnational powerful against battle do communities controversial where frontline mining projects, and 17just destructive most the of of asnapshot provides report This America. Latin across mines near communities of environment livelihoods and the undermining the polluting of accused stand companies mining British government, UK by the loose let and scrutiny media any significant from Distant growth. to road only the as extraction export-oriented and Companies promote and states globalisation economic, social and environmental policy. resources leads to ‘development’ has shaped these of extraction the that premise The energy. and water of amounts vast of use the and pollution, and waste of quantities territories, the generation of copious larger of occupation the in resulting investments, foreign huge have attracted fuels fossil and resources mineral America, Latin In return. no of point the to closer us taking and crisis the deepening activity, of booms significant have seen extraction gas and oil and logging fishing, large-scale mining, agribusiness, overexploitation of natural resources. Mega- seen intensified exploration and have South Global the of countries the all almost However, decades, two last over the violence. climate to vulnerable us make that down emissions and dissolving the inequalities by pulling change systems achieve major must we where years ten of period indispensable –an We Zero world. Decade in are such as the Anglo-Chilean firm Antofagasta. Antofagasta. firm Anglo-Chilean the as such companies London-listed known less other covers also report The Glencore. and BHP mining world: American, Anglo principally the in known best and biggest the among are Exchange, Stock London the on listed are which of all question, in companies The conflicts. have to ongoing documented are 32 which of companies, mining British to tied 56 operations of atotal with atable includes paid to this is a sobering reflection of how of reflection asobering is this to paid attention and area this in research of lack The remuneration. or recognition no women giving employment – while simultaneously direct without mine the of economy the in them –engulfing work this from entirely almost men by removing burden this caregiving. responsible for domestic labour and traditionally are who by women, felt culture. These are impacts disproportionately and of work places their fields, their homes, their livelihoods: their out carry and develop communities land-based where spaces the mining transforms fundamentally Extractive opposition. of community criminalisation corruption, dispossession, repression and the dismantling of fraud, local organisations, degradation, competition over water, the Mining are conflicts fuelled byenvironmental region. the in mega-mining of destinations investment foreign major the with correlates America. Latin in operations mining to related conflicts 253 of atotal registers (OCMAL) America Latin in Conflicts Mining for Observatory the report, this of publication of date the At 1 The extent and density of conflicts conflicts of density and extent The 3 Mega-mining projects compound compound projects Mega-mining 2 03

the lives, labour and liberties of women are solution-bearers to the climate crisis by devalued in the context of extractive mining. sourcing the metals used in renewable energy technologies. This greenwashed vision is not The overwhelming conclusion is that mining compatible with the social, ecological and companies are evading responsibility for the materials limits that the expanding extractive devastating social, cultural, economic and frontier tramples upon. The notion that we environmental legacies these projects leave can simply switch from an economy powered behind. Furthermore, when communities by fossil fuels to one powered by renewable and human rights defenders working to energy, with the same levels of consumption highlight them are ignored, contradicted in the Global North, is not an option. A and even killed by state forces, it is an just(ice) transition away from the current ominous reminder that these corporations fossil fuel and extractive regime is not only are not acting alone, but in alliance with necessary to confront the climate crisis, but those in power. it is also our greatest opportunity to lay the foundations for a bold economic transition Despite the alarming data compiled in the that takes us beyond extractivism. following report, we also see that community resistance to industrial mining is growing and War on Want is engaged in the global strengthening as important advances are struggle to challenge corporate power, made to limit, question and stop this guarantee justice for communities affected by extractive activity where it is most extractivism and hold complicit governments destructive. Communities, their local to account by demanding a just(ice) organisations and those that support them transition. We work with Indigenous and should take full credit for having initiated a Afro-descendant communities, grassroots critical discussion about the bounds and organisations and international NGOs to regulations needed for a highly unsustainable defend territories threatened by the industry; as well as the possibility of expansion of extractive industries and to alternatives, not only for Latin America but guarantee their right to decide about their for the entire planet. lands and development.

The global mining industry is responsible for a We call on the UK government to commit – considerable portion of global greenhouse in good faith – to the process of establishing a gas emissions and biodiversity loss, binding mechanism that regulates the contributing to rapid ecological breakdown. behaviour of corporations and governments, Yet in dominant visions of a green industrial and guarantees the rights of communities, strategy, mining companies are portrayed as workers and the environment.

Asad Rehman Lucio Cuenca Exectuive Director Director War on Want OLCA (Observatory for Environmental Conflicts in Latin America) and on behalf of OCMAL (Observatory for Mining Conflicts in Latin America) 04 The Rivers are Bleeding: British Mining in Latin America 1. the world centre for industrial metals trading. trading. metals industrial for centre world the (LME), Exchange Metal London the hosts also UK The (AIM). Market Investment Alternative secondary LSE’s the on 110 traded have shares approximately companies and Market, Main (LSE) Exchange Stock London the on traded publicly shares have many these, Of UK. the in incorporated are companies mining biggest world’s the of Most industry. mining global the for hubs investment important most the of one is Kingdom power. and United The finance mining global of hub the is London London and extractivism Activists fromtheMovementofPeopleAffectedby Dams attend the2018BHPshareholders’meeting. in Brazilandthetradeunionfederation,IndustriAll,

© Liam Barrington-Bush Liam © 05

In Latin America, mineral resources and fossil fuels have attracted huge foreign investment. What is extractivism? But their extraction has also left a trail of environmental degradation, labour Extractivism is a highly destructive model exploitation and human rights violations, as of economic development based on the well as triggering competition over water and intensive extraction of finite natural territory with land grabs, either forcible or resources such as metals, minerals, fossil negotiated through corruption and fraud. fuels, land and water. It is a model Although the devastating consequences for through which the economy, social local communities and ecosystems have been relations of class, race and gender, state well documented, challenging mega-mining policy and public discourse are organised. projects remains extremely difficult – and Its implementation often relies on the often dangerous – because extractivism exploitation and displacement of local occupies a central role in the logics and communities, mainly in the global South, requirements of globalisation. to produce raw materials for production and profit, mostly by corporations in the The following analysis compiles reports from global North. While extractivism is various sources to demonstrate the impact presented as the only road to ‘economic that British mining companies are having on development’, in practice it serves as a human rights, workers’ rights and the means to plunder the global South, environment in Latin America. It highlights contributing to climate change, inequality company practices and their consequences, and human rights violations. which in turn demonstrate the need for much greater independent scrutiny and action by governments to defend the rights groups across 15 countries in Latin America of local communities. has called for the need to find alternatives to mega-mining operations.5 Water is the most recurrent feature. Time and again, reports suggest that mining The response by companies and governments companies are seizing control of local water – the state-corporate extractive nexus – is supplies, often directly reducing the water almost exclusively to try to convince available for local use, and sometimes communities and the public of the benefits of contaminating water supplies through spills mining, by any means necessary. Communities or even by dumping toxic waste into rivers. are often unwillingly turned into partners and made complicit in the destruction of their Social conflicts are widespread in many areas own ecosystems. But the task of convincing where mining is taking place in Latin America. communities is riddled with challenges, Indeed, recent research shows that the especially as the benefits of mining flow into growth in social and environmental conflicts the hands of a few, while the industry’s across countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, enormous socio-ecological losses are Peru and Bolivia is strongly associated with transferred to future generations. the expansion of mining projects. One academic paper noted that “the Andes now Companies claim to employ thousands of resembles a war zone”.4 All over the region, people and to contribute positively through communities are fighting to preserve their their operations to local and national territories and uphold their rights. A coalition economies. However, the data indicates that of 50 church organisations and environmental worldwide only about 1% of the economically 06

active population works in mining.6 Many deregulation under the guise of needing to workers tend to be highly skilled and not maintain economic competitiveness and from the region or community where the increase production volumes. mine is located. Those that are employed tend to be subcontracted under precarious At times when the mining industry has faced conditions, generating further impacts. internal crises due to the low prices of Provinces and territories with a longstanding commodities, industry actors have sought to

British Mining in Latin America history of mining are among the poorest in blame the high cost of external inputs such as the country. This suggests that the benefits of electricity, manual labour, on excessive this mining are too often being undermined bureaucracy or simply on the environmental by the costs. demands of mining projects.

Although many companies have adopted Following the unprecedented spike and drop in The Rivers are Bleeding: environmental and human rights policies, and commodity prices (the global commodities although not every mine has faced accusations super cycle), fluctuations in the prices of metals of the same gravity, environmental destruction and minerals, and record-high market prices and human rights violations are commonplace for resources have given the mining industry and – in some cases – systematic enough to undeniable favourable market positions. warrant serious concern. There is also a new tendency whereby While government authorities have issued extractive industries look towards minor fines on some of these companies in financialisation and speculation over new relation to environmental negligence, projects. The securitisation of new projects impunity is the norm. States have tended to draws in huge investments seeking profits side with multinational companies over and through debt leveraging. So even when above the rights of their own people, trying market prices are low, mega projects are to guarantee the revenue to generate started with the aim of accessing speculative economic growth, or simply because they capital trapped in hedge funds and other succumb to the overwhelming power of destructive financial instruments. corporations. The UK mainstream media, meanwhile, remains largely silent on these abuses, while the UK government continues Corporate elites to advocate for mega-mining projects abroad. The companies that feature in this report are firmly part of the international corporate Extractivism and elite. Many of their board members sit on the executive committees of numerous other global markets multinational companies, exemplifying an international corporate revolving door. Many The mining industry corners markets and are also firmly part of the British destabilises prices, leading to market establishment. For example: distortions. Through this, they seek to influence the public policies of governments, •• Sir John Parker, Anglo American’s who are only interested in the revenue chair until October 2017, is a former generated by foreign exchange. senior Non-Executive Director of the Bank of England7 who was recently asked by the Further, the mining sector often attempts to government to lead a review of ethnic achieve greater social and environmental diversity on UK boards8 and a review of 07

naval shipbuilding.9 Anglo American’s other Many of these people are paid vast amounts board members include the chairman of of money and have amassed great wealth GlaxoSmithKline (Sir Philip Hampton)10 and through mining. Glencore’s CEO is the a Non-Executive Director of Standard multi-billionaire Ivan Glasenberg who Chartered and Tesco (Byron Grote).11 personally owns 8.5% of the shares in the company.14 Anglo American’s CEO, Mark •• Baroness Shriti Vadera, a Director of Cutifani, was paid £3.7 million in 2015 and BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton £3.4 million in 2016.15 In 2017, BHP Billiton’s PLC and the Senior Independent Director CEO, Andrew Mackenzie, was paid nearly of BHP Billiton PLC, was formerly a £5.3 million.16 Minister in the Department for International Development and Cabinet Office Minister.12 Copper and coal Ten of the cases analysed in this report •• Anthony Hayward is the Non- concern the mining of copper, key to Executive Chairman of Glencore and several countries in the region, notably former CEO of BP, while one of Glencore’s Chile, which produces around 40% of the Independent Non-Executive Directors, world’s copper and which hosts the world’s Leonhard Fischer, is a former CEO of largest copper mine, Escondida.17 Yet copper Kleinwort Benson, and another, John Mack, production is contributing to some of the is a former CEO of Morgan Stanley.13 worst environmental impacts of mining in Latin America. GoToFilms Camila Mendez of the Social and Environmental Youth Collective of Cajamarca - COSAJUCA protests at the ‘Mines and Money’ conference in London, 2017. 08

Another worrying trend is emerging as mining companies introduce a false sense of British interest in Latin American copper conflict between the defence of local deposits is on the rise: the greenwashing of territories and the material demands of the new copper projects. Companies, like BHP transition away from fossil fuels. and Anglo American, are claiming that their mines will be key contributors to the Coal is also an important commodity and renewable energy transition by supplying one of the most controversial and

British Mining in Latin America copper for electric vehicles, wind turbines problematic mining operations is that of the and solar panels.18 These claims are Cerrejón mine in the extreme north of deceptively simplistic, the reality is that Colombia, run by Anglo American, BHP infrastructure and construction materials are Billiton and Glencore in equal shares. A projected to remain the primary drivers of major portion of the coal mined at Cerrejón copper demand throughout this century, not is likely to supply the UK: in 2015, for The Rivers are Bleeding: renewable energy technologies.19 This example, the UK imported 20 million tonnes greenwashing narrative also poses a new of coal for power stations, 37% of which 20 threat to mining-affected communities as came from Colombia.

Shareholders in the multinationals

Behind these companies are often huge financial interests seeking to earn great profits. The largest shareholder in Anglo American as of September 201821 – Volcan Investments Ltd – is a holding company wholly owned by the Agarwal family which controls Vedanta Resources,22 the controversial UK-incorporated mining company accused of human rights abuses and tax avoidance in India and Zambia.23 It has been reported that Agarwal’s investment in Anglo American is worth up to $2 billion.24 Volcan is incorporated in the tax haven and secrecy jurisdiction of the Bahamas.25

Anglo American’s third largest investor26 is Silchester International Investors, a London-based hedge fund whose manager, Stephen Butt, recently paid himself £16 million after his firm saw a jump in profits in 2016.27

BHP Billiton PLC’s largest shareholder28 is BlackRock Investment Management (UK), a giant global investment company now advised by former British Chancellor George Osborne.29 Legal & General Investment Management Ltd is also a major shareholder in BHP, along with giant investment firm Aberdeen Asset Management and Norges Bank Investment Management, the body that manages the supposedly ethical Norwegian state oil fund.30

Glencore’s major shareholder is Qatar Holding LLC, Qatar’s sovereign wealth fund.31 Both BlackRock Investment Management and Norges Bank Investment Management are also sizable shareholders. 09

Mining Conflicts in Latin America: Table and Map While this reports features 17 cases of could go further and generate harmful conflict associated with British mining impacts. Conflicts that are not active, recent, companies’ operations and investments in or sufficiently documented are not Latin America, there are many more referenced here. In fact, a lack of operations and related conflicts throughout transparency and documentation are the region with links to the UK. This table, common obstacles in communicating and while not a complete list, references 56 seeking accountability for the social and operations32, of which 32 have provoked environmental harm caused by extractive recent or ongoing social, environmental or industries. Finally, mining companies may labour conflicts and impacts. The majority of attempt to offload or divest from projects operations in the table are active mines, which represent risk or tarnish their image. smelters, refineries or processing plants. As a result of sales and divestitures, many of However, a number of recently closed the impacts of British mining companies in operations or projects that are pre- Latin America have become distanced from operational are listed where conflict is their original corporate perpetrators and more present. In fact, many conflicts develop during difficult to seek accountability for – such the exploratory phase of mining projects. operations are not referenced in this table. While mostly beyond the scope of this report, there are numerous cases of We are particularly grateful to OCMAL for successful resistance by affected communities its map of mining conflicts in Latin America, and their allies which have put an early stop where much of the information on recent and to potential mining projects before they ongoing conflicts was sourced.

