DOCSLIB.ORG

Powerpoint Template

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Powerpoint Template Colegiul Național ”Ecaterina Teodoroiu” ”1940 Earthquake ” 1 TEAM: “Tarotmagikxoxo” 1. Contents Page 3: Earthquakes in Romania…………… Page 4: 1940 Earthquake(introduction) Page 5: Effects…………………………………………. Page 6: Our opinions…………………..…………….. Page 7: BeSafe!/ Bibliography..…………...…. 2. 2 \ (What is an earthquake? About earthquakes) An earthquake is a fast and violent shaking in the tectonic plates of the Earth, often caused by volcanic activity because of changes or movements of the crust of the Earth. Sudden motion in the crust of the earth leads to huge amounts of energy being released into fractures or defects that cause the Earth to shake. Volcanic-generated earthquakes are considered a form of endogenous processes. Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon, like rain or snow. It affects every part of the Earth and, depending on the effects that they produce, they may be small and unimportant, or they may be catastrophic. The research involved in the study of seismic conditions is called seismology. “Seismo” means shaking in greek. Earthquakes are investigated by scientists named seismologists. Earthquake research reveals that the Earth is not static. The earth's cover is divided into big sections (tectonic plates). These plates are continuously moving, but sluggish. As a consequence, the interaction between them induces a buildup of voltage. This stress is abruptly released, leading to earthquakes from time to time. After the earthquake, released energy is transmitted by seismic waves across the Earth. The first consistent theories of earthquakes were recently formulated. Romania has great seismic potential, an aspect stressed by seismic risk studies and the P100-1 seismic design code provisions. In the seismic zone of Vrancea, Romania at 60-180 km deep, essentially whenever an earthquake with a magnitude greater than 7 can occur. 3 3. 1940 Vrancea Earthquake This is the biggest earthquake in the Vrancea region since 1802. Moment of magnitude (Mw): 7.7 Depth: 150 km Earthquake: Vrancea Present time: 03:39 As can be shown in the figure below, the earthquake was followed by other smaller earthquakes in 1940. The first one with Mw 6.5 on 22 October 1940 resulted in cracked walls and smashed windows. Numerous remarks were applied to the key shock. As can be observed, a slightly different seismic activity followed the earthquake on 4 March 1977. It had devastating effects in the south and center of Moldova but in Muntenia as well. It was felt in Russia, Greece, Turkey and even France. A high seismic activity in Vrancea characterized 1940. Earthquakes of magnitude 4.5–5 occurred at depths of 130–160 km during the first months of 1940. The earthquake in Wallachia and Moldova was of magnitude 5.5 on 24 June at a depth of 115 km. The earthquake was 4.7 – 5.0 in size, at a depth of 150 km, which until the 3rd of October was relatively calm. There were a number of earthquakes at night on 21 October, the most important of them being at a 100 km deep depth (Mw=4.5) around midnight. In Vrancea, on a magnitude of 6.5 and maximum of 7 intensity, at 08:37, on the morning of 22 October, a stronger terrible earthquake occurred at an intensity scale of 122-125 km, particularly in Wallachia and Moldova. This quake was very strong. There have been only some minor damages, such as wall cracks and broken windows, but no casualties. There were no immediate aftershocks to this earthquake. However, several 4.0 earthquakes at about 140–150 kilometers deep were observed in early November. Another earthquake at a depth of 145 km was perceived in Bucharest on 8 November, less than two days before the catastrophic earthquake. One day later on the evening of 9 November several local weak earthquakes were taking place around the town of Panciu. 4 4. 