Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation
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Cortical Layer V Neurons in the Auditory and Visual Cortices of Normal, Reeler, and Yotari Mice
Kobe J. Med. Sci., Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. E50-E59, 2010 Cortical Layer V Neurons in the Auditory and Visual Cortices of Normal, reeler, and yotari Mice YASUO YOSHIHARA1, 2, TOMIYOSHI SETSU2, YU KATSUYAMA2, SATOSHI KIKKAWA2, TOSHIO TERASHIMA2*, and KIYOSHI MAEDA1 1Division of Psychiatry, 2Division of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan Received 19 January 2010/ Accepted 19 January 2010 Key Words: reeler, yotari, cortex, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus ABSTRACT Both in the Reelin-deficient reeler and Dab1-deficient yotari mice, layer V corticospinal tract neurons in the sensory-motor cortex are radially spread instead of being confined to a single cortical layer. In the present study, we examined distribution pattern of cortical layer V neurons in the visual and auditory cortices of reeler and yotari mice with the injection of HRP into the superior and inferior colliculi of the adult animals, respectively. After the injection of HRP into the superior colliculus of the normal mouse, retrogradely labeled cells were distributed in layer V of the visual cortex, while the similar injection of HRP in the reeler and yotari mice produced radial dispersion of retrograde labeling through all of the depths of the visual cortex of these mutant mice. Next, we injected HRP into the inferior colliculus of the normal, reeler and yotari mice. Retrogradely labeled neurons were distributed in layer V of the normal auditory cortex, whereas they were again radially scattered in the auditory cortex of the reeler and yotari mice. Taken together with the previous and present findings, layer V cortical efferent neurons are radially scattered in the sensory-motor, visual and auditory cortices of the reeler and yotari mice. -
Reelin Is Preferentially Expressed in Neurons Synthesizing ␥-Aminobutyric Acid in Cortex and Hippocampus of Adult Rats
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 3221–3226, March 1998 Neurobiology Reelin is preferentially expressed in neurons synthesizing g-aminobutyric acid in cortex and hippocampus of adult rats C. PESOLD*†,F.IMPAGNATIELLO*, M. G. PISU*, D. P. UZUNOV*, E. COSTA*, A. GUIDOTTI*, AND H. J. CARUNCHO*‡ *Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612; and ‡Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Santiango de Compostela School of Medicine, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain Contributed by Erminio Costa, December 24,1997 ABSTRACT During embryonic development of brain lam- sion, prevent Reelin transcription or secretion (4, 12, 14). In inated structures, the protein Reelin, secreted into the extracel- the cortex and hippocampus of rat embryos, Reelin begins to lular matrix of the cortex and hippocampus by Cajal–Retzius be synthesized in Cajal–Retzius (CR) cells from embryonic day (CR) cells located in the marginal zone, contributes to the 13 to the second postnatal week, and in the cerebellum Reelin regulation of migration and positioning of cortical and hip- is expressed first in the external granule cell layer (EGL) pocampal neurons that do not synthesize Reelin. Soon after before the granule cell migration to the internal granule cell birth, the CR cells decrease, and they virtually disappear during layer (IGL) (2, 15–17). When the CR50 antibody is added to the following 3 weeks. Despite their disappearance, we can embryonic preparations expressing normal histogenetic pat- quantify Reelin mRNA (approximately 200 amolymg of total terns of lamination, it induces typical histogenetic abnormal- RNA) and visualize it by in situ hybridization, and we detect the ities of the Relnrl phenotype (7, 9, 10, 17). -
Protein Interaction Network of Alternatively Spliced Isoforms from Brain Links Genetic Risk Factors for Autism
ARTICLE Received 24 Aug 2013 | Accepted 14 Mar 2014 | Published 11 Apr 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4650 OPEN Protein interaction network of alternatively spliced isoforms from brain links genetic risk factors for autism Roser Corominas1,*, Xinping Yang2,3,*, Guan Ning Lin1,*, Shuli Kang1,*, Yun Shen2,3, Lila Ghamsari2,3,w, Martin Broly2,3, Maria Rodriguez2,3, Stanley Tam2,3, Shelly A. Trigg2,3,w, Changyu Fan2,3, Song Yi2,3, Murat Tasan4, Irma Lemmens5, Xingyan Kuang6, Nan Zhao6, Dheeraj Malhotra7, Jacob J. Michaelson7,w, Vladimir Vacic8, Michael A. Calderwood2,3, Frederick P. Roth2,3,4, Jan Tavernier5, Steve Horvath9, Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani2,3,w, Dmitry Korkin6, Jonathan Sebat7, David E. Hill2,3, Tong Hao2,3, Marc Vidal2,3 & Lilia M. Iakoucheva1 Increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is attributed to hundreds of genetic loci. The convergence of ASD variants have been investigated using various approaches, including protein interactions extracted from the published literature. However, these datasets are frequently incomplete, carry biases and are limited to interactions of a single splicing isoform, which may not be expressed in the disease-relevant tissue. Here we introduce a new interactome mapping approach by experimentally identifying interactions between brain-expressed alternatively spliced variants of ASD risk factors. The Autism Spliceform Interaction Network reveals that almost half of the detected interactions and about 30% of the newly identified interacting partners represent contribution from splicing variants, emphasizing the importance of isoform networks. Isoform interactions greatly contribute to establishing direct physical connections between proteins from the de novo autism CNVs. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of spliceform networks for translating genetic knowledge into a better understanding of human diseases. -
The Reeler Mouse: a Translational Model of Human 3 Neurological Conditions Or Simply a Good Tool for 4 Better Understanding Neurodevelopment?