KEY Types of conflicts: Communities Environment Workers Grey information on mining conflict not available in the public domain

Company Name of Type of operation Country Types of conflict or impacts operation (and % share33)

Anglo American Quellaveco Copper mine (60%) Peru water supply

El Soldado Copper mine (50.1%) Chile water supply land transformation / biodiversity loss / water contamination Chagres Copper smelter (50.1%) Chile

Los Bronces Copper mine (50.1%) Chile loss of livelihoods water contamination pay Niquelandia Nickel processing plant Brazil Codemin Nickel mine Brazil Barro Alto Nickel mine Brazil

Minas Rio Iron ore mine Brazil loss of livelihoods / indigenous rights violations / displacement / water supply / health water usage / threat of tailings dam rupture / water contamination 10

Company Name of Type of operation Country Types of conflict or impacts operation (and % share33)

Anglo American, Cerrejón Coal mine Colombia water supply /community divisions / health / BHP, Glencore (33.33% each) loss of livelihoods / repression / indigenous rights violations / assassination water contamination / river diversion / land transformation / air contamination pay British Mining in Latin America

Antofagasta Los Pelambres Copper mine (60%) Chile water supply / repression / criminalization / community divisions / no consultation water contamination / tailings dam rupture threat / biodiversity loss Centinella Copper mine (70%) Chile

The Rivers are Bleeding: Antucoya Copper mine (70%) Chile Zaldivar Copper mine (50%) Chile

BHP Pampa Norte Copper mine Chile water supply

Samarco Iron ore mine and three Brazil no redress / loss of livelihoods / indigenous concentrators (50%) rights violations / health water contamination / biodiversity loss / tailings dam rupture job loss

BHP and Escondida Copper mine Chile water supply Rio Tinto (BHP 57.5%, Rio Tinto 30%) pay

Condor Gold La India Gold mining project Nicaragua potential displacement / criminalization (feasibility) potential water contamination

Fresnillo34 Fresnillo Silver mine Mexico water usage35

Saucito Silver mine Mexico water contamination36 Ciénaga Gold-silver mine Mexico

Herradura Gold mine Mexico water contamination37

Soledad-Dipolos Gold mine Mexico repression / indigenous rights violations / (currently assassination / loss of livelihoods suspended)

Noche Buena Gold mine Mexico water contamination38 San Julián Silver mine Mexico

Glencore Calenturitas Coal mine Colombia loss of livelihoods / assassination39 river contamination / biodiversity loss

La Jagua Coal mine Colombia health 40 / risk of displacement air contamination41 Los Quenuales Three zinc, copper, lead Peru (subsidiary)42 and silver mines (Iscaycruz, Yauliyacu and Contonga) (76.89%) 11

Company Name of Type of operation Country Types of conflict or impacts operation (and % share33)

Glencore Tintaya Copper-gold mine and Peru health / repression / assassination continued processing plant (closed)43 water contamination

Antapaccay Copper mine and Peru repression / criminalisation44 processing plant (expansion of Tintaya)

Coroccohuayco Copper mine (planned Peru lack of consultation45 expansion of Antapaccay) (feasibility)

Sinchi Wayra Four tin, zinc, lead and Bolivia water supply / loss of livelihoods (subsidiary) silver mines (Bolivar, Porco, Poopo and Caballo Blanco) and a concentrator

Volcan Four zinc, lead, and silver Peru health / displacement (subsidiary) mines (Yauli, Chungar, Alpamarca and Cerro de water contamination / soil contamination Pasco) and a processing plant (Óxidos de Pasco) (23%) Lomas Bayas Copper mine Chile

Altonorte Copper smelter Chile health 46

El Aguilar Silver-zinc-lead mine Argentina soil contamination47 / water contamination48 and smelter job loss49

Alumbrera Copper-gold mine and Argentina water supply / loss of livelihoods / repression processing facility (50%) water contamination El Pachón Copper-molybdenum Argentina mine (feasibility)

AR Zinc Zinc smelter (closed) Argentina job loss50

Glencore, Collahuasi Copper mine and Chile water contamination Anglo American processing facilities (44% each) pay

Glencore, BHP Antamina Copper/zinc mine Peru health (33.75% each) water contamination / air contamination / biodiversity loss health

Hochschild Immaculada Gold-silver mine Peru loss of livelihoods Mining water contamination / air contamination Arcata51 Silver-gold mine Peru

Pallancata52 Silver-gold mine Peru

Patagonia Gold Calcatreu Gold-silver mining project Argentina loss of livelihoods (feasibility) water contamination / air contamination Rio Tinto Alumar53 Alumina refinery (10%) Brazil

La Granja Copper-molybdenum Peru potential loss of livelihoods mining project (pre-feasibility) potential water contamination

Trombetas54 Bauxite mine (12%) Brazil loss of livelihood55 12 5 MEXICO Recent or ongoing conflicts and impacts associated with NICARAGUA British mining companies in Latin America 1 COLOMBIA British Mining in Latin America 3 Company Name of Types of conflict or impacts operation

MEXICO The Rivers are Bleeding: Fresnillo Fresnillo 8 Fresnillo Saucito

Fresnillo Herradura

Fresnillo Soledad-Dipolos PERU BOLIVIA Fresnillo Noche Buena 1 NICARAGUA Condor Gold La India

COLOMBIA Glencore Calenturitas

Glencore La Jagua

Anglo American, Cerrejón 4 BHP, Glencore

CHILE PERU Anglo American Quellaveco 7 Glencore Tintaya

Glencore Antapaccay

Glencore Coroccohuayco

Glencore Volcan (subsidiary)

Glencore, BHP Antamina

Hochschild Immaculada

Mining Rio Tinto La Granja

13

Company Name of Types of conflict or impacts operation

BRAZIL Anglo American Minas Rio

BHP Saucito

Rio Tinto Trombetas

BOLIVIA Glencore Sinchi Wayra

BRAZIL (subsidiary)

3 ARGENTINA Glencore El Aguilar

Glencore Alumbrera

Glencore AR Zinc

Patagonia Gold Calcatreu

CHILE Anglo American El Soldado

Anglo American Los Bronces

Antofagasta Los Pelambres

BHP Pampa Norte

ARGENTINA BHP and Escondida

Rio Tinto Glencore Altonorte

Glencore, Collahuasi

AngloAmerican 32 KEY

2 Number of documented operations where there are Number of documented mining-conflicts linked to UK companies in each country operations where there are Types of conflicts or impacts: mining-conflicts linked to UK Communities Environment Workers companies in Latin America 14 The Rivers are Bleeding: British Mining in Latin America and deadly threats deadly and 2. a joint operation, is analysed in a later section). alater in analysed is operation, a joint mine, Cerrejón the section; this in (fiveanalysed are operations its regarding communities local from concerns or opposition faces American Anglo where mines six highlights report This South American countries. 2017. in billion $4.1 of revenues with and people 87,000 employing companies, mining largest world’s the of one is London, in headquartered and UK the in incorporated American, Anglo

Jaime Valdivia Anglo American: Toxic spills Toxic spills American: Anglo about 50kmfromSantiago,Chile’scapital.This glacier The LaPalomaGlacierlocatedintheYerba LocaPark, of AngloAmerican’s‘LosBronces’copperoperation. is allegedlyunderthreatfromthecurrentupgrade plans 56 Anglo American operates eight mines in four four in mines eight operates American Anglo

15

Name of operation Type of operation Country

Cerrejón Coal mine (33% share) Colombia

Quellaveco Copper mine (60% share) Peru

Collahuasi Copper mine (has 44% share, with Glencore) Chile

El Soldado Copper mine (50.1% share) Chile

Chagres Copper smelter (50.1% share) Chile

Los Bronces Copper mine (50.1% share) Chile

Niquelandia Nickel processing plant Brazil

Codemin Nickel mine Brazil

Barro Alto Nickel mine Brazil

Minas Rio Iron ore mine Brazil

Source: ‘About us’, http://www.angloamerican.com/about-us/where-we-operate#/projects- operations-offices-headquarters/iron-coal-copper-nickel-platinum-diamonds; ‘Our business’, http://www.angloamerican.com/products/copper

Corporation had an equity investment in the Chile and Peru: project) raising concerns about the mine’s environmental pollution anticipated impacts on local populations and the environment. The complainants raised Several of Anglo American’s mines in Chile concerns regarding impacts on water quality and Peru have been found to have polluted and quantity in an arid area characterised by the environment and are being challenged by rising competition over water sources and local communities. questioned the proposed handling of toxic waste and the impact this could have on Anglo American has a 50.1% share in the El communities’ health. The CAO found the Soldado copper mine located 130 km complaint eligible in 2012 and a CAO team northwest of the Chilean capital, Santiago. conducted an assessment to explore options Chile’s state-owned Codelco and Japanese for resolution with the relevant parties. companies Mitsubishi and Mitsui also hold Following the assessment, a collaborative stakes in the operation. The mine produced resolution to the complaint was found to be 36,000 tonnes of copper in 2015.57 impossible and the CAO released a final assessment report concluding that a review In November 2011, a local environmental of certain aspects of this project was NGO issued a formal complaint to the World warranted.58 Bank’s Compliance Adviser/Ombudsman (CAO) (since the Bank’s International Finance 16

The company has already faced environmental smell and taste bad and can cause diarrhoea in sanctions for its operations at El Soldado. In vulnerable populations, such as infants.62 In 2014, Chile’s environmental regulator, 2016, the Chilean Supreme Court upheld a Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente (SMA), judgment that required Anglo American Sur to imposed a $4.5 million fine on Anglo repair the environmental damage. The court American Sur, Anglo American’s subsidiary, ordered a series of mitigation measures for violating 16 environmental rules at the including formulating and implementing a plan

British Mining in Latin America mine. The breaches came to light during a for reforestation and recovery.63 mine inspection in 2013 and were related to the management of reforestation, wildlife and Similar environmental problems have been a rainwater, as well as to water pollution with feature of Anglo American’s Los Bronces sulphates and sodium, among others. SMA copper mine, one of the world’s largest, noted that the company had failed to fully located 3,500 m high up in the Andes, 65 km The Rivers are Bleeding: preserve and relocate vegetation, had north-east of Santiago.64 Anglo American ineffective wetland conservation plans and manages and owns 50.1% and Codelco, Mitsui water management in place, lacked and Mitsubishi are, as with the El Soldado environmental monitoring, and had tailings59 mine, the other shareholders. located in an area for which the company didn’t have a permit. While many breaches In 2015, Chile’s environment regulator, SMA, were considered minor, the authority stated hit Anglo American with a $6.2 million fine, that five were deemed severe.60 ordering the company to shut down one of its waste dumps at Los Bronces, as it said it had Interviewed in 2014 by Deutsche Welle, caused “irreparable” damages to a nearby Germany’s international broadcaster, agricultural valley. SMA said the fine was Jorge Ramirez, a community leader who calculated based on five infractions detected lives near the mine, said: at the mine’s facilities in 2013 and 2014, including acid drainage from a dump site and “The mine destroys nature and failure to monitor water quality. The regulator native forests. It pollutes the ordered the closure of the deposit until “a water; it also takes away our definitive solution that permits the adequate water because a lot of water is drainage of acids generated by the project is 65 needed for mining processes.” implemented”. Ramirez added that the company In February 2016, a rupture of the pipeline at is also responsible for a tailings the mine’s tailings reservoir was suspected to pit, a lake of ground-up rock, have contaminated a local river. In response, water, and chemicals left over the municipality of Colina near the mine from the mining process, which ordered the precautionary evacuation of Ramirez describes as a “time about 300 people living near the river. Nearly bomb” for the local communities.61 150 local people demonstrated against the company following the spill and a workers’ union presented an injunction, which sought The charges indicated that the water in several to suspend activities at the mine, before the of the region’s wells contained more sulphur Santiago Appeals Court.66 than is permitted by law and that Anglo American had not taken necessary water The company has also come into conflict management steps. Sulphur makes the water with workers in its mines. In September 17

2016, over 1,700 Los Bronces workers staged a one-week strike over wages which Minas Rio, Brazil: followed a strike in 2014 involving some opposition and fear 4,000 contract workers. Their protest concerned what they said were layoff Anglo American is seeking to expand its threats, the mine’s refusal to negotiate a Minas Rio iron ore mine in the Brazilian state series of demands and what the president of of Minas Gerais, a project which is part of the the mineworkers’ union (Federación de Açu port complex development. The Trabajadores Sindicalizados de Los Bronces y company was projected to invest $308 Otros) described as “systematic anti-union million in 2017 as part of an expansion aimed practices at Anglo American”. at boosting Minas Rio’s output to around 26.5 million tonnes of iron ore by 2019.72 At the In recent decades Chile’s mining industry has time of writing, the expansion licence has not slowly outsourced most of its jobs, with as yet been approved. many as two out of three workers now working on short term contracts. These The mine has long faced local opposition. In contracts typically pay salaries as low as one 2013, social movements, environmentalists third of those with full time staff jobs. and independent researchers denounced the Contract workers are reportedly also often project, depicting it as a threat to the lifestyle assigned more dangerous jobs with higher of numerous indigenous communities and the risks of injury.67 remaining rainforest of Mata Atlântica, considered a biodiversity hotspot. Anglo Another of Anglo American’s copper mines in American’s project incorporates a 529 km Chile has caused several spills of tailings into water-propelled pipeline, crossing 32 the environment. The Collahuasi mine municipalities, totransport iron ore to the – owned 44% each by Anglo American and seaport at Barra do Açu, in the state of Rio Glencore, with the remainder held by Mitsui de Janeiro. Protests have centred on the – is the second largest copper mine in the evictions of families from their land and world and is located at 4,400 m above sea alleged irregularities and mismanagement in level in the highlands of the Tarapacá Region the environmental licencing process such as in the north of Chile.68 In August 2016, a local the lack of technical studies about socio- government environmental officer found that environmental and socio-economic there were five unreported spills at the mine, conditions of the affected communities.73 risking contamination of local water.69 The Churches and Mining Network in Brazil In 2010, workers at Collahuasi went on strike claims that Anglo American is depleting local over pay for 32 days, the longest ever strike at drinking water resources, has inadequate a private mine in Chile.70 consultation processes and that the project entails the possibility of a breach in the Like many other large-scale mining projects in tailings dam. Local people say that the mine, Peru, Anglo American’s Quellaveco copper which uses vast quantities of water, is already project, located in the southern Moquegua draining the local water table and destroying Region, was delayed due to community the recharge areas and aquifers, because it is opposition over concerns about its impact on in the iron ore layer that water accumulates.74 the environment, most notably on water supply, before the government gave the At least six communities are living on go-ahead for the project in 2018.71 pumped water and some are without water 18

for days at a time due to springs having dried and construction is very different from that up. Anglo American is likely to continue to of the Samarco dam and that its safety has face contests over its expansion plans and its been reviewed by numerous technical tailings dam until a full and transparent experts. The company has said that in assessment of the additional risks posed to building a dam there is a process of informing people and the environment can be made and local communities, and that Anglo American shared publically.75 has gone beyond the legal requirements. As

British Mining in Latin America such, it has purchased land and paid people Many local people live in fear of the mine’s on settled agreements,79 however, tailings dam. With a capacity of 370 million communities have nevertheless pointed to cubic metres, it is seven times larger than the the asymmetrical relationship between Samarco dam that broke in 2015, killing 20 themselves and the company, which employ a people (see section 3). Three communities number of tactics – from repression to The Rivers are Bleeding: below the Minas Rio dam are in the area coercion – in order to get what they want. defined as a ‘self-rescue zone’ because there would not be enough time for the authorities to intervene in case of an accident.