1940 Vrancea Earthquake Effects In particular, in the Subcarpathian regions of Muntenia and Moldova this earthquake also caused significant morphological effects on the earth's crust. These effects manifested landslides, cracks and submergements, creating cracks on the bark surface layers and water rushing from cracks which developed parallel to river banks. There is a lack of clarity in the overall number of casualties (with information censorship in the war, which leads to this), but it was estimated about 4,000 were injured or died. The Romanian Vice-memoirs President's of the time published in 1982 state the number of 593 people killed and 1271 injured in Bucharest, 140 of whom were dead and 300 injured in the region. The following map shows how victims are spread throughout the territory. Panciu was 90-95% devastated after the earthquake (of 371 walled buildings, only 5 remained, along with 57 outlying bars or spinning houses) and towns such as Focsani, Marasesti, Tecuci and Galati have been badly damaged. In Bucharest, 140 people were killed and many buildings collapsed. 78 people died in Chisinau and 2795 buildings were affected by the earthquake (172 destroyed). 5 5. Our opinions We believe that, according to the number of victims and the traces it left, the earthquake of 1940 was a devastating one that destroyed lives and left its mark on the souls of many people. The intensity it had demolished a lot of buildings, built with a lot of work by innocent people. We have not felt an earthquake so far, but depending on the intenisty, we can imagine the power it can have. The great-grandmother of one of us told her about the experience she had at that terrifying moment. ”People were screaming in fear, hurt, or panicked because they couldn’t figure out how to evacuate the buildings as quickly as possible. The frightened children held their parents arms and wanted everything to end well with them.” The emotion in great-grandmother’s eyes could be seen as if she could relive the moment of the earthquake. 6 6. SITES: https://www.chegg.com/learn/physics/introduction-to-physics/earthquake- waves?fbclid=IwAR3fkgkTM4A-8Vfy6ne9mkF63o1uoJw7z5xslA03UJ7TscHLuvJFxaLjh9Y http://www.roeduseis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Despre_cutremur- primar.pdf?fbclid=IwAR15XPwzDv53c9jJQZdtInrl2MfTULE-Ou2ahjmsuKt8j1812noZdi5hXvw https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=b49bc333fd1b4755ae887f00db578137&f bclid=IwAR3DAfEpAui7R4Wrl8b7GKHC1OkUX6PYKS6bCNBHhn5iOuhPKAaJ3C7U7DU https://www.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2015/11/10/documentar-75-de-ani-de-la-cutremurul- din-1940-08-07-39?fbclid=IwAR1hqL_S6C-gqwb2MzwSRnjAS6oK_XAdsRpmpmfr- fPdy3ChWVKNS_lioLU https://www.dkiservices.com/blog/2019/10/29/the-fundamentals-of-earthquake-safety/ https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/ 7 7. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Integrated Transnational Macroseismic Data Set for the Strongest Earthquakes of Vrancea (Romania)
    Tectonophysics 590 (2013) 1–23 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto Review Article Integrated transnational macroseismic data set for the strongest earthquakes of Vrancea (Romania) Tatiana Kronrod a,⁎, Mircea Radulian b,1, Giuliano Panza c,d, Mihaela Popa b,2, Ivanka Paskaleva e,2, Slavica Radovanovich f,2, Katalin Gribovszki g,2, Ilie Sandu h,2, Lazo Pekevski i,2 a International Institute of Earthquake Prediction Theory and Mathematical Geophysics (IIEPT RAS), Profsoyuznaya str. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia b National Institute for Earth Physics, 12 Calugareni str., Magurele, 76900 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania c Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Università di Trieste, Via Weiss 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy d The Abdus Salam International Centre for theoretical Physics, strada Costeria, 11, 34014 Trieste, Italy e Central Laboratory for Seismic Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering, (CLSMEE, BAS), “Acad.G.Bonchev” str., Block 3, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria f Seismological Survey of Serbia, Tasmajdan park bb p.fah 16, 11216 Belgrade, Serbia g Geodetic and Geophysical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Csatkai u. 6-8, Sopron H-9400, Hungary h Institute of Geology and Seismology, Academy of Science of Moldova, str. Academiei, 3, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova i Seismological Observatory, P.O. Box 422, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia article info abstract Article history: A unique macroseismic data set for the strongest earthquakes occurring since 1940 in the Vrancea region Received 29 January 2012 is constructed by a thorough review of all available sources. Inconsistencies and errors in the reported data Received in revised form 22 January 2013 and in their use are also analysed.