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 October 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201910.0120.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 2088; doi:10.3390/jcm8122088 1 Review 2 The Reeler Mouse: A Translational Model of Human 3 Neurological Conditions or Simply a Good Tool for 4 Better Understanding Neurodevelopment? 5 6 7 Laura Lossi 1, Claudia Castagna2, Alberto Granato3*, and Adalberto Merighi4* 8 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO) I-10095, Italy. [email protected] 9 2 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO) I-10095, Italy. 10 [email protected] 11 3 Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milano (MI) I-20123, Italy. 12 [email protected] 13 4 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO) I-10095, Italy. 14 [email protected] 15 16 * Correspondence: [email protected], Tel ++39. 02.7234.8588; [email protected] , Tel.: 17 ++39.011.670.9118 18 19 Abstract: 20 The Reeler mutation was described in mouse more than fifty years ago. Later, its causative gene 21 (reln) was discovered in mouse, and its human orthologue (RELN) was demonstrated to be 22 causative of lissencephaly 2 (LIS2) and about 20% of the cases of autosomal-dominant lateral 23 temporal epilepsy (ADLTE). In both human and mice the gene encodes for a glycoprotein referred 24 to as Reelin (Reln) that plays a primary role in neuronal migration during development and 25 synaptic stabilization in adulthood. Besides LIS2 and ADLTE, RELN and/or other genes coding for 26 the proteins of the Reln intracellular cascade have been associated more or less substantially to 27 other conditions such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 and 37, VLDLR-associated cerebellar 28 hypoplasia, PAFAH1B1-associated lissencephaly, autism and schizophrenia. -
Thalamocortical Development: How Are We Going to Get There?
REVIEWS THALAMOCORTICAL DEVELOPMENT: HOW ARE WE GOING TO GET THERE? Guillermina López-Bendito and Zoltán Molnár The arealization of the mammalian cortex is believed to be controlled by a combination of intrinsic factors that are expressed in the cortex, and external signals, some of which are mediated through thalamic input. Recent studies on transgenic mice have identified families of molecules that are involved in thalamic axon growth, pathfinding and cortical target selection, and we are beginning to understand how thalamic projections impose cytoarchitectonic differentiation on the developing cortex. By unravelling these mechanisms further, we should be able to increase our understanding of the principles of cortical organization. EPIGENETIC The mechanisms that control neocortical regionaliza- each area send corticofugal projections back to the Describes a change in tion — or arealization — have been the subject of much corresponding thalamic nucleus, and layer V sends phenotype that is brought about debate. Intrinsic mechanisms, such as differential gene projections to additional nuclei4 (FIG. 1c). by changes in the regulation of expression that is autonomous to the neocortex, and This article provides an overview of the exciting gene expression or changes in the function of gene products, extrinsic influences, such as input from thalamocortical recent progress that has been made in the field of thala- rather than by a change in afferents, have both gained support from recent mocortical development. The transgenic mouse has genotype. studies1. Although some components of local special- proved to be a very powerful tool to increase our under- ization are determined by differential patterns of com- standing of the principal developmental mechanisms, VENTRICULAR ZONE The proliferative inner layer mitment at an early stage of development (perhaps and it has helped us to dissect the causal relationships of the developing brain and even during mitosis), there is considerable evidence that between thalamocortical fibre targeting and areal spinal cord. -
Contribution of Multiple Inherited Variants to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Family with 3 Affected Siblings
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Contribution of Multiple Inherited Variants to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in a Family with 3 Affected Siblings Jasleen Dhaliwal 1 , Ying Qiao 1,2, Kristina Calli 1,2, Sally Martell 1,2, Simone Race 3,4,5, Chieko Chijiwa 1,5, Armansa Glodjo 3,5, Steven Jones 1,6 , Evica Rajcan-Separovic 2,7, Stephen W. Scherer 4 and Suzanne Lewis 1,2,5,* 1 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada; [email protected] (J.D.); [email protected] (Y.Q.); [email protected] (K.C.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (S.J.) 2 BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; [email protected] 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada; [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (A.G.) 4 The Centre for Applied Genomics and McLaughlin Centre, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; [email protected] 5 BC Children’s and Women’s Health Center, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada 6 Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada 7 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in Citation: Dhaliwal, J.; Qiao, Y.; Calli, children and shows high heritability. -