People’s understandable fear has been “Public meetings to deal with fuelled by a rupture of a containment basin at Anglo American activities have Minas Rio as well as by the rupture of the been marked by the presence of Samarco dam. Patricia Generoso, whose heavily armed police and other family lost property in the construction of forms of pressure. Peaceful the tailings dam and who lives 300 m from it community demonstrations are in the community of Conceiçao do Mato suppressed by a disproportionate Dentro, has said that the company does not seem to acknowledge the danger faced by police force and community the communities.76 leaders are sued by the company. The company often hires retired In response to criticisms, Anglo American high-ranking police officers for states that all activities undertaken by Minas corporate security, maintaining a Rio have been properly licenced and are permanent influence on the local regularly monitored by the respective security system. The Federal environmental agencies.77 The company has said that it adopts efficient water management Public Prosecutor’s Office has procedures everywhere, focusing on expressed concern about sustainable use of water, and that Minas Rio’s militarization and the State Public consumption would not affect anyone else’s Ministry has recommended consumption in the area. The mine will moderating the use of the police continue tracking water from the river and force in peaceful demonstrations. promoting joint decision-making with various What does this say about Anglo other users. Anglo American also says it has obtained all the necessary water use licences American’s understanding of the for the tailings dam and mine dewatering.78 right to participate?” Rodrigo Peret of the Churches and With regards to the tailings dam, Anglo Mining Network80 American has said that its technical design 19

3. BHP Billiton: The world’s biggest mining giant

BHP Billiton, a giant multinational mining firm, is an Anglo-Australian company: BHP Billiton Limited is headquartered in Melbourne,81 while BHP Billiton PLC is headquartered and incorporated in London.82 In the year ending June 2018, BHP made $8.9 billion profit and paid out $6.3 billion to its shareholders.83 BHP operates five mines in South America.

A man stands amiidst the ruins of a building in Bento Rodrigues, Brazil. The district of Bento Rodrigues in Mariana was the most impacted by

the Samarco tragedy, as it was the Gustavo Basso closest to the Fundao tailings dam which burst in 2015.

The collapse killed 20 people,84 mainly those The Samarco dam collapse: working on the dam facility at the time, and the worst environmental left 700 homeless. It also caused a tidal wave disaster in Brazil’s history of mud which destroyed the village of Bento Rodrigues and spewed 50 million cubic metres of mineral waste into the Rio Doce The Samarco iron ore mine, jointly operated over 650 km into the Atlantic Ocean.85 The by BHP Billiton and Brazilian company Vale, released waste killed fish and aquatic life is located in the state of Minais Gerais in along the length of the river and polluted Brazil. Brazil’s worst ever environmental vast swathes of agricultural land. Thousands disaster occurred in 2015 when the Fundão of fishermen, among others, sued the tailings dam at the Samarco mine collapsed. Samarco iron-ore mine for loss of earnings.86 20 The Rivers are Bleeding: British Mining in Latin America ongoing response effort. In 2016, the company 2016, In company the effort. response ongoing the in full-time now engaged managers senior and experts 35 technical around of team a has it says BHP programmes. compensation remediationinitiating and substantial disaster, and the from impacts economic assessing the environmental and socio- dams, existing the maintaining and repairing on focused has disaster, Samarco the Since Samarco Antamina Norte Pampa Source: http://www.bhp.com/our-businesses/minerals-americas Cerrejón Billiton and Vale’s operations. Vale’s and Billiton operations. communities destroyed by BHP We whole have seen destruction. environmental unmeasurable and 20 in deaths resulting everything, covered Mud region. the in of life forms of all destruction tothe led break dam “The Escondida operation of Name Latin America in Network Mining and Churches Péret, Amédée Castro de Rodrigo companies.” transnational by government of our capture corporate blatant the is evident becoming is what victims, the for of reparations Instead compensation. any real receiving without everything, They have lost 87 Type of operation Coal mine (owns mine 33%)Coal 50%) (owns concentrators three and mine ore Iron (owns mine 33.75%)Copper mine Copper Rio Tinto has 30% (57.5% mine Copper share,

92 ) and cultural rights. They noted: noted: They rights. cultural and every violation of social, human, economic address to power the foundation a private gave it claiming authorities, the with Samarco organisations repudiated a made deal by society civil 2016, Brazilian of agroup basin, who were not involved in shaping it. involved shaping in were not who basin, Doce Rio the along affected communities traditional and indigenous of right the violating doors, closed behind made was deal The indemnity.” proposed the with agree doesn’t indemnified any of the case in lawyers hire to able be manner, will and isolated an in harmed, one of the of each value indemnity of the the establish Vale BHP, will and Samarco, by funded Foundation, “The the clean-up and compensation. and clean-up the about in the decision-making participation meaningful ensure to failing for and affected those of many ignoring for groups by local criticised been However, has response the receiving assistance from Samarco. financial are failure dam by the impacted have been livelihoods whose families over 7,000 that work. this created Renova the Foundation to implement

88 BHP’s 2016 Annual Report noted noted 2016 Report BHP’s Annual

Colombia Brazil Peru Chile Chile Country 90 In early early In 91 89

21 Isis Medeiros_Jornalistas Livres

The Movement of People Affected by Dams in Brazil mobilizes one year after the Samarco disaster, marching along the Doce river basin, 2016.

Prosecutors brought a $50 billion case for executives on the Samarco board, including a damages, although this was suspended by a minority who have now left.97 federal court in Minais Gerais.93 In contrast, the sum offered by the company for Samarco refutes these charges and has said compensation and clean-up is grossly the Brazilian prosecutors ignored defence inadequate: in early 2016, the company agreed statements that it presented over the course with the authorities to pay BRL 24 billion of the investigation “which prove that the ($6.2 billion) over 15 years for damages.94 company had no prior knowledge of the risks to its structure” and that “safety was always The most serious allegations relate to whether a priority in the management strategy of the company should have acted to prevent the Samarco, reiterating that it never reduced collapse of the dam. Media reports in 2018, investments in this area”. BHP Billiton said it citing hitherto undisclosed documents, show “rejects outright the charges against the that six months before the dam collapsed, the company and the affected individuals. We mine operator accurately predicted the will defend the charges against the company, potential impact of such a disaster in a and fully support each of the affected worst-case risk assessment. Additionally, individuals in their defence of the charges federal prosecutors claim the company failed against them.”98 Operations at the Samarco to take actions that they say could have mine have been suspended since the collapse prevented the disaster. The prosecutors claim of the dam. the company instead focused on cutting costs and increasing production.95 “With each passing year, the marks of the crime of November In June 2016, a Brazilian federal police 5, 2015 in Rio Doce become more investigation concluded the company ignored evident. More than 50 million clear signs that the dam was at risk of failing, including the appearance of cracks and cubic metres of sludge poured drainage problems, and that it was not into the waters like a tsunami, properly monitored. The investigation devastating everything in its way, recommended charging eight people with killing nineteen people and 96 manslaughter. In October 2016, the ending the riverside way of life. Brazilian prosecutor’s office charged 26 people for their alleged roles in the disaster, Three years later, we marched 21 for ‘qualified homicide’. The prosecutors’ along the same path from Minas case hinges on what they say is evidence that Gerais to the mouth of the Rio Samarco and its shareholders were aware of Doce, and we found nostalgia, chronic structural problems at Fundão dating injustice, indignation, but also back to 2009. Additional charges against the 21 individuals include the crimes of causing a hope, unity and struggle.” flood, landslide and grave bodily harm. Those Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragens99 charged included BHP Billiton and Vale 22

Brumadinho Disaster

On January 25th, 2019 a tailings dam owned by Vale, at the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine, collapsed. The Brumadinho dam’s failure occurred only 90km away, and less than four years after, the Samarco disaster. The rupture unleashed 12 million cubic metres of toxic mining waste, leaving a trail of devastation in its wake: more than 200 people have been found dead, and many others are British Mining in Latin America still missing. A significant part of the Paraopeba river ecosystem has been contaminated, affecting countless rural communities.100 This was not a sudden tragedy, but part of a series of disastrous tailings dam ruptures and near breaches. While Vale is not a British company, the company receives significant capital provisions from British The Rivers are Bleeding: banking giants, Barclays and HSBC.101

The Paraopeba River was highly contaminated

following the Brumadinho disaster in January 2019. MAB

Communities near the mine have consistently Antamina: poisoning people? challenged the company to recognise its local The Antamina mine, located in north/central impacts and fulfil promises to promote local Peru, is located over one of the largest social development. In July 2016, over 1,500 copper deposits in the world, and comprises people in the districts of San Pedro de Chaná, a pit over 3 km long and 1.8 km wide. Pontó and San Marcos, went on a 48-hour 103 Compañía Minera Antamina S.A. is owned strike in protest. In 2011, local people, principally by BHP Billiton and Glencore – reported to be “fed up with the abuses and each with a 33.75% stake – with remaining unfulfilled promises” of the company, blocked shares held by Teck and Mitsubishi.102 a local highway to stop the company’s trucks from operating.104 23

One recent report by Associated Press recurring stomach, head and sight problems, notes: with some being hospitalised. The company was fined $77,000 by the government for the ‘On the edge of Antamina’s nearly spill, which critics said was an inadequate half mile-deep pit, blasts hurl penalty for the damage caused. Tests skyward a blood-orange dust that conducted by the Peruvian health authorities laces the village of Juprog’s fields following the spill showed that, of those with heavy metals, contaminating tested from the worst-affected Santa Rosa people, crops and livestock…. The community, a third of children and 3% of adults had elevated levels of copper in their cloud paints the sky ochre’.105 blood. Antamina said that the levels of metals detected in the blood samples are typical of Antamina denies that such dust clouds are the area and not the result of the spill and toxic but villagers say the dust makes them that the authorities were using old standards sick. “We always wake up with coughs, with that have since been revised upwards.108 headaches, chest pains”, Pedro Cotrina, a 51-year-old potato farmer, was quoted as Antamina produces annual Sustainability saying. His wife and son are among villagers Reports, affirming that it “seeks to protect with unacceptably high levels of lead reported the environment at all times” and that in their blood, as documented in tests “sustainable development is the core of conducted from 2006 to 2009. The report corporate management”.109 Government adds: “Tests by government health agencies authorities themselves are at least partly to found elevated levels of lead and cadmium in blame for the lack of local development in the people’s blood and urine and heavy metals area. Half of the 30% tax levied on exceeding international standards on their Antamina’s profits is distributed in its host kitchen floors and shelves, and in the livers of state. The district of San Marcos, where the their sheep.” Cadmium is a known human mine is located, is the country’s richest – carcinogen, while lead is toxic to almost receiving about $50 million a year in royalties every organ in the human body. Lead levels from the company according to an Associated measured in 2006 exceeded concentrations Press report from 2014. Yet the district is deemed acceptable by the US Centre for beset by corruption and has no paved Disease Control (CDC) in 20 of 74 villagers, highways, no hospital, and no water including nine children. More than half of the treatment facilities. Nearly one third of 82 adults and children tested had cadmium toddlers suffer from chronic malnutrition – levels exceeding acceptable CDC limits.106 It double the national average.110 Antamina says is not known if tests have been conducted it spent $314 million from 2007 to 2013 on more recently. There are also accusations by infrastructure and social development some former mine workers that they have projects in the region – including in pre-natal been contaminated by arsenic and metals and dental care, child nutrition and animal poisoning during their work.107 husbandry. Asked why San Marcos residents nevertheless live so poorly, a company In July 2012, over 350 people in the town of spokesman, Martin Calderon, suggested such Santa Rosa de Cajacay near the mine were questions be “directed at the authorities, be affected after a pipeline carrying copper they national or regional”.111 concentrate laced with volatile compounds burst, spilling 45 tonnes of waste into the environment. People subsequently reported 24 Nataliya Hora Escondida – he biggest copper mine in the world, situated in the Atacama desert, Chile. British Mining in Latin America The Rivers are Bleeding:

Escondida in Chile: Antofagasta Court ordered Minera Escondida to pay a fine of $4.45 million for the biggest copper mine anti-union practices which violated Chile’s in the world Labour Code against workers who participated in a work stoppage the previous Minera Escondida in Chile – in which BHP year.115 In December 2011, the Labour Court Billiton holds a 57.5% stake, and British of Antofagasta also condemned and fined company Rio Tinto holds a 30% stake – is Minera Escondida for anti-union practices the world’s biggest copper mine. In 2016, against union leaders and workers.116 Escondida produced 5% of the world’s copper.112 Located in the copper-rich BHP has recently spent a reported $3.4 Antofagasta region of northern Chile, in billion on a desalination plant to increase the Atacama Desert, Escondida has operated water supply at the mine, which uses vast for over 25 years and provides just over quantities of water.117 At the same time, 10,000 jobs.113 Escondida has been accused by some Chilean environmental organisations of illegally The mine has a history of disputes between extracting water from a local water system, workers and the company. In February– the Salar de Punta Negra. They allege that this March 2017, workers in a 2,500-member is causing damages such as the disappearance union went on strike for 43 days, seeking to of animals and insects that support life in the change company policy offering no pay driest desert in the world.118 In early 2017, increase, cutting bonuses and removing however, Minera Escondida announced the top-up payments for those who take permanent cessation of the extraction of voluntary redundancy, as well as changing water for operational purposes from the Salar shift hours.114 This followed a two-week de Punta Negra, as part of plans to reduce strike in 2011. In October 2015, an water consumption.119 25

4. Glencore: rotten to the core

Glencore PLC, incorporated in Jersey though headquartered in Switzerland, works in over 50 countries and made $14.8 billion in 2016.120 Glencore operates over 150 mining, oil and agricultural assets around the world, including 19 mines and other facilities in South America.121

Name of operation Type of operation Country

Cerrejón Coal mine (owns 33.3%) Colombia Calenturitas Coal mine Colombia La Jagua Coal mine Colombia Antamina Copper/zinc mine (owns 33.75%) Peru Iscaycruz Zinc mine Peru Yauliyacu Zinc mine Peru Tintaya Copper/gold mine and processing plant Peru Antapaccay Copper mine and processing plant Peru Coroccohuayco Copper mine Peru Sinchi Wayra Four zinc mines (Bolivar, Porco, Poopo and Caballo Peru Blanco) and a concentrator Volcan (subsidiary) Four zinc, lead, and silver mines (Yauli, Chungar, Peru Alpamarca and Cerro de Pasco) and a processing plant (Óxidos de Pasco) (23%) Collahuasi Copper mine and processing facilities (owns Chile 44%, with Anglo American 44% and Japanese companies headed by Mitsui 12%) Lomas Bayas Copper mine Chile Altonorte Copper smelter Chile Punitaqui Copper mine and concentrator Chile Aguilar Zinc mine and smelter Argentina Alumbrera Copper/gold mine and processing facility Argentina (50% share and manages) El Pachon Copper mine Argentina AR Zinc Zinc smelter Argentina Source: ‘South America’, http://www.glencore.com/our-world/global-operations/?location=341 26 Jonathan Chancasana

British Mining in Latin America The Cerro de Pasco mine is slowly swallowing up the city built around it in the province of Pasco in Peru.

