A Study on Enhanced Educational Platform with Adaptive Sensing Devices Using Iot Features

Proceedings of APSIPA Annual Summit and Conference 2017 12 - 15 December 2017, Malaysia A Study on Enhanced Educational Platform with Adaptive Sensing Devices using IoT Features

Yiqi Tew∗, Tiong Yew Tang∗ and Yoon Ket Lee∗ ∗ Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. E-mail: {yiqi, tangty, leeyk}@acd.tarc.edu.my

Abstract—There are plenty of digital education tools to provide status within a few months. Communication between items additional assistance for conducting lecture class in university. shall be normalized and standardized for ensuring accurate For instance, online video source (e.g., YouTube) provides prac- data streaming and interaction with all device under a secured tical coding exercise for web application development, interactive communication channel (e.g., Google Hangout) provides platform protocol, e.g., authentication requirement for each item, either for distance learning. However, these tools are rarely to be sending or retrieving data. connected with a real-life environmental conditions. An advanced In this paper, we cover literature study on virtual classroom education system shall consider students attendance, activities and IoT implemented classroom in Section II. We propose a and intention to pay attention as a part of assessment and IoT framework in a classroom, as mentioned in Section III. provide appropriate education tools to improve the education quality. Therefore, there is an urge to adopt recent Internet of Then, an analysis study on several IoT prototype devices is Technology (IoT) to detect and sense the environmental condition discussed in Section IV. Lastly, future extension of our work (e.g., room temperature, student activities) and produce necessary and conclusion of this paper are described in Section V. reaction (e.g, air condition control, awake overslept students). In this paper, we propose an integrated platform by utilizing the II.LITERATURE REVIEW advanced IoT devices to improve the quality of education. Several IoT controller boards capabilities and features are described and Back to 1950’s, numbers of academician (e.g., Harvey compared for realizing the IoT solution in educational platform. White [2], Gordon Pask [3] produced educational lessons for distribution towards thousand of public school classrooms. Then, many Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) sys- I.INTRODUCTION tems (e.g., PLATO [4], Auto Tutor [5]) were developed in Nowadays, there are plenty of digital educational tools to 1960’s to deliver managed lessons content over the Internet. provide additional assistance for lecturing students. Digital This CAI based system was further developed in 1970’s, facilities offer conveniences and effectiveness in creating an where computer-based tutorial, seminars and conferencing environment dedicated to boost educational courses for schol- were started in BASIC programming language lessons [6]. ars, by turning a physical reality to a virtual reality ambience In late 1980’s, the invention of personal computer leaded to using combination of hardware and software apparatus. Nu- the creation of tele-courses [7] across a network to various merous virtual learning environment (e.g., Google Classroom, colleges with interaction using email. Microsoft launched Blackboard Learn) provide a learning system for managing Online Institute [8] to proof the concept of online based educational courses for institutions; create a virtual community learning in 1996 and made available for most of the learning using portal system; and archive scholar assessment output institution to conduct their own online learning platform. with analysis features. In 2001, CourseWork by Stanford University’s Academy Internet of Things (IoT) tends to make all physical items Computing [9] developed a full-featured lesson management to be connectable. It involves intelligent and self configuring system, followed by Microsoft Class Server in 2005 [10], nodes (things) interconnected in a dynamic network infras- Blackboard in 2006 [11], ProProfs in 2012 [12] and so worth tructure [1]. Generally, IoT is characterized by physical world for facilitating education towards the future of technology small things, widely distributed with limited storage and pro- based learning. cessing capability and involving reliability, performance, se- In recent years, ubiquitous internet connectivity with low- curity and privacy concerns. Therefore, three major elements: cost, high-speed and pervasive network capability makes al- identity, intelligence and communication are highlighted in most everything connectable. Industry development and man- any IoT solution to facilitates item management, functionality ufacturing drives the miniaturized devices and computing of application and data flow, respectively. Identity of each economics to deliver greater computational competence and connected item shall be unique to ensure the Accessibility tiny size of processing module at lower cost in price and power from one side to the other side when huge amount of items consumption. These two admittances lead to the advancement are interconnected. Connected items provide data exchange of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which enable the collection and these data shall be intelligently processed for certain of real world data in a classroom to virtually understand the application, e.g., accident predictive and preventive action by actual situation of learning environment using internet facility. a smart algorithm based on collected data from vehicle engine Chang proposed an efficient mechanism system using IoT

