National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks
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National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory 2005 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations Table of Contents Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Concurrence Status Geographic Information and Location Map Management Information National Register Information Chronology & Physical History Analysis & Evaluation of Integrity Condition Treatment Bibliography & Supplemental Information Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations Inventory Unit Summary & Site Plan Inventory Summary The Cultural Landscapes Inventory Overview: CLI General Information: Purpose and Goals of the CLI The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI), a comprehensive inventory of all cultural landscapes in the national park system, is one of the most ambitious initiatives of the National Park Service (NPS) Park Cultural Landscapes Program. The CLI is an evaluated inventory of all landscapes having historical significance that are listed on or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or are otherwise managed as cultural resources through a public planning process and in which the NPS has or plans to acquire any legal interest. The CLI identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other valuable information useful to park management. Cultural landscapes become approved CLIs when concurrence with the findings is obtained from the park superintendent and all required data fields are entered into a national database. In addition, for landscapes that are not currently listed on the National Register and/or do not have adequate documentation, concurrence is required from the State Historic Preservation Officer or the Keeper of the National Register. The CLI, like the List of Classified Structures, assists the NPS in its efforts to fulfill the identification and management requirements associated with Section 110(a) of the National Historic Preservation Act, National Park Service Management Policies (2006), and Director’s Order #28: Cultural Resource Management. Since launching the CLI nationwide, the NPS, in response to the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), is required to report information that respond to NPS strategic plan accomplishments. Two GPRA goals are associated with the CLI: bringing certified cultural landscapes into good condition (Goal 1a7) and increasing the number of CLI records that have complete, accurate, and reliable information (Goal 1b2B). Scope of the CLI The information contained within the CLI is gathered from existing secondary sources found in park libraries and archives and at NPS regional offices and centers, as well as through on-site reconnaissance of the existing landscape. The baseline information collected provides a comprehensive look at the historical development and significance of the landscape, placing it in context of the site’s overall significance. Documentation and analysis of the existing landscape identifies character-defining characteristics and features, and allows for an evaluation of the landscape’s overall integrity and an assessment of the landscape’s overall condition. The CLI also provides an illustrative site plan that indicates major features within the inventory unit. Unlike cultural landscape reports, the CLI does not provide management recommendations or Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 1 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations treatment guidelines for the cultural landscape. Inventory Unit Description: Farragut Square is a formal urban park, located a short distance north of the White House and occupying a rectangular site bounded by major streets: K Street on the north, I Street on the south, and 17th Street on both the east and west. It has changed little since the first improvements were made in the 1870s. Farragut Square and its sister park, McPherson Square, two blocks to the east, each form part of a “patte d’oie” in relation to the White House grounds and Lafayette Park. A patte d’oie, or goose foot, was a standard element of Baroque landscape planning, comprising a central axis breaking into three separate axes. A bronze statue of Civil War hero Admiral David Glasgow Farragut stands on a granite pedestal in the center of the park. Diagonal walks symmetrically bisect the park, intersecting at a paved area circling the statue’s elliptical plot. A pair of parallel walks, essentially laid out in plan as a loop, runs from the park’s northwest corner to the southeast, following the line of Connecticut Avenue, a thoroughfare which for a brief time (1873 to 1881) cut through the site. Similarly, a single diagonal walk leads from the northeast corner to the southwest. Sidewalks surround the park on all sides, and two short walks lead from the park’s center to sidewalks on the east and west. All walks are paved with concrete divided into square sections. Between the walks are panels of grass. The outer edges of panels, along the sidewalks, are surrounded by quarter-round concrete curbing. Deciduous trees are planted irregularly on the lawns and along the walks. High-rise office and commercial structures surround the park on all sides. Where Farragut Square once served, in effect, as the front garden for imposing mansions, it is now an urban park used by workers from surrounding office buildings. The main focal point within the park is the Farragut monument, and the most prominent vista outside the park is the view south along the Connecticut Avenue corridor to Lafayette Park. Over forty benches are staggered along the park walkways. All of these are new, with elaborately scrolled iron supports and arms (including two side arms and a central arm), and wooden slats. Eight light posts stand along the walks. The posts are a modern, simplified version of a classical column, a type known as the “Washington Standard,” and support Lexan (a thermoplastic resin) versions of the standard urn-shaped “Washington Globe” lamp. New steel-slat trash receptacles are placed between the benches and around the park’s perimeter. Two new steel handicap-accessible drinking fountains are placed near the statue. Farragut Square is heavily used. The majority of visitors are office workers walking through the park as part of their daily commute, but many people come to the park to enjoy picnic lunches or to attend concerts and movies in the summers. Bicycle couriers use it as a central gathering place. Many homeless people frequent the park. Overall, the park has medium integrity. Most of the tree species remain the same. Two trees, a gingko and a sophora, date from before 1886. Other trees are older deciduous specimens likely dating from Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 2 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations the period of significance, or newer deciduous trees occupying similar locations as older trees. Therefore, the general pattern of tree planting has remained similar to that during the period of significance. The pattern and species of shrub and flower beds changed several times before 1965; hedges and beds of flowering annuals, installed at the ends of the loop described by the parallel walks in 1965 during the Beautification Program, were removed in 2004. The circulation system has been changed only slightly since the removal of Connecticut Avenue in 1881 – the paving materials have been altered and replaced, the two east-west spur paths were added in 1901, and the sidewalks have been widened, the west sidewalk in 2004. Most small-scale features in Farragut Square have recently been replaced; as a result, few have integrity. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 3 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations Site Plan In 2003/2004, shrub and flower beds at ends of diagonal panels were removed, ends of diagonal panels were reshaped, and sidewalk along west side was widened. (CLP digital photo "Farragut site plan revision flat July 2 2005") Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 4 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations Property Level and CLI Numbers Inventory Unit Name: Farragut Square Property Level: Component Landscape CLI Identification Number: 600227 Parent Landscape: 600215 Park Information Park Name and Alpha Code: National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations -NAMA Park Organization Code: 340A Subunit/District Name Alpha Code: National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations - NAMA Park Administrative Unit: National Capital Parks-Central CLI Hierarchy Description Farragut Square is a component landscape of National Mall & Memorial Parks (formerly National Capital Parks-Central), and part of the L’Enfant Plan for the City of Washington. The landscape consists of all of Reservation 12. Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 5 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations This graphic depicts, in alphabetical order, the twenty-four L'Enfant Plan parks and street corridors administered by National Capital Parks - Central. (CLP digital photofile "Farragut Square/add Nov. 2004/revised hierarchy") Cultural Landscapes Inventory Page 6 of 68 Farragut Square National Mall & Memorial Parks - L'Enfant Plan Reservations Concurrence Status Inventory Status: Complete Completion Status Explanatory Narrative: The Level II Cultural Landscape Inventory for Farragut Square was written by Yiqing Yan, intern with