is fit for human consumption – without paying The Rivers are Bleeding: Environmental damage any fee for this.124 in Argentina, Colombia, In June 2017, a federal court in Argentina Bolivia and Peru ordered the suspension of activities at the mine Many of Glencore’s mines across South as part of a pollution complaint.125 In May 2008, America, in addition to the case of Antamina the federal appeals court in Tucumán province analysed in the previous section, are placed a senior executive at Minera Alumbrera suspected of polluting the environment, on trial without detention, charging the especially water bodies, and undermining company with the crime of dumping dangerous local livelihoods. In some cases, local contaminants into waters that empty into a communities have been protesting for years local reservoir. The company rejected the at the company’s mining practices. Four court’s decision, saying that it “has been and examples in four countries are given below. still is respectful of the law and of justice but feels obligated to express its utter Glencore manages and has a 50% stake in disagreement with this decision”.126 Minera Alumbrera, a copper/gold mine in Catamarca province of northern Argentina. At various times over many years, Over the years the mine has been consistently communities have attempted to set up denounced for environmental contamination coordinated road blocks to impede access of and has been the focus of substantial critical supplies to the Alumbrera mine, community protests at the mine’s failure to ultimately aimed at shutting it down.127 In protect local water resources and for making 2010, social and environmental assemblies promises to promote local social and blocked the trucks that were carrying economic development which have not been supplies for the mine, prompting fierce police fulfilled.122 In January 2017, a local court ruled repression which dispersed the blockade, on a longstanding case, lasting 16 years, that leaving many protestors injured and arrested. Minera Alumbrera had contaminated a local The response was a massive mobilisation in river basin, the Sali-Dulce. The judgment the main square of the city of Andalgala, the ratified water studies undertaken in 2012 by main urban centre near the mine. Protesters the National Water Institute which revealed then presented an environmental protection contamination with heavy metals, mainly legal action that claimed the right to a healthy copper, from the effluents of the mining environment and requested the suspension of company.123 Alumbrera is suspected of using the mining project. Since then, every 100 million litres of water a day – water that Saturday, protesters march through the city 27

centre against the mine project and carry out impacts on the fragile ecosystem that depends information campaigns at local and national on water conservation. The report notes that levels.128 In February 2012, at least 24 people the diversion of the river has affected the were injured after Argentine police violently water supply of the surrounding populations, cleared demonstrators blocking a national which are now receiving contaminated waters: route to protest against the mine; the police used rubber bullets, tear gas, dogs and “The stability of ecosystems that 129 anti-riot vehicles. Community mobilisation depend on this water as well as the against the mine continues. hydric dynamics of the river and its bordering tributaries, have abruptly Glencore’s Las Calenturitas coal mine in northern Colombia, operated by its changed. Flooding on several plots subsidiary Prodeco, is also controversial. One of land with crops and cattle recent NGO report accuses the company of pasturelands has been attributed to dumping ‘toxic waste’ into a local river, the the river’s diversion and to a lack of 130 Calenturitas. This conclusion is supported suitable measures to compensate by a recent Colombian academic study and mitigate these impacts. This has published in the journal Información meant shifts in the productive Tecnológica which conducted water sampling in three rivers in the mining area, including dynamics and economic losses for the Calenturitas. The study concluded that the farmers of the area.”132 “Calenturitas presented higher concentrations of pollutants” associated with both domestic Glencore has denied these claims. It says and industrial practices which: that Colombia’s environmental authority has not found any evidence of toxic waste dumping in the Calenturitas river. It also “…could indicate that the industrial says that it “pays close attention to the and domestic spills originating in sustainable use of all local water resources mining activity surrounding these and takes suitable precautions” and that its receiving bodies and surrounding water monitoring programme “has human settlements, are significantly determined that all values remain in affecting the quality of the three compliance with applicable Colombian environmental laws and regulations”. rivers, also affecting the biological Water samples are taken every three component present in these aquatic months and compared to local regulations ecosystems.”131 to verify that the ecosystem remains unaffected by its activities.133 The NGO report argues that Glencore’s most serious environmental impact in this Local communities near Glencore’s Sinchi region of Colombia has been the diversion, Wayra zinc mine in Bolivia have similar decline and contamination of the Calenturitas concerns and fears. In early 2016, community river, its tributaries and bordering rivers. The members near the mine called on the report notes that although environmental government to declare an ‘environmental authorities have authorised some of these emergency zone’ due to the serious impacts diversions and uses, several of their in the area.134 Local farmers have long recommendations and restrictions have not complained that water levels have fallen and been fulfilled by the company, with serious that water has become contaminated due to 28

Volcan operates four mines and a processing “Since the Sinchi Wayra plant in Peru. One of those mines is Cerro company has worked and carried de Pasco in the Pasco province in central out its operations in the Cañadón Peru, among the earliest and largest silver 139 Antequera they have been mines during Spanish colonial rule in Peru. cutting the water veins from the The mine, which is swallowing up the city built around it, is a symbol of

British Mining in Latin America depths, my municipality is extractivism’s inseparable links with European affected because we do not have colonialism and its enduring violence. water in Totoral, Avicaya, Urmiri, Cucho Avicaya. In practice, we The legacy of conflict, pollution and are lacking drinkable water. We displacement continues to this day. Thousands of local residents, many of them

The Rivers are Bleeding: have asked for urgent measures to be taken, indeed the Secretary children, live with chronic heavy metal exposure.140 The air is laced with toxic of the Environment, Water and particles from the mine and its tailings; Mother Earth of the government the water supply that serves over 100,000 knows this situation, has done residents is also contaminated with toxic many inspections but with no metals.141 As the open-pit mine continues results. Year after year inspections to expand, it swallows up the homes and are carried out without giving neighbourhoods that border its edges, 10% positive impacts. How long are of homes in the city of Cerro de Pasco have been declared uninhabitable due to the we going to be putting up with mine’s expansion and constant blasting.142 this problem? Until they move us. We no longer have crops, There are also longstanding concerns about everything is affected by pollution water contamination at Glencore’s Tintaya we have no longer produce.” copper mine in Espinar Province of Cusco region in southern Peru. This operation, an Alejandrina Humerez Sequieros, open pit copper mine and processing facility, a Councilor of the Municipality of has recently been decommissioned and 135 Pazña near the mine production has moved to Glencore’s Antapaccay mine, which is located a few miles away. But its impact lives on. mining activity, which consumes vast quantities of water; they also complain that In 2013, following a legal process brought by some animal species have disappeared and citizens living near the mine, a court in that pasture land has dried up, affecting crop Espinar issued a judgement recognising that production.136 Local people have often there were heavy metals in local water resorted to protesting the mine’s impacts and bodies exceeding the maximum levels have demanded the fulfilment of commitments allowed, and that heavy metals were present made to the community such as housing in the population of Espinar, presenting a improvement, construction of a micro dam, serious threat to their health. The judge and providing jobs.137 outlined a need for the authorities to conduct studies to find the causes of the Glencore has a controlling stake in the presence of heavy metals and for mining Peru-based, Volcan Compañia Minera.138 activity in the area to be monitored.143 29

In April 2013 the Ministry of Environment Antapaccay S.A.), a subsidiary of Xstrata PLC, released results of water sampling which merged with Glencore International commissioned by Peru’s government in 2012. PLC in 2013. The claimants, supported by The report determined that there is pollution London legal firm Leigh Day, allege that the in the Espinar Province, some of which appears PNP, whose attendance was requested by the to be the result of mining and some of which is mine, used excessive force, which Xstrata from ‘natural’ sources. Over half the sites ought to have anticipated from the past poor monitored were contaminated with at least human rights record of the PNP. One of the one sample exceeding regulatory standards and claimants, Mr Yohel Colqque, was heavy metal contamination (mercury, arsenic, hospitalised for 16 months after being shot in cadmium and lead) was discovered at 64 sites the head and is now unable to walk and is where water is used for human consumption. confined to a wheelchair.146 According to Surface and ground water in some sites close Leigh Day: to mining activities were found to have chemical contamination exceeding standards “The PNP used live ammunition and and suggesting potential impacts from mining. allegedly beat and kicked protesters A related finding was that people living in the communities directly affected by Tintaya are and made protesters stand for exposed to arsenic, thallium and lead.144 prolonged periods in stress positions in the freezing cold and subjected In response to the report, Glencore them to racial abuse. Xstrata paid concluded that the contamination the PNP and provided officers with discovered above environmental standards food and accommodation. The was only in a few samples and that most of Claimants allege that Xstrata gave those samples were from outside the “mine’s area of influence” – asserting that the PNP logistical assistance, the contamination measured was the result including equipment and vehicles, of natural metals contamination and not encouraged the PNP to mistreat the from mining activities.145 protesters, and that Xstrata failed to take sufficient measures to Tintaya: human rights prevent human rights violations.”147 violations The allegations are strenuously denied by Some 22 local people have brought a legal Xstrata/Glencore, which maintains that PNP case in the UK for compensation for human protection was necessary as thousands of rights violations allegedly perpetrated by the protesters, many armed with traditional Peruvian National Police (PNP) during a slingshots, were marching towards the mine. protest involving human rights activists, The company also claims that the PNP students, mineworkers and farmers in the operated independently of it and that the vicinity of the Tintaya mine in May 2012. Two company cannot be held liable. However, the protestors were killed and a number were claimants contend that documents show severely injured and detained by the PNP Xstrata controlled an intelligence-gathering during the protest: footage appears to show network where information was shared with the PNP shooting protesters at close range. the PNP and paid PNP intelligence officers to At the time, the mine was owned by Xstrata conduct surveillance of community members. Tintaya S.A. (renamed Compañía Minera The company denies this interpretation.148 30 The Rivers are Bleeding: British Mining in Latin America in Colombia in mine Cerrejón the of case Glencore: devastating the 5. made more brutal by regular drought. by regular brutal more made surroundings, harsh in survive to struggle who and line poverty the below live mainly impoverished Wayúu area populated by indigenous around 400,000 people who and aremote Colombia, of tip northern the on region Guajira La in located is mine Glencore. and BHP American, by Anglo shares equal three in owned is world, the in largest the of one and Colombia in mine coal cast open largest the Cerrejón,

Paola Serna Anglo American, BHP and and BHP American, Anglo of thebiggestopen-cast coalminesinLatinAmerica. The Cerrejóncoalmine innorthernColombiaisone

149 The The 31

The Cerrejón mine has throughout the years had severe impacts on these communities which have been well-documented.150 Nearby rivers and streams have been Jakeline Romero, diverted or polluted by mining operations, threatening local access to clean water. Wayuu community leader. Resettlements of local communities in order to make way for the expansion of the mine important water source in the region, the have eroded social life and led to the Rancheria river, has been dammed by the sustained loss of agrarian livelihoods. Cercado dam, built by the Colombian Consultations between the mining company government in 2011. Local communities and local people have in most cases been complain that the river now serves the inadequate, delayed, and not completed.151 agricultural industry and the Cerrejón mine instead of them.153 Water One recent report notes that the damming Water is at the heart of the conflicts between of the Rancheria enables Cerrejón to use the communities and the mine.152 La Guajira, 17 million litres of water a day while each which is among the most arid regions in resident of La Guajira is left with an average Colombia, has seen less rain than normal in of 0.7 litres per day to live on.154 Cerrejón recent years. The Colombian government diverted some streams during earlier has repeatedly drawn links between water expansion of the mining areas in order to scarcity and the El Niño weather phenomenon. access coal reserves in the river basins. Yet this explanation has neglected other According to villagers from the affected causes of the lack of water, particularly communities, some of these streams no stemming from industries. The most longer flow.155 Over the years, a number of

“I live very close the Cerrejón coal mine, hardly a kilometre and a half away; we are so, so close. Because of the coal dust created by Cerrejón, Moisés gets this dry cough. He needs clean air in his lungs. That’s why it is hard for him to breathe; he breathes contaminated air twenty-four hours a day. ‘Even for those of us who don’t suffer any effects, we can still smell the coal. Every day I wonder how he must feel, he’s just a tiny little boy. He is not the only child in my family affected. Last year, a girl of just eight months died because of the coal dust that caked her lungs. ‘Cerrejón says that it adheres to Colombian laws for pollution levels. This is true, but it doesn’t mean much. Colombian laws allow sulphur oxides at a concentration of 250 micrograms per cubic metre, yet the World Health Organisation recommends that 20 micrograms per cubic metre is the maximum. This level is often broken by Cerrejón.” Luz Ángela Uriana Epiayu156 32

reports have indicated that water in the nearby rivers and streams has been polluted “The extension of mining in both by the mining operations.157 Many people departments has taken place in from different communities say that the rural areas which are inhabited water is not suitable for drinking and can only by indigenous, black and small- be used for washing. scale farming communities. Processes of free, prior and British Mining in Latin America Lack of water is the biggest threat to the informed consultation to permit Wayúu and their children. During 2008–16, the deaths of 4,770 Wayúu children were the population’s participation in documented as a result of thirst, malnutrition territorial planning have not and preventable disease. This prompted a been carried out. Ignoring 2015 decision by the Inter-American collective ethnic rights, the The Rivers are Bleeding: Commission of Human Rights to direct the companies have conducted Colombian government to take immediate individual negotiations instead, precautionary measures to ensure the lives buying land through and personal safety of the Wayúu people in La Guajira.158 intimidation, restriction of access to resources and isolation. Dust Altogether, this has resulted in a rupture of social structures and Villagers have for years been exposed to coal the disappearance of many dust from both extraction activities at the communities.” mine, and the trains transporting extracted Statement by Colombian civil society coal through their territories. A recent organisations February 2017161 report by Swedish NGO Forum Syd notes that community members affected by coal dust exposure have experienced exacerbated skin diseases, stomach problems, eye territory is being divided by the company’s 159 disorders and respiratory problems. rail line. Mining activities have restricted the Although there is significant evidence right to free movement and practices such as suggesting a breadth of deleterious health fishing, hunting, cattle grazing and collection effects linked to coal dust in the region, of medicinal plants. Indigenous community despite the mine being in operation for members have lost their sacred sites, and 40 years, there has never been an cohesive social life has been destroyed.162 independent investigation into the health 160 impacts that it is having on local people. Representatives of local communities also say there has often been a lack of Consultation consultations in relation to mining activities in the region. In cases where consultations Forum Syd also notes that the survival of the have been held, they have often been Wayúu, their social fabric and their ancestral insufficient; in many cases, communities were traditions are threatened by Cerrejón’s not properly informed before mining mining operations: the mine is situated in the activities started or about the company’s middle of their ancestral land and their expansion plans.163 33

Resettlement for communities has meant Resettlement loss of land for agriculture, hunting and gathering and, as a result, massive Beginning in 1985, some communities have unemployment and difficulty in sustaining been forced to resettle as a result of the livelihoods. Rural people have been forced mine. In 2001, before the present three into urban areas, deprived of the education multinationals took ownership, the mine and job training that may have allowed them displaced the African-descendant community to adequately transition into new settings. of Tabaco, forcing 700 from their homes as Reports suggest that resettlement, by a bulldozer flattened their houses. A year disrupting communities, has increased crime, later, the community filed a legal petition feelings of insecurity and social divisions. demanding resettlement, which was approved Many villagers claim that the company has by the court which ordered the reconstruction failed to keep its promises about of the town and its infrastructure; however, employment, water and health facilities in to this day, the company and the local the resettlements.165 municipality have failed to follow this order. In all, eight African-descendant and indigenous As Richard Solly of the London Mining communities have been forcibly displaced, Network has pointed out, communities along with others that have been subject to continue to be evicted despite the fact that legal mechanisms that allow Cerrejón to they have never been consulted over the most appropriate ancestral lands for its mining basic issue, namely whether or not they activities.164

Human rights defenders from the Congreso de los Pueblos social movement take part in the National Congreso de los Pueblos Agrarian, Peasant, Ethnic and Popular Minga in 2016, in Colombia. One of the main demands of the strikes was the annulment of mining titles on indigenous lands. 34

consent to the mine.166 Furthermore, the new community of Roche out of frustration at settlements that communities have been conditions in the new settlement constructed provided with by Cerrejón are often inferior by Cerrejón were brutally evicted by the to their former homesteads: houses are often Colombian police.168 of poor quality and water often inadequate for consumption or agriculture.167 A major problem is that, amidst the mining expansion in the area, the Colombian