978-1-5386-1542-3@2017 APSIPA APSIPA ASC 2017 Proceedings of APSIPA Annual Summit and Conference 2017 12 - 15 December 2017, Malaysia infrastructure to collect student actual attendance in a smart classroom [13]. He utilized Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) cards, placed on a row of RFID card slots to enable a roll caller feature. Later, Gligoric et al. introduced a real-time feedback IoT concept framework by utilizing node sensors (i.e., infrared sensors, sound sensors and camera module) in the classroom [14]. Collected information from sensors were analyzed based on correlation of sound level, movement existence and camera view intensity to identify students’ Fig. 1. Conventional classroom with multimedia facilities. response to a lecture and improve lecture quality. Gupta et al. utilized Intel’s Galileo board [15] to control classroom’s ambience by monitoring lights status of the classroom [16]. An energy efficient power management system is introduced based on the lighting status controls by Galileo board and relay switches. However, supports for Galileo board was suspended since October 2015 and Microsoft’s based IoT project had moved to Raspberry Pi development [17]. Merino et al. introduced an IoT educational platform (i.e., in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) context) by utilizing wireless robotic modules [18]. Several Arduino- based [19] robots are described, e.g., DFRobot [20], Make- Fig. 2. Proposed classroom with IoT blended multimedia facilities. block [21], Ni myRio [22] and LegoMindstorm [23] to pro- conducts lessons by using presentation slides and shares teach- mote the innovation and motivation of the student during the ing materials with students through classroom’s equipments. STEM context learning process. Zhu realized the IoT concept Meanwhile, the interactiveness among student and lecturer can in future classroom by implementing Big Data and Cloud pro- be improved by monitoring students’ performance and the cessing feature on collected information from classroom sen- classroom interior environment. Here, the classroom condition sors [24]. Data mining, electroencephalogram and user inter- can be monitored based on digitized data, using sensors to face technology with transparent medium had been introduced detect and transit data to a center unit for further processing. as core challenges for realizing an advanced virtual classroom These sensors are located at proper designed positions within a in the near future. Another IoT related research was mentioned specific classroom layout. Therefore, we propose a new design by Bagheri et al. to provide energy management and eco- of classroom, facilitated with existing multimedia devices and system monitoring, as a part of IoT potential influences on additional sensors in every corner of the classroom, as shown the educational business model [25]. Value propositions for in Fig. 2. Take note that each personal computer is replaced by IoT implementation in education field were analyzed in terms a small single-board computer (e.g., Raspberry Pi v3 B+ [27]) of time and cost reduction, safety enhancement, personalized and a touchscreen display. This facility allows several general learning, collaboration and engagement. Garrigos et al. shared purpose input and output connections on every student’s desk. experiences in designing IoT solution using Arduino board At the same time, these connections facilitate IoT features for for enhancing educational quality in Secondary and University collecting data from student desks and monitoring status of studies [26]. An advanced low-cost multimeter and digital students in the classroom. temperature monitor based on sensors and Arduino board were developed to promote the students’ creativity and STEM A. Sensing, Actuating and Indicating Devices education. In a common IoT design architecture, sensors, actuators Recently, due to the development of ubiquitous computing, and indicators are three essential modules to enable input a number of low cost and low power consumption controlling and output processes on any connected object. Physical in- devices (e.g., Raspberry Pi [27], Arduino [19]) are available formation (e.g., room temperature) is collected from sensors, in the market. These devices used to control appropriate processed (e.g., check if temperature is within a normal range) sensing, actuating and indicating modules to receive data and and turned into indication (e.g., turn on red LED lights for performing action. In this work, we focus on implementing high temperature). Instead of indication, turn on an actuator these IoT controlling devices on educational platform based (e.g., run a step servo motor) can be defined as an action for on a proposed framework in a classroom. controlling a physical moving structure (e.g., door). Here, we propose to install a few sets of Raspberry Pi III.PROPOSE FRAMEWORK controller boards with sensors, actuators and indicators, as Most of the teaching environments, i.e., computer laboratory shown in Fig. 3. Six Raspberry Pis are installed at center classroom (hereafter referred as classroom) are facilitated of front, back ceiling and four ceiling corners with camera with multimedia equipments, e.g., personal computers and devices, ultrasonic sensors, digital humidity and temperature projector screen, as shown in Fig. 1. Lecturer (or instructor) (DHT) sensor and light sensor. Camera devices are utilized