    [Show full text]
  • Intensity Seismic Hazard Map of Romania by Probabilistic and (Neo)Deterministic Approaches, Linear and Nonlinear Analyses*
    Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 63, No. 1, P. 226–239, 2011 EARTH PHYSICS INTENSITY SEISMIC HAZARD MAP OF ROMANIA BY PROBABILISTIC AND (NEO)DETERMINISTIC APPROACHES, LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ANALYSES* GHEORGHE MĂRMUREANU, CARMEN ORTANZA CIOFLAN, ALEXANDRU MĂRMUREANU National Institute for Earth Physics P.O.Box MG-2, RO-077125 Bucharest-Magurele, Romania, E-mail:[email protected] Received September 27, 2010 Abstract. The last zonation seismic map has areas where seismic intensities are under- evaluated (e.g. Dobrogea, Banat etc.), and other areas are over-evaluated. The fundamental unacceptable point of view is that this design code is in peak ground accelerations which generates a lot of drawbacks to civil structural designers and to insurance companies which are paying all damages and causalities in function of earthquake intensity. The mapping is carried out using probabilistic approach and a complex hybrid waveform modeling method which combines the modal summation technique with finite-difference one to describe the seismic waves propagation through an inelastic space from source to free field surface. The result is a new seismic map in intensities by using probabilistic and deterministic approaches, linear and nonlinear seismology and developing the concept of control earthquake to obtain the banana shape of the attenuations curves of the macroseismic intensity along the directions defined by azimuths. Key words: Seismic hazard, probabilistic analysis, (neo)deterministic approach, etalon earthquake, seismic intensity. 1. INTRODUCTION The strong seismic events originating from Vrancea area can generate the most destructive effects experienced in Romania, and may seriously affect high risk man-made structures such as nuclear power plants (Cernavoda, Kosloduj, etc.), chemical plants, large dams and pipelines located within a wide area from Central * Paper nr.581 presented at 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology, Ohrid, August 30–September 3, 2010, Macedonia.
    [Show full text]
  • New Approach on Seismic Hazard Isoseismal Map for Romania
    Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 60, No. 4, P. 1123–1135, 2008 EARTH PHYSICS NEW APPROACH ON SEISMIC HAZARD ISOSEISMAL MAP FOR ROMANIA GHEORGHE MARMUREANU, CARMEN ORTANZA CIOFLAN, ALEXANDRU MARMUREANU National Institute for Earth Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania www.infp.ro; e-mail: [email protected] (Received September 4, 2008) Abstract. The seismicity of Romania comes from the energy that is released by crustal earthquakes, which have a depth not more than 40 km, and by the intermediate earthquakes coming from Vrancea region (unique case in Europe) with a depth between 60 and 200 km. The authors developed the concept of “control earthquake”and equations to obtain the banana shape of the attenuations curves of the macroseimic intensity I (along the directions defined by azimuth Az), in the case of an Vrancea earthquake at a depth 80 < x < 160 km. There were used deterministic and probabilistic approaches, linear and nonlinear ones. The final map is in MMI intensity (isoseismal map) for maximum possible Vrancea earthquake with Richter magnitude, MGR = 7.5. This will avoid any drawbacks to civil structural designers and to insurance companies which are paying all damages and life loses in function of earthquake intensity. Key words: seismic events, isoseimal map, control earthquake, intermediate earthquakes. 1. INTRODUCTION The seismicity of Romania comes from the energy that is released by crustal earthquakes, which have a depth not more than 40 km, and by the intermediate earthquakes coming from Vrancea region (unique case in Europe) with a depth between 60 and 200 km. The crustal earthquakes are clusterd in several epicenter areas: Vrancea, Făgăraú Mountains and Câmpulung, Oradea, Criúana and Maramureú, South and North Dobrogea; to this list we must mention the local earthquake areas like: Jibou, Târnave in Transilvania, North and Western Oltenia, North Moldavia, Romanian Plain, Bârlad depression, intramoesic fault.
    [Show full text]
  • Emil Sever Georgescu
    CONFERENCE VENUE Technical University of Civil Engineering, Bucharest, Romania, 14-17 June, 2017 New Archival Evidence on the 1977 Vrancea, Romania Earthquake and its Impact on Disaster Management and Seismic Risk Emil-Sever Georgescu, PhD, Scientific Director, Senior Researcher, National Institute for Research and Development - URBAN-INCERC, Bucharest, Romania Karin Steinbrueck , PhD, Independent Scholar, Evanston IL, USA, Antonios Pomonis, The World Bank, Disaster Management Specialist, 1. Introduction 1. The March 4, 1977 Vrancea earthquake impact was known gradually from Romanian Communist Party (RCP) and Romanian Government communiqués, as well as from local mass-media, along the first month. Soon after March 4, teams of foreign specialists and press reporters arrived in Romania. • The local and international engineering community was well informed about its consequences and lessons learnt: - In Reports of ICCPDC-INCERC, ICB/TUCEB, IPB, IPCT, IP Carpati, Counties IPJ, and CFPS; - in mass-media and books in Romanian such as Buhoiu, 1977, - in international reports and papers as Fattal et al. , 1977, Jones, 1977, 1986, Berg et al. , 1980 and the World Bank, 1978, 1983; JICA, 1977, etc. 1 • Appreciation of prompt countermeasures, quick restoration of critical facilities and infrastructure, good behavior of the majority of structures designed according to the 1963 and 1970 seismic codes, all were emphasized. • There was a political context around the earthquake impact. The engineering community knew only a small part of the whole picture. • In 1979, Radio Free Europe broadcast how since July 4th, 1977 the regime imposed local repairs instead of overall strengthening of damaged buildings (Eng. Gh. Ursu’s letters). • Most recently the contemporary historical remembrance of post-disaster issues continues, through a recent history doctoral dissertation (Steinbrueck, 2017).