British Mining in Latin America In early 2016, many families from the government has not taken the time to put in communities of Chancleta and Patilla, who place proper governance mechanisms and were resettled by Cerrejón between 2012 and institutional structures to protect human 2014, had returned to their old village sites rights and the environment. Without such near the Cerrejón mine because of insufficient policies, not just on paper but in practice, the conditions in the new settlements. Yet in Colombian people will never truly benefit The Rivers are Bleeding: February 2016, the last family of villagers who from the resources on their own land.169 had returned to their old village site in the

The companies’ claims

Cerrejón and its multinational owners deny operations is low quality, employed for that there are adverse health impacts on wetting the roads in an environmental communities from air and water pollution. mitigation measure to control dust levels. They say that “Cerrejón’s Environmental As mentioned this water is unsuitable for Management Program (implemented since human, farming, or livestock consumption.” the start of our mining activity) continuously monitors water and air quality, determining On the accusations of lack of consultation, the control measures to prevent, mitigate, the companies say that “Cerrejón is and compensate any potential respectful of Colombian law and of social environmental impacts of our operations”. standards related with prior, free, and The companies say they regularly monitor informed consultation”. On resettlements, water quality, taking thousands of samples a the companies say that “we undertake them year from the local river.170 following internationally recognised guidelines that define the use of Sir John Parker, Chair of Anglo American participatory processes and the provision of (until October 2017), has noted that the compensation packages corresponding to Cerrejón foundation focuses on improving the impacts and allowing them to re- water supply and quality, benefiting over establish their lives in the new villages”. 19,000 people in 126 communities. In They add that “Cerrejón’s compensation addition, because of the drought, Cerrejón package [for settled communities] is has worked with the local community to comprehensive and was agreed with the deliver over 30 million litres of water to families to achieve improved standards of more than 200 communities involving living”.172 Sir John Parker has also noted that 27,000 residents.171 The companies state the mine provides 65% of the GDP of the that: “Most of the water used in Cerrejón’s region, and $500 million in taxes.173 35

6. Antofagasta: copper, destruction and division

Mine in Coquimbo Region, Chile, where Los Pelambres mining site is located. FXEGS Javier Espuny FXEGS Javier

Antofagasta, incorporated in the UK,174 operates four copper mines in Chile and is owned by the Luksic Group, one of Chile’s most powerful business conglomerates. The widow of the Luksic Group’s founder, Iris Fontbona, is the richest person in Chile with assets of $16 billion, and the owners, the Luksic brothers, have links with politicians across the Chilean political establishment.175

Name of operation Type of operation Country

Los Pelambres Copper mine (60% share) Chile

Centinella Copper mine (70% share) Chile

Antucoya Copper mine (70% share) Chile

Zaldivar Copper mine (50% share) Chile

Source: ‘What we do’, http://www.antofagasta.co.uk/what-we-do/locations/chile/ 36

Antofgasta’s most controversial mine is Los Pelambres, located above one of the world’s Water largest copper reserves in the region of With regards to water, residents at Los Coqimbo in central Chile, some 240 km north Caimanes have for many years expressed of Santiago. As Antofagasta’s flagship asset, it concerns over the pollution of the local water produces around 2% of the world’s copper and supply, ever since the installation of the El in 2015 yielded 375,800 tonnes.176 Operated by Mauro dam. In 2012, tests conducted by Chile’s British Mining in Latin America Minera Los Pelambres, its shareholders are Environmental Crime Team, which were sent Antofagasta Minerals (60%) and the three to the Police Forensic Laboratory, showed Japanese conglomerates: Nippon Mining and contamination of local water consisting of Metals Co Ltd, Mitsubishi and Marubeni.177 cadmium, manganese, iron and mercury. Also in 2012, an independent investigation undertaken

The Rivers are Bleeding: Tailings dam by Dr Andrei Tchernitchin of the University of Chile found that the local water supply was The major conflict at the mine concerns the El contaminated due to leaks from the tailings dam. Mauro tailings dam and the community at the He found mercury was present in local drinking town of Los Caimanes, which has a population water at 26% over permitted levels and that of around 1,600. After receiving environmental manganese levels were almost 100 times over licences in 2004, Minera Los Pelambres built the permitted amount in one area of a local the tailings dam between 2006 and 2009. Yet river.181 many in the local community fear a possible collapse of the dam. At the same time, they Agriculture in the valley has disappeared and now suffer from lack of water and fears that water consumption is restricted due to loss of the local water supply has been contaminated the original water supply. Residents are now since the construction of the dam. Chile is one totally dependent on deliveries of water.182 In of the most seismically active countries in the October 2016, the Environment Regulatory world and has suffered numerous earthquakes Commission (Superintendencia del Medio of very large magnitude in recent decades. The Ambiente) issued nine charges against Minera El Mauro tailings dam is situated in the same Los Pelambres for failing to comply with tectonic setting that gives rise to all Chilean environmental regulation relating to water earthquakes, which have been one of the key quality, and damage to flora and fauna. The triggers of tailings dam failures in Chile, alleged violations include the extraction of water alongside overtopping, seepage and foundation from unauthorised sites, the construction of instability.178 El Mauro holds a capacity of 1.7 unapproved wells and the failure to reforest billion tonnes of mine waste and is the largest some areas as required by law, which could tailings dam in Latin America and the third entail a $23.8 million fine.183 Lucio Cuenca, largest in the world: it is many times larger than Director of the Latin American Observatory the Samarco tailings dam whose collapse for Environmental Conflict (Observatorio produced Brazil’s worst ever environmental Latinoamericano de Conflictos Ambientales or disaster (see section 3).179 Those living in the OLCA) which has monitored the mine for years, village of Los Caimanes would be expected to also accuses the company of illegally drilling evacuate their homes within ten minutes of a seven wells near its tailings dam to extract breach; thus the dam is a “colossal ticking time water.184 bomb”, as noted by a recent report.180

37

residents in the town believe that Los Protest and legal action Caimanes residents who signed have been bought off for an amount that will not sustain Protest against the tailings dam has been entire families for long. They say that this recurrent for over a decade. In October 2010, amount will not guarantee them the amount 11 residents from Los Caimanes embarked on of land, or the standard of living, that they had a hunger strike which lasted for 81 days. In prior to the construction of the tailings dam. December 2014, residents from Los Caimanes The agreement lays the groundwork for the blocked an access route to the tailings dam expansion of the mine and tailings dam, or the for 75 days.185 possible construction of another tailings dam in the area.187 In July 2013, the Chilean Supreme Court ruled that the tailings dam was a “danger to human Following the agreement with the community, life”, deeming Minera Los Pelambres officially the company now regards the disputes culpable for any loss of human life in the event around El Mauro as resolved.188 Yet Lucio of a collapse of the dam. The company was Cuenca has said the agreements were reached ordered to submit a plan to reinforce the dam primarily through the exertion of huge in case of an earthquake but a 2016 report by pressure on both the communities and the the London Mining Network found that Los authorities.189 Caimanes residents had not had access to such a plan. In 2014, Los Caimanes residents The company says it has “an extensive won a legal case against the company in the environmental monitoring system, which court of Los Vilos Province labelling the dam includes the physical, biotic and marine “ruinous work” (obra ruinosa), in reference to environment, covering 250 km and the risk of the dam’s collapse in the event of approximately 650 specific checks each an earthquake; however, the following year, month that go from mountain range to sea” Minera Los Pelambres won an appeal against and that “participatory monitoring has been this ruling. That same year, the Chilean implemented with the community”.190 It also Supreme Court ordered the mine to restore states that it conducts monitoring to measure the free flow of uncontaminated water to the air quality in five localities in the local province Pupio basin, where the tailings dam is located, of Choapa.191 and to do this by demolishing the tailings dam. Nonetheless, in August 2016 the Appeals Court of La Serena overturned this ruling.186

In May 2016, Minera Los Pelambres and a group of residents from Los Caimanes signed a settlement agreement to resolve the dispute, with a total value of CLP 24,700 million (around £30 million), although not all residents signed. The agreement promised CLP 28 million (around £35,000) to each family who signed. As the London Mining Network notes, although this is a considerable sum, some researchers and 38

Other cases

These are not the only mines managed by UK-listed companies in Latin America which face community opposition. There are several more, barely reported in local or international media. For example, UK-listed Condor Gold, with its registered office is in Crawley, West Sussex, operates a number 192 British Mining in Latin America of mining projects in Nicaragua and manages the La India mine in the department of Leon. Some residents in the municipality of Santa Rosa del Peñón, near the mine, are challenging the company for failing to adequately consult them in the company’s expansion operations and for allegedly damaging community water wells during its exploration activities.193 In July 2016, around 500 local residents protested against Condor Gold for allegedly attempting to ‘evict’ them from their properties and relocate them in neighbouring regions.194 The company has been accused of bullying community members opposed to the mine as they have sought to prosecute seven

The Rivers are Bleeding: community leaders, although in mid-2017 it dropped this threatened legal action under local and international pressure.195 In February 2018, however, the company submitted an amended Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for a processing plant at its La India gold project, which eliminates the need to resettle about 1,100 people.196 Several local communities also oppose mining exploration near the Immaculada gold/silver mine in Ayacucho department in southern Peru which is owned and managed by UK-listed Hochschild Mining, a company with its registered office in London.197 In 2015, for example, some 15 peasant communities demanded the withdrawal of the company since they believed it would contaminate the waters of the Huancute, Patarí and other rivers, where it is already producing amounts of dust that are affecting their cattle. Reports also suggest that a Hochschild subsidiary, Minera Ares, built a mineral processing plant in spite of the opposition of the local community.198 Fresnillo, headquartered in Mexico is one of the world’s largest mining companies; listed on the London Stock Exchange since 2008, and is the largest silver ore producer in the world. Fresnillo is owned by the Grupo Peñoles, managed by the billionaire Alberto Baillères, one of the richest men in Mexico. The company operates eight silver and gold mines in Mexico, six of which have documented cases of active or recent conflict or impacts associated with them. One of these is La Parreña, where the company is accused of contaminating a river by dumping toxic waste (copper sulphate) into the Milpillas stream which provides water for 1,900 hectares of agricultural production. Local people reportedly say they frequently observe diverse and intense colours in the water, resulting from mining activities.199 Another Fresnillo operation, Soledad-Dipolos, was ordered to suspend operations due to its infringement on ejido (communally owned) lands. Despite this, the community alleges that the company continues to operate the mine.200 Another UK-based mining company, Patagonia Gold, is pushing forward the Calcatreu gold-silver mining project in Argentina despite resistance from local communities who have expressed concerns over the project’s potential impacts on local livelihoods, air and water.201 While the London-headquartered global mining giant, Rio Tinto, has a larger presence elsewhere in the world, the company has faced community resistance in several of its attempts to explore and exploit concessions throughout the region.202 One recent example is the La Granja concession in Northern Peru where communities have expressed their opposition to the project’s exploration and further development.203 39

7. Conclusion

Ending corporate impunity for a future beyond extractivism The planetary emergency resulting from centuries of capitalist extractivism requires a deep transformation not just of our energy systems but of how we produce, consume and organise our lives. This report has documented just a snapshot of the damaging impacts that proliferate in the context of mega-mining projects. It has reviewed the records of four of the most important British mining companies operating in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. These extractive industries pollute not only water bodies, but also the territories, traditions and cultures of local communities.

Mega-mining companies and their projects regulate the unchecked growth of an industry irrefutably demonstrate a systematic lack of that is harmful to the environment, injurious willingness to fulfil their commitments or to communities, and hazardous for the their legal and moral obligations with respect exercise of democracy and self-determination. to protecting human rights, including: •• the rights of indigenous peoples to free, The British mainstream media must do prior and informed consent more to investigate the mines owned by UK-listed companies in Latin America, and •• participation and information report on the activities and impact. Civil •• occupational health and safety Society Organisations and academics in •• the formation of trade unions and freedom Europe could do more to highlight and of association support the plight faced by local communities at UK company-owned mines •• health in Latin America. •• the right to an environment free from contamination The impunity surrounding such violations of •• access to water human rights and environmental destruction are further enabled by the absence of •• the safety of persons living close to effective regulatory mechanisms by the operations companies’ countries of origin, including •• the right to live free of cruelty, torture and disregard for due diligence to protect inhumane or degrading treatment affected communities beyond its borders. •• the right to dwell in a definite place States bear a double responsibility for the •• the human right to life. lives lost and livelihoods ruined: not simply as the hosts and overseers of these These impacts are compounded by the projects, but also as guarantors and chronic and consistent lack of political will on sponsors of the transnational companies the part of governments in the region to that run and profit from them. 40

For this reason, it is necessary to delve into The situation described in this report has strategies that expose and put pressure on been historically denounced by a plurality of governments at different administrative levels. social movements, civil society organisations, This is an essential requirement to ensure that and communities suffering from the UK-listed companies active in Latin America expansion of such activity in their territories. do not violate rights or infringe upon life in Mining directly affects the development of the territories of affected communities. life in the territories and the relationships

British Mining in Latin America that are established within them. It is vital that the UK and Latin American states assume responsibility and guarantee There are ample and diverse efforts to the protection of affected communities, and propose and promote alternatives to ensure the necessary conditions for the extractive regimes in the region. It is development of life and the promotion of necessary to promote ways of understanding The Rivers are Bleeding: self-determination. They should also lay the the world beyond extractivism and neoliberal foundations for communities and societies to policies that sustain it. Diverse sectors of be able to amply discuss and decide the type society need to critically reflect on of development they want, based on their alternatives that confront the continued geographical location, ecological conditions extension of mining exploitation, and waste- and the relationship with their territories. generating consumerism, such as conservation, democracy, participation, and Mega-mining and extreme extraction cannot respect for life, sustainable production and be sustained without the model that underlies ‘good living’. it: financial speculation, the unlimited production of non-renewable consumer goods, However, in the Global North, dominant and the transfer of costs to communities and narratives of a just transition fail to grapple ecosystems. This model, as well as the lack of with the reality that the energy transition participation and democracy in determining being proposed is an extractive transition – a local land use, makes it particularly dangerous transition from oil and coal to cobalt, copper to affected communities. and lithium instead of to an economic model based on justice, sufficiency and equity. All UK companies must be made legally responsible for all parts of the supply chains, Restoring the basic principles of including all its environmental and social environmental and social justice, as well as the impacts including a Living Wage for all the transition towards societies with sustainable worlds. It can start by announcing it is taking models will stop the damage being on the power of the City of London and not perpetrated by mega-mining with impunity. simply announce taxes on destructive companies but break up their business model by a legal duty that all investment decisions must meet contribute to tackling climate change and inequality. Politicians need to be truthful about the changes to our economy – making sure it’s not the poorest in our country who are left paying the price. But equally, we can’t sacrifice the poorest in the world to protect our economy. 41

8. Recommendations

Companies: States have legally binding obligations to protect, respect and fulfil human •• Companies have a responsibility to respect rights including ensuring that national human rights. As such they need to and local authorities: transparently report on any human rights and environmental violations. •• Guarantee the right of local communities to be informed and consulted on the •• Companies should be transparent environmental impact of mining about their supply chain as they have a operations that will affect them. responsibility to respect human rights Consultations should be organised by a throughout their operations, including their third party independent organisation. supply chains. •• Guarantee the legal principle of Free, Prior •• Companies should be engaged with and Informed Consent (FPIC) before the community-based human rights impact beginning of a project on ancestral land or assessments. using resources within indigenous •• Companies should respect any process of population’s territory. Including the consultation, with a special emphasis on guarantees of independent consultation, vulnerable groups (women, children and and prevention of the progress of any indigenous peoples, among others). action until there is certainty that the community has agreed to such a project. •• Companies should establish effective grievance mechanisms (either at the •• Guarantee a clear and transparent process company or project level) to address human for land titling and planning, with proper rights violations. Such processes should be consultation with local communities. monitored by an independent third party. •• In cases of resettlement, guarantee the •• Companies should promote gender participation of the community, establish equality in community engagement policies a remedy process and ensure the and practices, in order to avoid negative implementation of any resettlement gender impacts. action plans. •• Companies should establish non-state •• Guarantee an open, inclusive and grievance mechanisms. When they identify transparent process of Environmental a human rights violation, they must provide and Social Impact Assessment, with the redress for the victim(s) and secure the full participation of affected communities non-repetition of their actions. and conducted by competent state institutions or independent and technically competent organisations. 42

•• Guarantee the transparency of mining •• The UK government should develop concessions and territorial planning policy. policies aimed at eliminating the barriers to Including a public, geo-referenced and participation of communities in processes updated cadastre, and full disclosure of the related to UK mining operations, such as process of granting mining concessions, their gender, race or ethnicity, geographic laws must require the disclosure of location, economic status or any other real contracts that the state may have with any or perceived status or identity.