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a movement (e.g., projector screen to roll up and down). The local area network is accessible from cloud service to provide remote monitoring on connected electrical appliances. In additional, a high performance computer is connected to the same area network to retrieve, process and analyze sensors data. By analyzing sensors data, an artificial intelligent process can be utilized to decide further action (e.g., turn on emergency indicator lights when temperature reading values are above 40 Celsius) to be taken in the proposed IoT framework. B. Software Features Single-board computers (i.e., Raspberry Pi) on every student’s desk are installed with the recent operating system (e.g., Debian v7, Windows 10 IoT Core). By using the existing internet browsing capabilities in installed Operating System (OS), users are allowed to access the online learning management system, e.g., Blackboard, Moodle, Edmodo [28] Fig. 3. Proposed framework for device connection in a classroom and maintain the usability on existing facility and learning to capture classroom scene for several artificial intelligent system provided by the university. Besides utilizing online applications, e.g., student attendance based on face recogni- resource, we can utilize Software Development Kits (SDK) in tion. Ultrasonic sensors detects a specific area to identify the the OS to enable program code development for data reading empty space in front of classes, entrance and lecture seat for and sending from sensors through GPIO connection. In our covering undetectable area by camera view. DHT sensor is proposed framework, Python 3.0 is utilized to capture sensor utilized for capturing classroom environmental status (i.e., in- data, process and transmit to the online server through cloud door humidity and temperature) and sending data to the cloud service for further action. for monitoring the status of classroom air-ventilation system Several cloud services (e.g., Amazon Web Service [33], (e.g., air-conditional, ceiling fan). Light sensor captures the Microsoft Azure [34]) provide numerous IoT services that light intensity in the classroom and sends the captured value allow sensors data to be sent into databases for remote mon- to the cloud for further action, e.g., turn off the light when no itoring, analyzing and processing through available internet one is in the classroom. connection. These services require users’ identification and Personal computer on each of the student desk is replaced authorization for accessing the console panel and provide by a Raspberry Pi with camera device, push buttons, rotary free service with limited time and bandwidth access to one angle sensor, ultrasonic sensor, touch screen Liquid Crystal user account. Therefore, in our proposed framework, each Display (LCD) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED) indication. Raspberry Pi devices is registered into the cloud service to Similar to the Raspberry Pi at the ceiling, camera device can establish a near real-time connection for uploading sensors’ be utilized for face to face communication with anyone else data to the cloud storage. Furthermore, Raspberry Pi devices connected to the cloud. At the same time, it used for detecting can retrieve the cloud data (sensors data provided by other the existence of student, working with the capturing value Raspberry Pi) for processing and performing indication via from ultrasonic sensor. Push buttons and rotary angle sensor GPIO connection. For instance, light sensors detect low inten- able to enhance the interaction between students and lecturer, sity environment and transmit the classroom intensity values to obtain immediate response from students when a request to the cloud storage. With a minimum delay of time (e.g., is made by lecturer. For instance, lecturer able to obtain the 5 seconds), a Raspberry Pi connected to the power switches majority students agreement on assignment submission due retrieves light intensity value from the cloud storage and date by implementing a polling system using push button. triggers the relay switch to turn on a ceiling fan. Touch screen LCD allows student to use any software appli- IV. ANALYSIS STUDY cation running under linux platform, which will be described in Section III-B. LED indicates status of Raspberry Pi based A. IoT Prototype Devices on requested action, e.g., red LED is turn on when system To facilitate the IoT framework, we study on several IoT requires a user to push a button, green LED is turn on when devices and controller boards, particularly on their function- a button is pressed. alities and limitations. The features and usability of common Each of the electrical appliances, e.g., lights and ceiling controller board by six manufacturers (i.e., Raspberry Pi [27], fan, is connected to the local area network for controlling Arduino [19], Asus [29], BeagleBoard [30], Huawei [32] and and monitoring purpose. Electrical source of these electrical Odroid [31]) is studied to enable IoT framework in a class- appliances are controlled by using Raspberry Pi General room. Figure 4 shows the overlook of six controller boards, Purpose Input/Output (GPIO) connection through a switch i.e., Raspberry Pi v3 B+, Arduino UNO R3, Asus Tinker device (i.e., relay), or actuator (i.e., servo motor) to create Board, BeagleBoard X15, Huawei HiKey960 and Odroid-C2.