Title: Comparison of the Structural Organization of Reeler Hippocampal
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/508648; this version posted December 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Title: Comparison of the structural organization of reeler hippocampal CA1 region with wild type CA1. Malikmohamed Yousuf 1, 2, 3, Shanting Zhao 4, 5 and Michael Frotscher 4 1Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Albert-Ludwigs- University Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; 2Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany; 3 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK; 4Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; 5 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100 Shaanxi, China Correspondence to: Malikmohamed Yousuf, PhD Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences Chancellors Building, 49 Little France Crescent Edinburgh University, EH16 4SB, UK Phone: ++44 – (0) 131242 9491 E-Mail: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/508648; this version posted December 31, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The dendritic pattern defines the input capacity of a neuron. Existing methods such as Golgi impregnation or intracellular staining only label a small number of neurons. -
1 CRL5-Dependent Regulation of Arl4c and Arf6 Controls Hippocampal Morphogenesis 2 3 Authors: Jisoo S
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.10.902221; this version posted January 11, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 CRL5-dependent regulation of Arl4c and Arf6 controls hippocampal morphogenesis 2 3 Authors: Jisoo S. Han1,4, Keiko Hino1,4, Raenier V. Reyes1, Cesar P. Canales1,3, Adam M. Miltner1, 4 Yasmin Haddadi1, Junqing Sun2, Chao-Yin Chen2, Anna La Torre1, and Sergi Simó1. 5 6 Affiliations 7 1 Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA. 8 2 Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA. 9 3 Current affiliation: UC Davis Center for Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral 10 Sciences, University of California Davis, CA 95616, USA. 11 4 These authors contributed equally to this work. 12 Corresponding author: Sergi Simó, [email protected] 13 14 Summary 15 The small GTPase Arl4c participates in the regulation of cell migration, cytoskeletal rearrangements, 16 and vesicular trafficking in epithelial cells. The Arl4c signaling cascade starts by the recruitment of the 17 Arf-GEF cytohesins to the plasma membrane, which in turn engage the small GTPase Arf6. In the 18 nervous system, Arf6 regulates dendrite outgrowth in vitro and neuronal migration in the developing 19 cortex. However, the role of Arl4c-cytohesin-Arf6 signaling during brain development and particularly 20 during hippocampal development remain elusive. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin 21 5/Rbx2 (CRL5) controls the stability of Arl4c and its signaling effectors to regulate hippocampal 22 morphogenesis. -
Cullin 5 Regulates Cortical Layering by Modulating the Speed and Duration of Dab1-Dependent Neuronal Migration
5668 • The Journal of Neuroscience, April 21, 2010 • 30(16):5668–5676 Cellular/Molecular Cullin 5 Regulates Cortical Layering by Modulating the Speed and Duration of Dab1-Dependent Neuronal Migration Sergi Simó, Yves Jossin, and Jonathan A. Cooper Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 Themultilayeredmammalianneocortexdevelopsbythecoordinatedimmigrationanddifferentiationofcellsthatareproducedatdistant sites. Correct layering requires an extracellular protein, Reelin (Reln), an intracellular signaling molecule, Disabled-1 (Dab1), and an E3 ubiquitinligase,Cullin-5(Cul5).RelnactivatesDab1,whichisthendegradedbyCul5.HerewetestwhetherCul5regulatesneuronlayering by affecting Dab1 stability or other mechanisms. We find that a stabilized mutant Dab1, which resists Cul5-dependent degradation, causes a similar phenotype to Cul5 deficiency. Moreover, Cul5 has no effect when Dab1 is absent. The effects of Cul5 and Dab1 are cell autonomous, and Cul5 regulates movement of early as well as late cortical neurons. Removing Cul5 increases the speed at which neurons migrate through the cortical plate by reducing the time spent stationary and increasing the speed of individual steps. These results show thatCul5regulatesneuronlayeringbystimulatingDab1degradationandthatCul5controlsmigrationspeedandstoppingpoint,andthey demonstrate the importance of negative feedback in signaling during cortical development. Introduction (Pinto-Lord et al., 1982; Dulabon et al., 2000; Sanada et al., 2004). The mammalian -
Reelin Diverse Roles in Central Nervous System Development