British Mining in Latin America mining company. •• The UK government should exercise •• Local people should never be threatened, extraterritorial jurisdiction over the actions violated or criminalised while exercising of businesses headquartered or registered their right to oppose mining projects. therein, or their subsidiaries, for human Local authorities should provide extra rights abuses committed abroad,

The Rivers are Bleeding: protection in order to protect those particularly in relation to extractive- disputing mining projects. industry operations. •• The UK government should fully and in The UK government and its offices in good faith, engage with the UN process Latin America must hold UK-listed towards establishing a Binding Treaty on companies to account for their Business and Enterprises with respect to environment and human rights policies: human rights. •• The UK government should develop much more independent scrutiny over mines War on Want will continue to stand operated by UK-listed companies in Latin with frontline communities around the America and action taken by governments world in their struggle for justice. We to support the rights of local communities are also demanding a Global Green living under their impact. Deal for People, central to this is a call for decentralised renewable energy •• The UK parliament should conduct an systems to be manged by communities enquiry into UK-listed mining companies in and municipalities. Neither business as Latin America. usual nor reforms that tinker around the edges offer viable solutions, nor do Remedy and redress: voluntary codes and pledges. What is •• The UK government should ensure the needed is legislation to recognise adoption of affordable, prompt and energy as a common good. The effective judicial remedies before extraction, production and delivery of independent and impartial tribunals for energy can no longer be the preserve of extractive industry-related human rights private profit-making companies, they abuses, and guarantee the non-recurrence must be placed under democratic of these. control. We need a Global Green Deal for People that guarantees everyone •• The UK government should facilitate access the right to a dignified life. to information in relation to available remedy mechanisms, including judicial and other state-based grievance mechanisms. 43

9. References

1 Conflictos Mineros en Latinoamérica, 2018, https://mapa. 16 BHP Billiton CEO’s pay jumps 20% to $7.1m, 2017, conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/ https://www.ft.com/content/9bdcb920-bddc-35c8-a47a- 5c6eee602a2f 2 Mining in Latin America: attracting quantity and quality in FDI, 2012, http://www.grade.org.pe/upload/publicaciones/ 17 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of archivo/download/pubs/ELLABRIEF_120515_ECO_ Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres ExtIndInv_BRIEF3.pdf and Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.4, http:// londonminingnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ 3 Mujer y Minería: Ámbitos de análisis e impactos de la LMN-Caimanes-report-final-revised.pdf minería en la vida de las mujeres – Enfoque de derechos y perspectiva de género, 2012, http://censat.org/es/ 18 ‘RWE npower, Colombian coal is killing our children! publicaciones/mujer-y-mineria-ambitos-de-analisis-e- Close Aberthaw!’, 16 February 2017, http://www. impactos-de-la-mineria-en-la-vida-de-las-mujeres-enfoque- theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/ de-derechos-y-perspectiva-de-genero commentators/2988655/rwe_npower_colombian_coal_is_ killing_our_children_close_aberthaw.html 4 ‘Academic research confirms: More mining leads to more fighting’, 15 January 2018,https://intercontinentalcry.org/ 19 ‘Quellaveco Factsheet’ https://www.angloamerican. academic-research-confirms-mining-leads-fighting/ com/~/media/Files/A/Anglo-American-PLC-V2/documents/ quellaveco-factsheet.pdf; ‘Copper’s Time Has Come’ https:// 5 ‘Latin American coalition says mining causing damage, not www.bhp.com/media-and-insights/reports-and- delivering benefits’, 8 September 2016,https://www. presentations/2017/11/coppers-time-has-come; ‘Climate catholicregister.org/home/international/item/23038-latin- Change: A Need for Resilience and Innovation’ https://www. american-coalition-says-mining-causing-damage-not- angloamerican.com/about-us/our-stories/climate-change-a- delivering-benefits?mc_cid=de51a8ddc4&mc_ need-for-resilience-and-innovation ‘Australian copper is eid=df175a046c helping build a cleaner world.’ https://www.bhp.com/ 6 Mining: A hazardous work, https://www.ilo.org/safework/ our-approach/think-big/copper areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_124598/lang--en/ 20 Branco W. Schipper et al., ‘Estimating global copper index.htm demand until 2100 with regression and stock dynamics’, 7 ‘Sir John Parker’, http://www.angloamerican.com/about-us/ Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 132, 2018, https:// leadership-team/board#sir-john-parker www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0921344918300041?via%3Dihub 8 ‘The ethnic diversity of UK boards: launch of the Parker review‘, 2 November 2016, https://www.gov.uk/government/ 21 ‘Anglo American’, http://www.4-traders.com/ANGLO- speeches/the-ethnic-diversity-of-uk-boards-launch-of-the- AMERICAN-4007113/company/ parker-review 22 ‘Volcan announces investment in Anglo American plc’, 15 9 ‘Parker Review: Blueprint for a strong naval shipbuilding March 2017, http://www.lse.co.uk/regulatory-news-article. sector’, 29 November 2016, https://www.gov.uk/ asp?ArticleCode=ezra6qbi government/news/parker-review-blueprint-for-a-strong- 23 See, for example, War on Want, Extracting Minerals, naval-shipbuilding-sector Extracting Wealth, 2015, http://www.waronwant.org/sites/ 10 ‘Sir Philip Hampton’, http://www.angloamerican.com/ default/files/WarOnWant_ZambiaTaxReport_web.pdf about-us/leadership-team/board#sir-philip-hampton 24 ‘Volcan announces investment in Anglo American plc’, 15 11 ‘Byron Grote’, http://www.angloamerican.com/about-us/ March 2017, http://www.lse.co.uk/regulatory-news-article. leadership-team/board#byron-grote asp?ArticleCode=ezra6qbi 12 ‘Leadership team’, http://www.bhp.com/our-approach/ 25 ‘Relationship agreement dated 5 December 2003’, our-company/leadership-team https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/ data/1370431/000114554906001619/u92827exv10w2.txt; 13 ‘Our board of directors’, http://www.glencore.com/ ‘Volcan Investments Ltd’, https://opencorporates.com/ who-we-are/board-of-directors/ companies/bs/11772B 14 As at 30 August 2018, ‘Glencore’, http://www.4-traders. 26 ‘Anglo American’, http://www.4-traders.com/ANGLO- com/GLENCORE-8017494/company/ AMERICAN-4007113/company/ 15 ‘Anglo American boss: I’m happy to take a pay cut’, 27 27 ‘Silchester’s strong result delivers £16m payday for hedge February 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ fund boss’, 10 June 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ business/2017/02/27/anglo-american-boss-rather-take-pay- business/2017/06/10/silchesters-strong-result-delivers-16m- cut-keep-shareholders-happy/ payday-hedge-fund-boss/ 44

28 ‘BHP Billiton PLC’, http://www.4-traders.com/BHP- 47 ‘Minera Aguilar amenaza Humahuaca, Argentina’ https:// BILLITON-PLC-4001096/company/ ejatlas.org/conflict/minera-aguilar-amenaza-humahuaca- argentina 29 ‘BlackRock to pay George Osborne £650k for advisory role’, 9 March 2017, https://www.investmentweek.co.uk/ 48 ‘Conflicto Minero: Minera Aguilar amenaza aguas e investment-week/news/3006148/blackrock-to-pay-george- identidad de Humahuaca’ https://mapa.conflictosmineros. osborne-gbp650k-for-advisory-role net/ocmal_db-v2/conflicto/view/167 30 ‘BHP Billiton PLC’, http://www.4-traders.com/BHP- 49 ‘Jujuy: Despidos en la Fundición Mina “El Aguilar”’, 7 BILLITON-PLC-4001096/company/ January 2019, https://www.anred.org/?p=108921

British Mining in Latin America 31 ‘Glencore’, http://www.4-traders.com/ 50 ‘Se confirmó el cierre de Ar-Zinc: 400 empleados GLENCORE-8017494/company/ quedan sin trabajo’, 26 February 2016, https://www.lacapital. com.ar/se-confirmo-el-cierre-ar-zinc-400-empleados- 32 While there are 47 entries in the table, three of them are quedan-trabajo-n502366.html subsidiary companies with multiple operations, therefore totalling 56 operations. 51 ‘Arcata – Peru’ http://www.hochschildmining.com/en/ our_operations/current_operations/peru/arcata 33 This is the percentage the company’s share in the operation, where no percentage is listed the operation is 52 ‘Pallancata – Peru’ http://www.hochschildmining.com/en/

The Rivers are Bleeding: wholly-owned by the company. our_operations/current_operations/peru/pallancata 34 ‘Mines in Operation’ http://www.fresnilloplc.com/ 53 ‘São Luís (Alumar)’ http://www.riotinto.com/aluminium/ what-we-do/mines-in-operation/ sao-luis-alumar-8213.aspx 35 Federico Guzmán López, ‘Impactos ambientales 54 ‘Porto Trombetas’ http://www.riotinto.com/aluminium/ causados por megaproyectos de minería a cielo abierto en porto-trombetas-8196.aspx el estado de Zacatecas, México’, Revista de Geografía 55 ‘Conflicto Minero: Explotación de Bauxita en Oriximina Agrícola, núm. 57, 2016, https://www.redalyc.org/articulo. genera grave devastación socioambiental’ https://mapa. oa?id=75749288010 conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/conflicto/view/965 36 ‘Labriegos y ganaderos zacatecanos exigen que minera 56 ‘At a glance’, http://www.angloamerican.com/about-us/ los indemnice’, 22 August 2017, https://www.jornada.com. at-a-glance mx/2017/08/22/estados/022n1est 57 ‘Anglo may walk away from El Soldado copper mine in 37 ‘Minera derramó 70 metros cúbicos de cianuro en Chile’, 21 February 2017, http://uk.reuters.com/article/ Caborca: Profepa’, 12 May 2015, http://archivo.eluniversal. uk-anglo-american-soldado-idUKKBN16018Q?il=0 com.mx/estados/2015/minera-derrame-cianuro-caborca- profepa-1099412.html 58 ‘Peru / Quellaveco-01/Moquegua’, November 2011, http://www.cao-ombudsman.org/cases/case_detail. 38 ‘México SA’, 12 January 2015, https://www.jornada.com. aspx?id=185 mx/2015/01/12/opinion/026o1eco 59 Tailings are the waste produced from mining ore. 39 ‘Asesinato del defensor de la tierra Aldemar Parra García’ https://mapa.conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/reports/ 60 ‘Anglo American to pay $4.5m for environmental view/203 breaches in Chile’, 3 September 2014, http://www.mining. com/anglo-american-to-pay-4-5m-for-environmental- 40 ‘La comunidad del Cesar respira el aire más contaminado breaches-in-chile-37464/; ‘Anglo American under fire in de Colombia’ http://observadoresglencore.com/news/ Chile for environmental violations’, 23 September 2013, la-comunidad-del-cesar-respira-el-aire-mas-contaminado- http://www.mining.com/web/anglo-american-under-fire-in- de-colombia/ chile-for-environmental-violations/ 41 ‘Conflicto Minero: El carbon de las transnacionales: 61 ‘Did mining giant Anglo American violate Chile’s contaminación, deterioro y desplazamiento en el Cesar’ environmental laws?’, 5 February 2014, http://www.dw.com/ https://mapa.conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/conflicto/ en/did-mining-giant-anglo-american-violate-chiles- view/971 environmental-laws/a-17296005 42 ‘Zinc and Lead’ https://www.glencore.com/what-we-do/ 62 ‘Did mining giant Anglo American violate Chile’s metals-and-minerals/zinc-and-lead environmental laws?’, 5 February 2014, http://www.dw.com/ 43 Where operations are not currently active, their status is en/did-mining-giant-anglo-american-violate-chiles- indicated. environmental-laws/a-17296005 44 ‘Región Cusco – Informe extraído del 22º Reporte del 63 ‘Suprema ratificó condena a Anglo American para OCM’, 17 July 2018, http://conflictosmineros.org. reparar daño ambiental en Nogales’, 20 June 2016, http:// pe/2018/07/17/region-cusco/ www.adnradio.cl/noticias/nacional/suprema-ratifico- condena-a-anglo-american-para-reparar-dano-ambiental- 45 ‘Conflict at Coroccohuayco: accounting for history in en-nogales/20160620/nota/3166163.aspx EIAs’, 19 July 2018, http://www.perusupportgroup.org.uk/ ar ticle-1657.html 64 ‘Our business’, http://www.angloamerican.com/products/ copper 46 ‘Conflicto Minero: Antofagasta dice no a la expansión de Altonorte’ https://mapa.conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/ conflicto/view/108 45