    [Show full text]
  • Education Scolaire
    Strasbourg, 17/10/2014 AP/CAT (2014) 10 Bil. ACCORD EUROPEEN ET MEDITERRANEEN EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEEN SUR LES RISQUES MAJEURS MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT (EUR-OPA) (EUR-OPA) RESEAU DES CENTRES EURO-MEDITERRANEENS SPECIALISES DE L'ACCORD EUR-OPA RISQUES MAJEURS ACTIVITES DEVELOPEES DANS LE CADRE DES PROGRAMMES COORDONNES POUR 2012-2013 NETWORK OF SPECIALISED EURO-MEDITERRANEAN CENTRES OF THE EUR-OPA MAJOR HAZARDS AGREEMENT ACTIVITIES DEVELOPED WITHIN THE COORDINATED PROGRAMMES FOR 2012-2013 www.coe.int/europarisks Table of Contents 1. USING INFORMATION TO SAVE LIVES AND HELP VICTIMS 3 1.A. ASSESSMENT OF EVENTS AND POPULATION ALERT 4 MULTI-SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR EWS OF LANDSLIDES AND MAN-MADE STRUCTURES 4 SURVIVING DISASTERS: A POCKET GUIDE FOR CITIZENS 30 1.B. NETWORKING BETWEEN GOVERNMENTS 35 PROPOSAL OF A REGIONAL AGREEMENT ON FIRE MANAGEMENT TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION 35 2. USING KNOWLEDGE TO REDUCE VULNERABILITY 40 2.A. KNOWLEDGE DIFFUSION 41 GUIDELINES FOR THE DEFENSE OF RURAL POPULATIONS, SETTLEMENTS AND OTHER ASSETS AGAINST WILDFIRES AND SMOKE POLLUTION 41 REAL-TIME TELEMETRIC MONITORING/EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS OF LARGE ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS WITH TIME SERIES LINEAR/NONLINEAR DYNAMICS PROCESSING TOOLBOX 46 2.B. RISK MAPPING AND VULNERABILITY 61 PAN-EUROPEAN AND NATION-WIDE LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ASSESSMENT 61 SEISMIC PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS 84 ASSESSMENT OF INTERVENTIONS IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS 89 UNDERSTANDING AND QUANTIFICATION OF NATURAL HAZARDS 95 RISK AND VULNERABILITY MAPS FOR SELECTED COASTLINES IN MALTA & TURKEY WITH REGARD TO TSUNAMIS & SLR 105 2.C. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENT ISSUES 109 COUPLING TERRESTRIAL AND MARINE DATASETS FOR COASTAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND RISK REDUCTION IN CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS 109 NEW GLOBAL CLIMATE CHALLENGES AS A RESULT OF INCREASED DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCTIC TERRITORY 128 2.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Physical Sciences Online ISSN 2559-1061 Volume 4, Number 1/2019 107
    Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Physical Sciences Online ISSN 2559-1061 Volume 4, Number 1/2019 107 EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS IN ROMANIA Mircea RADULIAN1, Raluca DINESCU2, Mihaela POPA3 Abstract. The paper brings together all existing data related to seismic monitoring in order to characterize the earthquake-prone areas in Romania. A review of previous works on this subject is also carried out. The impetuous development of the Romanian seismic network in the recent years as number and quality of instruments makes it possible today to identify with a high degree of confidence the geometrical configuration of seismicity patterns able to generate strong earthquakes. At the same time, we are now able to separate the tectonic active zones from those contaminated by human activity and to define with higher accuracy the earthquake-prone areas. By increasing the range of magnitude completeness and by assessing specific variations in time and space of seismicity, the paper brings a significant contribution to improve our ability to evaluate seismic hazard in Romania. Keywords: seismicity pattern, earthquake-prone area, earthquake catalogue, seismic hazard 1. Introduction Generally speaking, seismic activity can be regarded as being directly related to relatively well-defined areas of particular geometrical configuration (that we call earthquake-prone areas) or dispersed over undefined areas (that we call background seismicity). In specific cases, the earthquake-prone areas can be restrained to the projections of active faults on the Earth surface, if we have arguments to assume that these particular faults are only capable to successively generate significant earthquakes in a region.
