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Faces of Poverty: Studying the Overlap Between Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty in Ethiopia

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Faces of Poverty: Studying the Overlap Between Monetary and Multidimensional Child Poverty in Ethiopia FACES OF POVERTY: STUDYING THE OVERLAP BETWEEN MONETARY AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHILD POVERTY IN ETHIOPIA July 2020 UNICEF Ethiopia Anaïs Dangeot, Erëblina Elezaj, Julia Karpati, Chris de Neubourg Social Policy Research Institute (SPRI Global) © UNICEF Ethiopia and Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia All rights reserved. Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged. This publication is available on the following websites: www.unicef.org/Ethiopia and http://www.csa.gov.et Faces of poverty: Studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in Ethiopia is based on Household Income, Consumption and Expenditure Survey and Welfare Monitoring Survey datasets from 2011 and 2016. For further information on this report please contact: Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, P.O. Box 1143, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; E-mail: [email protected] UNICEF Ethiopia, P.O. Box 1169, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Email: [email protected] Economic Policy Research Institute and the Social Policy Research Institute, Email: [email protected] Recommended citation: CSA and UNICEF Ethiopia (2020), Faces of poverty: Studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in Ethiopia. Design, layout and editing: Prime Production Ltd Faces of poverty: studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in ethiopia i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was implemented in partnership with the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI) and the Social Policy Research Institute (SPRI). We would like to thank all the participants from CSA and UNICEF who were very helpful in providing input for the analysis in terms of reviewing the report and in attending the technical workshops. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to Mr. Biratu Yigezu, Director General of CSA and Mr. Asalfew Abera, Deputy Director of CSA for their leadership and unending support for the successful implementation of the research project. Our sincere gratitude to the Technical Working Group members: Mengistu Abebe (CSA), Yejimmawork Ayalew (UNICEF), Mengistu Belay (CSA), Dawit Berhanu (CSA), Damtew Berhanu (CSA), Sisay Endale (CSA), Kassu Gebeyehu (CSA), Dr. Karin Hessler (UNICEF), Seid Jemal (CSA), Martha Kibur (UNICEF), Lang Ma (UNICEF), Afomia Merawi (CSA), Esayas Muleta (CSA), Dr. Ana Gabriela Guerrero Serdan (UNICEF), Asnakech Tamene (CSA), Dr. Vincenzo Vinci (UNICEF) and Salah Yusuf (CSA) for contributing to the analysis. Special gratitude to Salah Yusuf for providing all the help required for an in-depth understanding of the data sets from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey and the Welfare Monitoring Survey. We are thankful to the team of EPRI and SPRI, Prof. Chris De Neubourg, Ms. Erëblina Elezaj, Ms. Anaïs Dangeot and Ms. Julia Karpati for their unremitting technical support throughout the implementation of the project during consultations, analyses and report writing. Sincere thanks to Ms. Adele Khodr, Representative, and Mr. Michele Servadei, Deputy Representative, UNICEF Ethiopia, for their overall support throughout the finalization of the report. The overall technical and administrative work was managed by the Social Policy and Evidence for Social Inclusion (SPESI) team of UNICEF Ethiopia, namely Dr. Ana Gabriela Guerrero Serdan (Chief of Social Policy), Dr. Vincenzo Vinci (Social Policy Specialist) and Ms. Martha Kibur (Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist). We also acknowledge the continuous support from UNICEF ESARO for providing useful inputs in finalizing the report, particularly Mr. Matthew Cummins (Social Policy Regional Advisor). Social Policy and Evidence for Social Inclusion Team (SPESI), Ethiopia ii Faces of poverty: studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in ethiopia ACRONYMS ANC antenatal care BMI body mass index CSA Central Statistical Agency EDHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey FGC female genital cutting FGD focus group discussion FGM female genital mutilation FGT Foster-Greer-Thorbecke HEW Health Extension Worker HH household HICE Household Income Consumption and Expenditure survey HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome IYCF infant and young child feeding practices MDD minimum dietary diversity MMF minimum meal frequency MODA Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis MoF Ministry of Finance and Economic Development OPHI Oxford Policy and Human Development Initiative OPM Oxford Policy Management ORS oral rehydration salt/solution PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine RVV rotavirus vaccine SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region SPRI Social Policy Research Institute TBA traditional birth attendant UN United Nations UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USD United States dollars WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene WMS Welfare Monitoring Survey Faces of poverty: studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in ethiopia iii CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................... iii Executive summary .......................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 2 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Data ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Research component 1: Measurement of monetary and multidimensional poverty for children .............................................................................................. 4 2.2.1 Multidimensional deprivation measurement ......................................... 4 2.2.2 Monetary poverty measurement ............................................................. 6 2.3 Research component 2: Measurement of overlap between monetarily and multidimensionally poor children ............................................................... 7 2.4 Research component 3: Relationship between monetary poverty and single and multidimensional deprivation .......................................................... 8 3 Results: Multidimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis ................................10 3.1 Children aged 0-17 years ....................................................................................11 3.2 Children aged 0-4 years ......................................................................................14 3.2.1 Single Deprivation Analysis ...................................................................14 3.2.2 Multidimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis.......................... 16 3.3 Children aged 5-14 years ................................................................................... 17 3.3.1 Single Deprivation Analysis .................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Multidimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis...........................19 3.4 Children aged 15-17 years ................................................................................. 21 3.4.1 Single Deprivation Analysis .................................................................. 21 3.4.2 Multidimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis.......................... 23 4 Comparing incidence and intensity of monetary and multidimensional child poverty for all children in Ethiopia ............................................................................ 25 4.1 Monetary child poverty analysis ....................................................................... 25 4.1.1 Where do monetarily poor children live? ............................................. 27 4.2 Multidimensional child poverty analysis .......................................................... 29 4.2.1 Where do multidimensionally poor children live?............................... 30 5 Identifying poor children in Ethiopia: Adopting an overlapping poverty approach ..................................................................................................................... 32 5.1 Overlapping monetary and multidimensional child poverty Analysis .......... 32 5.1.1 Does the area of residence affect the degree of overlap in the observed poverty levels? ....................................................................... 34 5.1.2 What other characteristics of children and their households affect poverty overlaps? ................................................................................... 37 5.2 Overlaps for different definitions of child poverty........................................... 40 iv Faces of poverty: studying the overlap between monetary and multidimensional child poverty in ethiopia 5.2.1 Base scenario: National poverty lines................................................... 41 5.2.2 Scenario 1: Increasing the multidimensional poverty threshold to k = 4 ..................................................................................................... 41 5.2.3 Scenario 2: Increasing the monetary poverty threshold to Birr 9,579 per adult equivalent per year ................................................................ 42 5.2.4 Scenario 3: Increasing
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