65 ‘Chile: Pipeline rupture and concentrate spill at Anglo 76 ‘Dead and dying workers, death threats and disappearing American mine’, 20 February 2016, http://www. water: Anglo American’s marathon AGM, 24 April 2017’, 3 minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13269 May 2017, https://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/ dead-and-dying-workers-death-threats-and-disappearing- 66 ‘Vecinos se movilizaron para pedir que Angloamerican se water-anglo-americans-marathon-agm-24-april-2017/ haga cargo de derrame en río Colina’, 14 February 2016, http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2016/02/14/vecinos-se- 77 Anglo American, Response to the report ‘Violations of movilizaron-para-pedir-que-angloamerican-se-haga-cargo- Human Rights by Companies: The case of Açu port’, 11 July de-derrame-en-rio-colina.shtml; ‘Chile: Pipeline rupture and 2016, https://business-humanrights.org/sites/default/files/ concentrate spill at Anglo American mine’, 20 February documents/Anglo %20American %20Response %20to %20 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. HOMA %20Report_1107.pdf php?a=13269 78 ‘Dead and dying workers, death threats and disappearing 67 ‘Anglo American Workers Strike Against Contract Labor water: Anglo American’s marathon AGM, 24 April 2017’, 3 Conditions in Chile’, 26 March 2014, http://www. May 2017, https://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/ minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=12598 dead-and-dying-workers-death-threats-and-disappearing- water-anglo-americans-marathon-agm-24-april-2017/ 68 ‘Deal avoids strike at Collahuasi’, 7 May 2017, http:// www.mining.com/deal-avoids-strike-collahuasi/ 79 ‘Dead and dying workers, death threats and disappearing water: Anglo American’s marathon AGM, 24 April 2017’, 3 69 ‘Solicitan investigación por derrame de relave minero de May 2017, https://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/ Collahuasi’, 8 August 2016, http://www. dead-and-dying-workers-death-threats-and-disappearing- eleconomistaamerica.cl/empresas-eAm-chile/ water-anglo-americans-marathon-agm-24-april-2017/; See noticias/7754416/08/16/Solicitan-investigacion-por-derrame- also Anglo American’s response to an NGO report, July de-relave-minero-de-Collahuasi.html; ‘Denuncian grave 2018: https://www.business-humanrights.org/sites/default/ derrame de relave de minera Collahuasi al interior de files/documents/Anglo %20American %20response.pdf Iquique’, 5 August 2016, https://www.ocmal.org/denuncian- grave-derrame-de-relave-de-minera-collahuasi-al-interior- 80 ‘Dead and dying workers, death threats and disappearing de-iquique/ water: Anglo American’s marathon AGM, 24 April 2017’, 3 May 2017, https://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/ 70 ‘Chile: Collahuasi strike comes to an end’, 8 December dead-and-dying-workers-death-threats-and-disappearing- 2010, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2010/12/chile- water-anglo-americans-marathon-agm-24-april-2017/ collahuasi-strike-comes-to-an-end/ 81 ‘Contact us’, https://www.bhp.com/contact-us 71 ‘Quellaveco Unlikely To Work As Model For Other Mine Projects – Analyst’, 18 July 2012, http://www.peruviantimes. 82 ‘Company list’, http://www.londonstockexchange.com/ com/18/quellaveco-unlikely-to-work-as-model-for-other- statistics/companies-and-issuers/companies-and-issuers.htm mine-projects-analyst/16266/; ‘Peruvian farmers protest 83 ‘2018 Full Year Financial Results’, https://www.bhp.com/ Anglo American’s fresh water plan’, 20 September 2010, investor-centre/financial-results-and-operational- http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=10378; reviews/2018-financial-results ‘Anuncian inicio de Quellaveco’, 1 August 2018, https://www. ocmal.org/anuncian-inicio-de-quellaveco/ 84 Most media reports say 19 people died. However, community representatives attending BHP Billiton’s London 72 ‘Final phase of Minas Rio mine expansion a priority for AGM in October 2016 were insistent that the number of Anglo — report’, 3 January 2017, http://www.mining.com/ fatalities was 20, because a pregnant woman lost her baby in final-phase-of-minas-rio-iron-ore-mine-expansion-a- a miscarriage which she suffered after being thrown around priority-for-anglo-report/ inside her house by the mud released from the dam. ‘One 73 ‘Stop the mining project in Minas Gerais (Brazil)!’, 19 year on, BHP Billiton held to account for the Samarco tailings October, 2013, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2013/10/ dam disaster’, 16 November 2016, http:// stop-the-mining-project-in-minas-gerais-brazil/; Mega obra londonminingnetwork.org/2016/11/one-year-on-bhp-billiton- impacta agricultores, 9 December 2011, http://www.cimi.org. held-to-account-for-the-samarco-tailings-dam-disaster/ br/site/pt-br/?system=news&conteudo_ 85 ‘Brazil court suspends lawsuit over Samarco mine id=6010&action=read; Human Rights and Business Centre, disaster – Vale’, 17 March 2017, https://finance.yahoo.com/ Violations of Human Rights by Companies: The case of Açu port, news/brazil-court-suspends-lawsuit-over-003536158.html; undated, http://homacdhe.com/wp-content/ ‘IUCN, Renova Foundation and Brazil’s mining catastrophe’, uploads/2016/03/VIOLAC%CC%A7O%CC%83ES-DE- 12 April 2017, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. DIREITOS-HUMANOS-POR-EMPRESAS-O-CASO-DO- php?a=13615 PORTO-DO-AC%CC%A7U-EN.pdf 86 ‘Samarco update: Samba school tackles mining disaster in 74 ‘Dead and dying workers, death threats and disappearing Rio Carnival’, 1 March 2017, http://www. water: Anglo American’s marathon AGM, 24 April 2017’, 3 minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13538 May 2017, https://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/ dead-and-dying-workers-death-threats-and-disappearing- 87 ‘One year on, BHP Billiton held to account for the water-anglo-americans-marathon-agm-24-april-2017/ Samarco tailings dam disaster’, 16 November 2016, http:// londonminingnetwork.org/2016/11/one-year-on-bhp-billiton- 75 ‘Brazilians challenge Anglo American’, 21 April 2017, held-to-account-for-the-samarco-tailings-dam-disaster/ http://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/04/brazilians- challenge-anglo-american/ 46

88 BHP Billiton, Annual Report 2016, p.7, http://www.bhp. 99 3 Anos de Lama, 3 Anos de Luta: a Marcha que marcou com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/ três anos de injustiça e descaso após o derramamento de bhpbillitonannualreport2016.pdf?la=en; ‘IUCN, Renova rejeitos no Rio Doce, November, 2018, https://www. Foundation and Brazil’s mining catastrophe’, 12 April 2017, mabnacional.org.br/noticia/3-anos-lama-3-anos-luta-marcha- http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13615 que-marcou-tr-s-anos-injusti-e-descaso-ap-s- derramamento-reje 89 BHP Billiton, Annual Report 2016, p.7, https://www.bhp. com/-/media/bhp/documents/investors/annual-reports/2016/ 100 ‘Brazil Dam Collapse is a Human Rights Disaster and bhpbillitonannualreport2016.pdf?la=en Crime’, 3 March 2019, https://truthout.org/articles/ brazil-dam-collapse-is-a-human-rights-disaster-and-crime/ 90 ‘One year on, BHP Billiton held to account for the British Mining in Latin America Samarco tailings dam disaster’, 16 November 2016, http:// 101 Facing Finance, Dirty Profits 6 – Mining and Extractive londonminingnetwork.org/2016/11/one-year-on-bhp-billiton- Companies: Promises and Progress, 2018, https://www. held-to-account-for-the-samarco-tailings-dam-disaster/ misereor.org/fileadmin//user_upload/misereor_org/ Publications/englisch/dirty-profits-6-mining-and-extractive- 91 ‘Brazil: Civil Society Repudiates Samarco Deal’, 20 March companies.pdf 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. php?a=13304 102 ‘Tensión por paro de comunidades Chaná y Pontó contra minera Antamina’, 5 July 2016, https://www.ocmal. 92 ‘Escondida’, http://www.riotinto.com/

The Rivers are Bleeding: org/tension-por-paro-de-comunidades-chana-y-ponto- copperanddiamonds/escondida-4740.aspx contra-minera-antamina/ 93 ‘Brazil court suspends lawsuit over Samarco mine 103 ‘Campesinos de San Marcos que luchan contra minera disaster – Vale’, 17 March 2017, https://finance.yahoo.com/ Antamina son perseguidos’, 1 June 2017, https://www.ocmal. news/brazil-court-suspends-lawsuit-over-003536158.html; org/campesinos-de-san-marcos-que-luchan-contra-minera- ‘IUCN, Renova Foundation and Brazil’s mining catastrophe’, antamina-son-perseguidos/ 12 April 2017, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. php?a=13615 104 ‘Campesinos de San Marcos que luchan contra minera Antamina son perseguidos’, 1 June 2017, https://www.ocmal. 94 ‘$5.8 billion lawsuit over BHP-Vale disaster dismissed’, 16 org/campesinos-de-san-marcos-que-luchan-contra-minera- June 2016, http://www.mining.com/5-8-billion-lawsuit-bhp- antamina-son-perseguidos/ vale-disaster-dismissed/ 105 ‘Peru mining boom leaves highlanders behind’, 7 June 95 ‘Brazil dam disaster’, 1 March 2018, https://www. 2014, Associated press, http://www.minesandcommunities. theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/28/brazil-dam-collapse- org/ar ticle.php?a=12671 samarco-fundao-mining 106 ‘Peru mining boom leaves highlanders behind’, 7 June 96 ‘BHP Billiton AGM met by global calls for justice and 2014, Associated press, http://www.minesandcommunities. accountability’, 25 October 2016, http://www. org/ar ticle.php?a=12671 minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13541; See also: Police investigation finds BHP-Vale Brazilian venture at fault 107 ‘Trabajadores de Antamina denuncian haberse for dam collapse, 10 June 2016, http://www.mining.com/ contaminado’, 29 March 2016, https://www.ocmal.org/ police-investigation-finds-bhp-vale-brazilian-venture-at-fault- trabajadores-de-antamina-denuncian-haberse-contaminado/ for-dam-collapse/. ; See also: ‘Samarco dam failure in Brazil 108 ‘Antamina faces threat of legal action for toxic mining “caused by design flaws”’, 30 August 2016http://www.bbc. spill’, 9 August 2013, http://www.perusupportgroup.org.uk/ com/news/business-37218145. ‘The deadly collapse of a dam news-article-657.html; ‘Peru fines Antamina’s owners at the Samarco mine in Brazil was due to design flaws, US$77,000 for toxic spill’, 5 June 2013. https://business- according to a report….The technical report, commissioned humanrights.org/en/peru-fines-antamina %E2 %80 by Samarco’s joint owners BHP Billiton and Vale, did not %99s-owners-us77000-for-toxic-spill; ‘Peru villagers allege assign blame for the disaster….The report said that a change neglect after toxic spill’, 4 September 2012, http://www. in the Fundao dam’s design between 2011 and 2012 led to deseretnews.com/article/765601562/Peru-villagers-allege- less efficient water drainage, and ultimately to the dam’s neglect-after-toxic-spill.html?pg=all; ‘Perú: Antamina mintió y collapse in November 2015’. actuó de forma “inmoral e irresponsable” en desastre 97 One year on, BHP Billiton held to account for the tóxico’, 8 August 2012, http://www.servindi.org/ Samarco tailings dam disaster’, 16 November 2016, http:// actualidad/69751 londonminingnetwork.org/2016/11/one-year-on-bhp-billiton- 109 ‘New Approach: Antamina and the Environment’, http:// held-to-account-for-the-samarco-tailings-dam-disaster/; www.antamina.com/en/gestion-ambiental/nuestra-gestion- ‘Brazil Charges 21 People With Homicide in Samarco Mining ambiental/medio-ambiente-nuevo-enfoque/; ‘Sustainable Dam Collapse’, 20 October 2016, http://www.wsj.com/ development’, http://www.antamina.com/en/gestion-social/ articles/brazil-charges-21-people-with-homicide-in-samarco- desarrollo-sostenible mining-dam-collapse-1476986373 110 ‘Peru mining boom leaves highlanders behind’, 7 June 98 ‘Brazil Charges 21 People With Homicide in Samarco 2014, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. Mining Dam Collapse’, 20 October 2016, php?a=12671 http://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-charges-21-people-with- homicide-in-samarco-mining-dam-collapse-1476986373 111 ‘Peru mining boom leaves highlanders behind’, 7 June 2014, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. php?a=12671 47

112 ‘Escondida outcome seen as disaster for BHP as workers 128 ‘Assembly demands Supreme Court decision over Agua return’, 24 March 2017 http://www.reuters.com/article/ Rica’, 10 February 2016, http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/ us-chile-copper-labor-idUSKBN16V2SL sociedad/3-292122-2016-02-10.html 113 ‘Striking miners at BHP’s Escondida block roads, clash 129 ‘Argentine police beats up environmentalists protesting with police’, 1 March 2017, http://www.mining.com/ mining projects: 24 injured’, 11 February 2012, http://www. striking-miners-at-bhps-escondida-block-roads-clash-with- minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=11503 police/ 130 Pensamiento y Acción Social et al, Shadow Report on the 114 ‘Striking miners at BHP’s Escondida block roads, clash Sustainability of Glencore’s Operations in Colombia, 2015, pp. with police’, 1 March 2017, http://www.mining.com/ 124, 134, 137, http://www.askonline.ch/fileadmin/user_ striking-miners-at-bhps-escondida-block-roads-clash-with- upload/documents/Thema_Wirtschaft_und_ police/ Menschenrechte/Bergbau_Rohstoff/Glencore_Kolumbien/ INFORME_SOMBRA_GLENCORE_-_SHADOW_ 115 ‘Corte de Antofagasta condena a Minera Escondida a REPORT_layout.pdf pagar casi $ 4,5 millones por prácticas antisindicales’, 6 October 2015, https://www.ocmal.org/corte-de-antofagasta- 131 Lisbeth C. Madera et al, ‘Evaluación de la Calidad del condena-a-minera-escondida-a-pagar-casi-4-5-millones-por- Agua en Algunos Puntos Afluentes del río Cesar (Colombia) practicas-antisindicales/ utilizando Macroinvertebrados Acuáticos como Bioindicadores de Contaminación’, Información Tecnológica, 116 ‘Minera Escondida no acata histórica condena judicial Vol.27(4), 2016, http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/infotec/v27n4/art11. por prácticas antisindicales’, 9 January 2012, https://www. pdf ocmal.org/minera-escondida-no-acata-historica-condena- judicial-por-practicas-antisindicales/ 132 Pensamiento y Acción Social et al, Shadow Report on the Sustainability of Glencore’s Operations in Colombia, 2015, pp. 117 ‘Escondida mega plant poised to produce water in 124, 134, 137, http://www.askonline.ch/fileadmin/user_ March’, 25 January 2017, https://www.desalination.biz/ upload/documents/Thema_Wirtschaft_und_ news/0/Escondida-mega-plant-poised-to-produce-water-in- Menschenrechte/Bergbau_Rohstoff/Glencore_Kolumbien/ March/8648/ INFORME_SOMBRA_GLENCORE_-_SHADOW_ 118 ‘Ambientalistas acusan nuevamente a minera Escondida REPORT_layout.pdf por daño ambiental’, 22 September 2016, https://www. 133 Glencore response: Pensamiento y Acción Social et al, ocmal.org/ambientalistas-acusan-nuevamente-a-minera- Shadow Report on the Sustainability of Glencore’s Operations in escondida-por-dano-ambiental/ Colombia, 2015, 246, http://www.glencore.ch/de/ 119 ‘Escondida No Longer Pumping Water from Punta Publikationen/Kolumbien/Glencores-response-to-PAS-ASK- Negra’, 6 July 2017, http://www.e-mj.com/news/leading- report-April-2015.pdf deveopments/6951-escondida-stops-operations-in-punta- 134 ‘Sub Cuenca Antequera debe ser declarado zona de negra.html#.WafgE4VOKUk emergencia ambiental’, 7 March 2016, https://www.ocmal. 120 Figure is for EBITDA, ‘At a glance’, http://www.glencore. org/sub-cuenca-antequera-debe-ser-declarado-zona-de- com/who-we-are/at-a-glance/ emergencia-ambiental/ 121 ‘Our world’, http://www.glencore.com/world-map 135 ‘Sub cuenca antequera debe ser declarado zona de emergencia ambiental’, 7 March 2016, https://www.ocmal. 122 Maria Ceci Misoczky and Steffen Böhm, ‘Resisting org/sub-cuenca-antequera-debe-ser-declarado-zona-de- neocolonial development: Andalgalá’s people struggle emergencia-ambiental/ against mega-mining projects’, Cad. EBAPE.BR, vol.11 no.2, 2013, http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1679- 136 ‘Denuncian la desaparición de serpientes y sapos en 39512013000200008&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en Queyaqueyani’, 28 May 2014, https://www.ocmal.org/ denuncian-la-desaparicion-de-serpientes-y-sapos-en- 123 ‘La justicia procesó al gerente general de Minera queyaqueyani/; ‘Pobladores de Totoral denuncian falta de Alumbrera por la contaminación de la cuenca del río agua a causa de actividad minera’, 19 July 2013, https://www. Salí-Dulce’, 9 January 2017, https://www.ocmal.org/ ocmal.org/pobladores-de-totoral-denuncian-falta-de-agua-a- la-justicia-proceso-al-gerente-general-de-minera-alumbrera- causa-de-actividad-minera/ por-la-contaminacion-de-la-cuenca-del-rio-sali-dulce/ 137 ‘Minera Sinchi Wayra criminaliza protesta social en 124 ‘Minera Alumbrera: “licencia social” para contaminar’, 1 Oruro’, 26 May 2012, https://www.ocmal.org/minera-sinchi- September 2016, https://www.ocmal.org/minera-alumbrera- wayra-criminaliza-protesta-social-en-oruro/ licencia-social-para-contaminar/ 138 ‘Zinc and Lead’ https://www.glencore.com/what-we-do/ 125 ‘Argentina court orders suspension of Glencore’s metals-and-minerals/zinc-and-lead Alumbrera mine’, 12 July 2017, https://www.reuters.com/ article/us-glencore-argentina-suspension-idUSKBN19W2RT 139 ‘Conflicto Minero: Oposición de la población de Cerro de Pasco a la expansión minera’ https://mapa. 126 ‘Court charges Minera Alumbrera executive over alleged conflictosmineros.net/ocmal_db-v2/conflicto/view/29 pollution’, 30 May 2008, http://www.bnamericas.com/en/ news/mining/Court_charges_Minera_Alumbrera_ 140 Report by local government in Simón Bolívar District, executive_over_alleged_pollution Peru, Problemática de salud Ambiental por impactos de la actividad extractiva minera en distrito Simón Bolívar, provincia y 127 ‘Alumbrera in distress, Argentina’, 20 February 2012, departamento de Pasco, 2017, https://www.documentcloud. http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=11503 org/documents/4429794-2017-report-by-local-government- of-Simon-Bolivar.html 48