International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 112 (2019) 72–75 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocel Neuroscience in focus Reelin: Diverse roles in central nervous system development, health and disease T ⁎ Nicholas C. Armstronga, Rebecca C. Andersona, Kieran W. McDermottb, a Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland b Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Over the past 20 years the structure and function of Reelin, an extracellular glycoprotein with a role in cell Reelin migration and positioning during development has been elucidated. Originally discovered in mice exhibiting a Cortical migration peculiar gait and hypoplastic cerebellar tissue, Reelin is secreted from Cajal-Retzius neurons during embryonic Schizophrenia life and has been shown to act as a stop signal, guiding migrating radial neurons in a gradient-dependent Lamination manner. Reelin carries out its function by binding to the receptors, very low-density lipoprotein receptor Cajal-Retzius neurons (VLDLR) and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) resulting in the phosphorylation of the intracellular protein Disabled-1 (Dab-1) which is essential for effective Reelin signaling. Abnormalities in the RELN gene can result in multiple unusual structural outcomes including disruption of cortical layers, heterotopia, polymicrogyria and lissencephaly. Recent research has suggested a potential role for Reelin in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as schizophrenia, autism and Alzheimer’s disease. This short review will address the current un- derstanding of the structure and function of this protein and its emerging role in the development of neurological disorders. -
CRL5-Dependent Regulation of the Small Gtpases ARL4C and ARF6 Controls Hippocampal Morphogenesis
CRL5-dependent regulation of the small GTPases ARL4C and ARF6 controls hippocampal morphogenesis Jisoo S. Hana,1, Keiko Hinoa,1, Wenzhe Lia, Raenier V. Reyesa, Cesar P. Canalesa,2, Adam M. Miltnera, Yasmin Haddadia, Junqing Sunb, Chao-Yin Chenb, Anna La Torrea, and Sergi Simóa,3 aDepartment of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and bDepartment of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 Edited by Mary E. Hatten, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved August 3, 2020 (received for review February 14, 2020) The small GTPase ARL4C participates in the regulation of cell migra- Importantly, CRL5 substrate adaptors are dynamically regulated tion, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and vesicular trafficking in epithe- during development, directing CRL5 activity to specific substrates lial cells. The ARL4C signaling cascade starts by the recruitment of the at different times and areas in the CNS (19). In the neocortex, ARF–GEF cytohesins to the plasma membrane, which, in turn, bind CRL5 opposes projection neuron migration by down-regulating and activate the small GTPase ARF6. However, the role of ARL4C– the Reelin/DAB1 signaling pathway as migrating projection neu- cytohesin–ARF6 signaling during hippocampal development remains rons reach the top of the cortical plate (18, 20, 21). In the CNS, elusive. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin 5/RBX2 Reelin/DAB1 signaling participates in several developmental (CRL5) controls the stability of ARL4C and its signaling effectors to processes, including neuron migration, dendritogenesis, axo- regulate hippocampal morphogenesis. Both RBX2 knockout and genesis, and synaptogenesis (22–24). Moreover, CRL5 also con- Cullin 5 knockdown cause hippocampal pyramidal neuron mislocali- trols levels of the tyrosine kinase FYN, which exerts important zation and development of multiple apical dendrites. -
Reelin Function in Neural Stem Cell Biology
Reelin function in neural stem cell biology H. M. Kim, T. Qu, V. Kriho, P. Lacor, N. Smalheiser, G. D. Pappas, A. Guidotti, E. Costa, and K. Sugaya* Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Contributed by E. Costa, December 26, 2001 In the adult brain, neural stem cells (NSC) must migrate to express cells expressed in the ventral piriform cortex and olfactory bulb their neuroplastic potential. The addition of recombinant reelin to migrate long distances without a radial glia connection (13), human NSC (HNSC) cultures facilitates neuronal retraction in the suggesting that specific regulatory mechanisms guide NSC mi- neurospheroid. Because we detected reelin, ␣3-integrin receptor gration in the adult brain, and that some of these mechanisms are subunits, and disabled-1 immunoreactivity in HNSC cultures, it is very likely analogous to those operating during development. possible that integrin-mediated reelin signal transduction is oper- Reelin is a large extracellular matrix (ECM) protein of ative in these cultures. To investigate whether reelin is important approximately 400 kDa (9) which binds to the ␣3 subunit of in the regulation of NSC migration, we injected HNSCs into the integrin receptors that are expressed on neuronal cell surfaces lateral ventricle of null reeler and wild-type mice. Four weeks after (14, 15), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), and transplantation, we detected symmetrical migration and extensive Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2; refs. 16–18), triggering neuronal and glial differentiation of transplanted HNSCs in wild- the adaptor function of the disabled-1 (Dab-1) cytosolic protein type, but not in reeler mice.