    [Show full text]
  • Cutremurul Din 10
    MACROSEISMIC INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF SOME RECENT ROMANIAN EARTHQUAKES A. P. CONSTANTIN, R. PARTHENIU, I. A. MOLDOVAN 1 National Institute for Earth Physics, P.O. Box MG-2, Bucharest – Magurele, 077125, Romania E-mail: [email protected] Received August 24, 2015 Between years 2001 and 2004 a number of earthquakes with magnitudes which ranged from 3.9 to 5.0 occurred in the most seismically active areas of the Romanian territory. A macroseismic analysis of the effects produced on the Romanian territory has been conducted for these earthquakes, by using macroseismic questionnaires. Some of the observed intensities were significantly higher than those we could have expected after the earthquakes with such magnitudes. Effects have been evaluated from macroseismic observations giving maximum intensities estimated as VI–VII and VII in the MSK scale, respectively. Given the small to moderate size of earthquakes, many of the observed damages to buildings are due to their bad state, age, and poorly built without antiseismic protection, and hence particularly vulnerable. Key words: macroseismic questionnaires, earthquake effects, isoseismal map. 1. INTRODUCTION The macroseismic data are considerably used for the integration of the general viewing on the spatiotemporal evolution of the seismic intensity, for the purpose of hazard assessment in given areas or in special sites related to the national infrastructure. Nowadays, even if the seismological instrumental networks are very developed, the macroseismic maps with maximum intensities still remain an important tool for the anti-seismic design of constructions. Seismic events occurring within the Romanian territory are recorded and immediately localized by the personnel on duty of the National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP).
    [Show full text]
  • Geoscience-2020-Abstract-Book.Pdf
    GEOSCIENCE 2020 BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Editors: Florina CHITEA Dumitru IOANE Irina STANCIU București, 2020 FOREWORD GEOSCIENCE is a yearly symposium held in Bucharest, Romania and organized by the Romanian Society of Applied Geophysics (SGAR). Over the years, the symposium has continued to grow and expand its area of interest, tackling topics ranging from Earth Physics (Geodynamics, Seismology and Geomagnetism), Near Surface Geophysics, Geoscience for Energy, Geoscience for Cave and Karst Areas, Geology or Environmental Studies & Geohazards, to Geoscience For Society, Education And Environment. This year, the GEOSCIENCE International Symposium had to be held exclusively online, over the course of three days (20-22 November 2020). The event offered a wide range of topics and welcomed contributions in various research areas, with the clear intention of providing the geoscientific community and industry with the opportunity to share scientific knowledge and expertise, as well as to discuss the newest trends in the field of applied or theoretical geoscience. The Romanian Society of Applied Geophysics (SGAR) is proud to have hosted researchers, professors and engineers from the extended field of Earth Sciences. We would also like to acknowledge the strong international presence at this year’s edition of the event, with presenters from countries such as the U.S.A., Switzerland, Greece, France, Serbia, Russia, UK, Turkey, India or China joining the Romanian participants. GEOSCIENCE 2020 International Symposium was organized in collaboration with the National Institute for Research and Development for Earth Physics, the “Sabba Ştefănescu” Institute of Geodynamics of the Romanian Academy, as well as with the Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, University of Bucharest, Romania.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Engineering Studies on Historical Earthquakes in Romania
    13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August 1-6, 2004 Paper No. 2444 FORENSIC ENGINEERING STUDIES ON HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES IN ROMANIA Emil-Sever GEORGESCU1 SUMMARY The paper evaluates data on Romanian historical earthquakes, with consideration to the following aspects: - study of the shape and size of the actual “Vrancea epicentral area”, the territorial extent and damaging potential of strong intermediate earthquakes, for magnitudes around Richter 7 and intensities from VII to IX, using forensic engineering approaches for sites and situations where the historical damage contradicts zoning maps; - study of the actual “shielding effect” of the Carpathian Mountains in Transylvania and of the “seismic shadow” combined with remote amplifications in Moldavia, vs. actual intensities; - comparative study of damage patterns and associated