141 ‘Informe alerta sobre elevado riesgo de exposición e 150 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights intoxicación crónica en La Oroya y Cerro de Pasco’, 27 with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.12, https://www. September 2017, http://www.muqui.org/comunicaciones/ forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 noticias/item/629-informe-alerta-sobre-elevado-riesgo-de- as%20coal-Eng.pdf exposicion-e-intoxicacion-cronica-en-la-oroya-y-cerro-de- 151 ‘Latest news about Cerrejon Coal in Colombia’, 10 pasco; ‘Cerro de Pasco: The city built around a mine’, 10 February 2017, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/02/ April 2017, https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/04/10/ latest-news-about-cerrejon-coal-in-colombia/ cerro-de-pasco-mine-peru-lead-arsenic-pollution-glencore/ 152 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights 142 ‘Perú: Cerro de Pasco y la expansión minera, un with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.12, https://www.

British Mining in Latin America conflicto infinito’ https://www.servindi.org/ forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 actualidad/2249?page=1 as%20coal-Eng.pdf 143 ‘Población contaminada de Espinar en el olvido pese a 153 ‘Colombia’s Largest Indigenous Group Is Dying With emergencia de salud’, 10 March 2017, https://www.servindi. Media Complicity’, 3 August 2016, http://www. org/actualidad-noticias/10/03/2017/poder-judicial-reconocio- huffingtonpost.com/entry/colombias-largest-indigenous- en-el-2013-afectacion-la-salud-de-la group-is-dying-with-media_us_57a102c1e4b07066ba1fdc64 144 Centre for Science and Public Participation, Glencore 154 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights

The Rivers are Bleeding: Xstrata’s Espinar Province Mines: Cumulative Impacts to with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, pp.12-13, https:// Human Health and the Environment, July 2013, pp.ii-iii, http:// www.forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20 www.csp2.org/files/reports/Cumulative %20Impacts %20of black%20as%20coal-Eng.pdf %20Espinar %20Province %20Mines %20- %20Levit %20 CSP2 %203Jul13.pdf 155 ‘RWE npower, Colombian coal is killing our children! Close Aberthaw!’, 16 February 2017, http://www. 145 Centre for Science and Public Participation, Glencore theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/ Xstrata’s Espinar Province Mines: Cumulative Impacts to commentators/2988655/rwe_npower_colombian_coal_is_ Human Health and the Environment, July 2013, pp.ii-iii, http:// killing_our_children_close_aberthaw.html www.csp2.org/files/reports/Cumulative %20Impacts %20of %20Espinar %20Province %20Mines %20- %20Levit %20 156 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights CSP2 %203Jul13.pdf with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.12, https://www. forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 146 ‘Indigenous Peruvians’ human rights claim: UK High as%20coal-Eng.pdf Court rules on dispute over disclosure of documents by mining giant Xstrata’, 21 July 2016, https://www.leighday.co. 157 ‘Colombia’s largest indigenous group is dying’, 26 August uk/News/News-2016/July-2016/UK-High-Court-rules-on- 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. Xstrata-dispute-over-disclo; ‘Hearing in London High Court php?a=13489 in claim by Peruvians against mining firm’, 24 February 2016, 158 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights https://www.leighday.co.uk/News/News-2016/ with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.12, https://www. February-2016/Hearing-in-London-High-Court-in-claim-by- forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 Peruvians as%20coal-Eng.pdf 147 ‘Indigenous Peruvians’ human rights claim: UK High 159 ‘RWE npower, Colombian coal is killing our children! Court rules on dispute over disclosure of documents by Close Aberthaw!’, 16 February 2017, http://www. mining giant Xstrata’, 21 July 2016, https://www.leighday.co. theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/ uk/News/News-2016/July-2016/UK-High-Court-rules-on- commentators/2988655/rwe_npower_colombian_coal_is_ Xstrata-dispute-over-disclo killing_our_children_close_aberthaw.html 148 ‘Indigenous Peruvians’ human rights claim: UK High 160 ‘Church investors’ visit to Colombian coal mines causes Court rules on dispute over disclosure of documents by concern’, 3 March 2017, http://londonminingnetwork. mining giant Xstrata’, 21 July 2016, https://www.leighday.co. org/2017/03/church-investors-visit-to-colombian-coal-mines- uk/News/News-2016/July-2016/UK-High-Court-rules-on- causes-concern/ Xstrata-dispute-over-disclo 161 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights 149 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, pp.14-15, https:// with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.10, https://www. www.forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20 forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 black%20as%20coal-Eng.pdf as%20coal-Eng.pdf; ‘Our company’, http://www.cerrejon. com/site/english/our-company.aspx 162 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.14, https://www. See especially the websites of the London Mining forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 Network (http://londonminingnetwork.org/) and Mines and as%20coal-Eng.pdf Communities (www.minesandcommunities.org) and a recent report by Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and 163 ‘Cerrejon Coal: brutal evictions of villagers resisting human rights with focus on coal mining in Colombia, Forum Syd, relocation’, 26 February 2016, http://londonminingnetwork. 2016, http://www.forumsyd.org/PageFiles/7127/Kol_ org/2016/02/cerrejon-coal-brutal-evictions-of-villagers- rapport_FS_web.pdf resisting-relocation/ 49

164 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights 177 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.16, https://www. Death? A Report o n Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 and Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.12, http:// as%20coal-Eng.pdf; ‘Anglo American 2016 AGM: The real londonminingnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ world is thus’, 1 May 2016, http://www. LMN-Caimanes-report-final-revised.pdf minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13357 178 ‘Hipotecas a futuro – Denuncian actos de corrupción 165 ‘Anglo American 2016 AGM: The real world is thus’, 1 de la minera Los Pelambres, en Chile’, 7 June 2017, https:// May 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. www.ocmal.org/hipotecas-a-futuro-denuncian-actos-de- php?a=13357 corrupcion-de-la-minera-los-pelambres-en-chile/; Ali Maeve & Liam Barrington-Bush, ‘For how long will the London 166 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights Stock Exchange give Antofagasta mine a free pass?’, 1 June with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.16, https://www. 2017, http://www.theecologist.org/ecologist_ forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 partners/2989002/for_how_long_will_the_london_stock_ as%20coal-Eng.pdf; ‘Anglo American 2016 AGM: The real exchange_give_antofagasta_mine_a_free_pass.html world is thus’, 1 May 2016, http://www. minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=13357 179 Ali Maeve & Liam Barrington-Bush, ‘For how long will the London Stock Exchange give Antofagasta mine a free 167 ‘Cerrejon Coal: brutal evictions of villagers resisting pass?’, 1 June 2017, http://www.theecologist.org/ecologist_ relocation’, 26 February 2016, http://londonminingnetwork. partners/2989002/for_how_long_will_the_london_stock_ org/2016/02/cerrejon-coal-brutal-evictions-of-villagers- exchange_give_antofagasta_mine_a_free_pass.html resisting-relocation/ 180 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of 168 Forum Syd, As Black as Coal: Business and human rights Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and with focus on coal mining in Colombia, 2016, p.10, https://www. Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.14, http://londonminingnetwork. forumsyd.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/As%20black%20 org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LMN-Caimanes-report- as%20coal-Eng.pdf final-revised.pdf; ‘La permisiva Superintendencia de Medio 169 Cerrejón, ‘Cerrejon’s comments on the Forum Syd “As Ambiente presenta cargos contra minera Los Pelambres a Black as Coal” report’, July 2016, https://business- fuerza de escándalos’, 9 November 2016, https://www. humanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/ ocmal.org/la-permisiva-superintendencia-de-medio- Cerrej%C3%B3n%20comments%20to%20Forum%20 ambiente-presenta-cargos-contra-minera-los-pelambres-a- Syd%20report%202016.pdf fuerza-de-escandalos/ 170 ‘Anglo American 2016 AGM: The real world is thus’, 1 181 ‘Community rises against Antofagasta in Chile’, 12 May 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. January 2015, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2015/01/ php?a=13357 community-rises-against-antofagasta-in-chile/ 171 Cerrejón, ‘Cerrejon’s comments on the Forum Syd “As 182 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of Black as Coal” report’, July 2016, https://business- Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and humanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/ Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.14, http://londonminingnetwork. Cerrej%C3%B3n%20comments%20to%20Forum%20 org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LMN-Caimanes-report- Syd%20report%202016.pdf final-revised.pdf; ‘La permisiva Superintendencia de Medio Ambiente presenta cargos contra minera Los Pelambres a 172 ‘Anglo American 2016 AGM: The real world is thus’, 1 fuerza de escándalos’, 9 November 2016, https://www. May 2016, http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article. ocmal.org/la-permisiva-superintendencia-de-medio- php?a=13357 ambiente-presenta-cargos-contra-minera-los-pelambres-a- 173 ‘Company list’, http://www.londonstockexchange.com/ fuerza-de-escandalos/; ‘Antofagasta’s Los Pelambres mine statistics/companies-and-issuers/companies-and-issuers.htm faces potential $24 million fine, closure’, 14 October 2016, http://www.mining.com/antofagastas-los-pelambres-mine- 174 Ali Maeve & Liam Barrington-Bush, ‘For how long will faces-potential-24-million-fine-closure/ the London Stock Exchange give Antofagasta mine a free pass?’, 1 June 2017, http://www.theecologist.org/ecologist_ 183 ‘Antofagasta: are you really pleased to see us?’, 30 May partners/2989002/for_how_long_will_the_london_stock_ 2017, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/antofagasta- exchange_give_antofagasta_mine_a_free_pass.html; ‘Iris are-you-reall-pleased-to-see-us/ Fontbona and family’, https://www.forbes.com/profile/ 184 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of iris-fontbona/ Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and 175 ‘Antofagasta’s Los Pelambres mine faces potential $24 Los Caimanes, May 2017, pp.7-8, http:// million fine, closure’, 14 October 2016,http://www.mining. londonminingnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ com/antofagastas-los-pelambres-mine-faces-potential-24- LMN-Caimanes-report-final-revised.pdf million-fine-closure/ 185 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of 176 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and Los Caimanes, May 2017, pp.7-8, http:// Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.2, http://londonminingnetwork. londonminingnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LMN-Caimanes-report- LMN-Caimanes-report-final-revised.pdf final-revised.pdf 50

186 London Mining Network, In the Valley of the Shadow of 195 ‘Condor Gold soars as Nicaragua project won’t Death? A Report on Antofagasta Plc, Minera Los Pelambres and relocate residents’, 26 February 2018, http://www.mining. Los Caimanes, May 2017, p.8, http://londonminingnetwork. com/condor-gold-soars-nicaragua-project-wont-relocate- org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/LMN-Caimanes-report- residents/?utm_source=digest-en-mining-180226&utm_ final-revised.pdf medium=email&utm_campaign=digest 187 ‘Antofagasta: are you really pleased to see us?’, 30 May 196 ‘Company details’, http://www.hocplc.com/en/site_ 2017, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/antofagasta- services/company_details are-you-really-pleased-to-see-us/?highlight=are%20you%20 197 ‘Ayacucho: Piden salida de minera Ares de Parinacochas really%20pleased%20to%20see%20us y Paucar del Sara Sara’, 30 July 2015, https://blognoticiasser. British Mining in Latin America 188 ‘Antofagasta: are you really pleased to see us?’, 30 May lamula.pe/2015/07/31/ayacucho-piden-salida-de-minera-ares- 2017, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2017/05/antofagasta- de-parinacochas-y-paucar-del-sara-sara/noticiasser/ are-you-really-pleased-to-see-us/ 198 ‘Mineros de Peñoles, del millonario Baillères, acusan 189 ‘Monitoreo ambiental’, http://pelambres.samara.cl/ abuso laboral y amenazas de la empresa’, 28 April 2015, medio-ambiente-monitoreo-ambiental.html http://www.sinembargo.mx/28-04-2015/1324325 190 ‘Aire’, http://pelambres.samara.cl/medio-ambiente- 199 ‘Denuncian ejidatarios de Caborca a minera por monitoreo-ambiental.html amenazas’, 29 December 2018, https://www. The Rivers are Bleeding: elsoldehermosillo.com.mx/local/denuncian-ejidatarios-de- 191 ‘Contact’, http://condorgold.com/contact; ‘La India caborca-a-minera-por-amenazas-2859528.html – this conflict project’, http://condorgold.com/project/la-india- is also related to La Herradura and Noche Buena mines project#tab=2 200 ‘Calcatreu’ http://www.patagoniagold.com/?s=calcatreu; 192 ‘Condor Gold desestima acusación para defensores del ‘Calcatreu, Rio Negro, Argentina’ https://ejatlas.org/conflict/ territorio en Mina La India’, 1 July 2017, http://www.laprensa. calcatreu-rio-negro-argentina com.ni/2017/07/01/nacionales/2255439-condor-gold- desestima-acusacion-para-defensores-del-territorio-en- 201 ‘Empresa: Rio Tinto’ https://mapa.conflictosmineros.net/ mina-la-india; ‘Empresa minera acusa judicialmente a ocmal_db-v2/nombres/view/70 pobladores de mina La India’, 24 May 2017 202 ‘Rio Tinto Operation Map’ https://www.riotinto.com/ 193 ‘Condor Gold - having a few problems on the ground: rio-apps/riotinto_operationmap/#/copper/la_granja; ‘La care to tell investors?’, 5 June 2017, http://www. Granja, Chota, Rio Tinto, Peru’ https://ejatlas.org/conflict/ shareprophets.com/views/29514/condor-gold-having-a-few- la-granja-rio-tinto problems-on-the-ground-care-to-tell-investors 194 ‘Update on Condor Gold and community protest in Nicaragua’, 17 July 2017, https://londonminingnetwork. org/2017/07/update-on-condor-gold-and-community- protest-in-nicaragua/ YES, I WANT TO SUPPORT WAR ON WANT BY MAKING A DONATION

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