978-1-5386-1542-3@2017 APSIPA APSIPA ASC 2017 Proceedings of APSIPA Annual Summit and Conference 2017 12 - 15 December 2017, Malaysia

TABLE I COMPARISON AMONG IOT CONTROLLERBOARDS Features Keys Controller Retail Target Manufacturer Year Speciﬁcation Price Identity Intelligence Communication

2016 1.2GHz CPU, Ethernet using Support Debian, UART, SPI, I2C, Student Project / RaspberryPi $ 35* (v3 B+) 17 GPIOs predeﬁned IP address Python 3, Java WiFi, Bluetooth Prototype

2010 16MHz µC**, Self-deﬁned ID in Using Arduino SDK for Mass production / Arduino $ 10* UART, SPI, I2C (Uno R3) 14 GPIOs programming prog. coding & loading electronic design

2017 1.8GHz CPU, Ethernet using Support Debian, UART, SPI, I2C, Student Project / Asus $ 68* (Tinker) 28 GPIOs predeﬁned IP address Python 3, Java WiFi, Bluetooth Prototype

2016 1.5GHz CPU, Ethernet using Support Ubuntu with Complete BeagleBoard $ 239* UART, SPI, I2C (X15) 157 GPIOs predeﬁned IP address multi-OS booting Solution

2016 1.8GHz CPU, Ethernet using Support Ubuntu with UART, SPI, I2C, Complete Huawei $ 239* (HiKey960) 12 GPIOs predeﬁned IP address multi-OS booting WiFi, Bluetooth Solution

2016 1.5GHz CPU, Ethernet using Support Ubuntu and UART, SPI, I2C, Student Project / Odroid $ 46* (C2) 40 GPIOs predeﬁned IP address Android IR, OTG Prototype * Information is based on the retailed price on June 2017. ** µC: Microcontroller

ing their API, Python and Java programming languages. Lastly, Arduino series controller board with a lower processing capability only allows program to be written by another computer and loaded into itself using Arduino SDK through Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection. Based on the provided development platform (i.e., OS, API and SDK), users are allowed to develop a smart and intelligent program to process the input sensor data and send the output data (i.e., data for uploading or performing action) via GPIOs. Input and output data can be send / retrieve through several communication protocols, e.g., Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) bus, Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus, Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus, InfraRed communication, USB On-The-Go (OTG), Fig. 4. Raspberry Pi, Arduino, Asus, Beagleboard, Huawei and Odroid WiFi and Bluetooth. Noted that Arduino, Beagleboard and controller boards Odroid requires additional WiFi adapter device for connecting to the area network wirelessly. These communications provide In our proposed framework, we utilized Raspberry Pi v3 B+ normalization and standardization in data exchange between as a benchmark to facilitate our IoT solution in a classroom. the sensors, actuator, indicator, computing machines and cloud As mentioned in Section I, identity, intelligence and com- services under various communication model. munication are three essential components in IoT infrastruc- Raspberry Pi, Asus and Odroid controller board are suitable ture. Based on these components, five controller boards are for developing a prototype or student project due to the compared as shown in Table I to establish our proposed IoT medium range of cost. If a successful prototype extends framework in a classroom. Raspberry Pi, Asus, Beagleboard, for commercialization purpose, Arduino controller board with Huawei and Odroid controller boards provide ethernet port lower cost and basic IoT features will be a right choose for connection to an area network (e.g., LAN or WAN) via RJ45 mass IoT device production. For IoT solution involves higher cable. This allows each controller board is identified by using computational program and exhaustive input / output devices, specific Internet Protocol (IP) address, based on predefined IP Huawei HiKey960 with higher processing power (i.e., 1.8GHz address range by a router. Arduino controller board is designed CPU) and BeagleBoard X15 with 157 GPIOs are suitable for to be a standalone devices while it provides flexibility in user- facilitates the solution requirements with the expense of higher defined programming code to write its own unique ID when device cost. connected with a wide range of devices. In terms of intelligence, Beagleboard and Huawei controller V. FUTURE EXTENSIONAND CONCLUSION board support Ubuntu as a OS base with multi-OS booting. Odroid-C2 has similar OS features, particularly supports mo- In our extension work, we will design several algorithms for bile OS (i.e., Android). Asus and Raspberry Pi controller determining student performance by utilizing the proposed IoT boards have similar approach to provide their own modified framework in a classroom. Our high performance computer Debian OS as a OS base for users to development program us- (as shown in Fig. 3) will be utilized for machine learning

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