intensities of greater historical motions in Romania, including the 1802 and 1838 earthquakes, the greatest in history. - forensic engineering study of the damage and collapse mechanism of Coltzea Tower, the tallest structure in Bucharest, during the 1802 earthquake; study of damage patterns of slender towers vs. rigid structures and their correlation with the spectral content of earthquakes in Bucharest. Results can be useful for better calibrations of new seismic zoning maps in Romania, to compensate the lack of instrumental data, since the newly introduced mean recurrence intervals of 100 and 475 years in earthquake design codes require additional data on long time periods, comparable with historical ones. A careful and interdisciplinary work for the conversion of historical data into intensities and/or PGA, EPA etc. is necessary. INTRODUCTION For a long period (in Romania it lasted until 1990) the engineers relied only on historians’, seismologists’ and geologists’ data as input data for zoning maps and seismic forces in their structural calculation.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquakes of 1940 and 1977
    Building Damage vs. Territorial Casualty Patterns during the Vrancea (Romania) Earthquakes of 1940 and 1977 E.-S. Georgescu The National Research and Development Institute URBAN-INCERC, and European Center for Buildings Rehabilitation, ECBR, Bucharest, Romania A. Pomonis Cambridge Architectural Research Ltd., Cambridge, United Kingdom SUMMARY th During the 20 century two large (M w ≥7.4) intermediate depth earthquakes occurred in 1940 and 1977 in the Vrancea region of Romania and caused heavy life and economic losses. The correlation of building damage, intensity and human casualties for each event is explored in this study. The intent is to present and correlate newly recovered and assembled data on building damage and associated casualties, attempting to explain the number and patterns, ratios and social impacts that were apparently so unusually or even randomly distributed in the territories affected. In 1940, damage was heavier near the epicentral area largely to masonry buildings. For the 1977 earthquake, unpublished data from government archives allowed us to derive the spatial distribution of damage and human casualties. Keywords: earthquake damage, human casualties, building collapse, Vrancea 1. INTRODUCTION Recent earthquake disasters in the World keep reminding us that progress in construction techniques, earthquake resistant design, planning and preparedness is the path to reduce losses and casualties, arising due to the effects of strong ground motion and induced hazards such as giant tsunami waves, extensive landslides, liquefaction and the risk of conflagration. In Romania, large magnitude (M w ≥7.2) intermediate depth earthquakes (h ≥60km) occurring in the Vrancea seismogenic source, are a tremendous threat. Such Vrancea earthquakes may affect simultaneously with intensities of VII to IX, circa 50% of the country’s territory, over 50% of its population, about 35% of the population, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliografia Cărţilor În Curs De Apariţie
    BIBLIOTECA NAŢIONALĂ A ROMÂNIEI CENTRUL NAŢIONAL CIP BIBLIOGRAFIA CĂRŢILOR ÎN CURS DE APARIŢIE CIP Anul XVIII, nr. 11 noiembrie 2015 Editura Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Bucureşti 2015 Redacţia: Biblioteca Naţională a României Centrul Naţional ISBN-ISSN-CIP Bd. Unirii nr. 22, sector 3 Bucureşti, cod poştal 030833 Tel.: 021/311.26.35 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.bibnat.ro ISSN = 2284 - 8401 ISSN-L = 1453 - 8008 Responsabil număr: Laura Mărgărit Notă: Descrierile CIP sunt realizate exclusiv pe baza informaţiilor furnizate de către editori. Centrul Naţional CIP nu-şi asumă responsabilitatea pentru modificările ulterioare redactării descrierilor CIP. © 2015 Toate drepturile sunt rezervate Editurii Bibliotecii Naţionale a României. Nicio parte din această lucrare nu poate fi reprodusă sub nicio formă, fără acordul prealabil, în scris, al redacţiei. CIP 3 CUPRINS 0 GENERALITĂŢI...............................................................................................7 004 Calculatoare. Prelucrarea datelor...............................................................8 008 Civilizaţie. Cultură...................................................................................16 01 Bibliografii. Cataloage...............................................................................19 02 Biblioteconomie. Biblioteci.......................................................................20 06 Organizaţii. Asociaţii. Congrese. Expoziţii ...............................................20 070 Ziaristică..................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]