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Neurocranium Van Cervalces Gallicus Uit De Noordzee

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Neurocranium Van Cervalces Gallicus Uit De Noordzee CRANIUM 26,1 - 2009 Een neurocranium van Cervalces gallicus uit de Noordzee Bjorn De Wilde Samenvatting schedel eland uit de Noordzee. Het stuk bevindt zich in de In 2007 werd een onvolledige van een opgevist Klaas Post De kenmerken ditneurocraniumleiden determinatieals C. De verzameling van (Urk). van tot een gallicus. komt met de basis het voorkomen de soort: geologische datering overeen verwachtingen op van van Vroeg-Pleistoceen. Summary skull The of the collection of In 2007 an incomplete moose was trawled from the North Sea. specimen makes part Klaas Post (Urk). The features of this neurocranium lead to an identification as C. gallicus. The geological dating based the of the Pleistocene. corresponds with the expectations on occurrence species: Early Inleiding Beschrijving vondst betreft dat In augustus 2007 werd door de Nederlandse De (fig. 1) een neurocranium kotter TH-43 een onvolledige schedel opgevist een recente breuk vertoont ter hoogte van de kleur in het deel van het Brits ContinentaalPlat dat in orbitalen. Het heeft een roestige bruine en fossilisatie. laatste af het vissersjargon bekend staat als de "Putten een hoge matevan Dit is te boven de Noord Hinder" (52°30'N-02°40'0), leiden van de hoge klank die het produceert hard wordt een aantal diepe geulen ten noorden van het wanneer er met een voorwerp op uitstekend lichtbaken de Noord Hinder. Het stuk kwam getikt. Het neurocranium is gecon- terecht in de collectie van Klaas Post (Urk, serveerd, met enkel kleine beschadigingen van collectienummer NO 4511), die mij er op attent recente oorsprong. De suturen zijn duidelijk zichtbaar. beide frontalen staat lateraal maakte en het ter beschikking stelde voor Op een studie. rozenstok met een natuurlijk breukvlak, Tabel 1: afmetingen van het Meting (in mm) NO 4511 M6101 neurocranium van C. gallicus uit de Noordzee en van East 10* 113,8 107 Runton. 11* 79,8 - Table 1: measurementsof the 12* 155,0 164 neurocranium of C. gallicus 13* 82,6 82 from the North Sea and from East Runton. grootste diameter rozenstok links 71,2 - kleinste diameter rozenstok links 56,7 - grootste diameter rozenstok rechts 69,6 - kleinste diameter rozenstok rechts 59,6 - - vanaf de onderrand Volgens Boeskorov (2005): 1010 achterhoofdshoogte vanaf de onderrand van het achterhoofdsgat; 11 - achterhoofdshoogte vanaf de bovenrandvan het - - breedte de achterhoofdsgat; 12 maximaleachterhoofdsbreedte; 13 breedte van de achterhoofdknobbels 41 Een neurocranium van Cervalces gallicus uit de Noordzee Fig. 1. Cervalces gallicus, neurocranium, “Putten boven de Noord Hinder”, Noordzee, collectie Klaas Post (Urk, NO 4511) a - bovenaanzicht b - onderaanzicht c - zijaanzicht, rechts d - zijaanzicht, links e - vooraanzicht f - achteraanzicht neurocranium,Cervalces gallicus, ”Noord Hinder Pits”, North Sea, collection Klaas Post (Urk, NO 4511) a - dorsal view b - basal view c - lateral view, right side d - lateral view, left side e - frontal view f - caudal view 42 CRANIUM 26,1 - 2009 kunnen worden. ander deter- ontstaan door het afwerpen van het gewei. Het aangewend Een ovale doorsnede. minatiecriterium heeft de nasalia. breukvlak heeft een betrekking op Bij Alces zijn de nasalia kort en maken ze geen Op de linkse frontale is een opvallend putje contact met de premaxilla, bij Cervalces zijn ze waarneembaar, dat niet tot de normale schedel- lang en raken ze wel aan de premaxilla. morfologie behoort. Wellicht is dit van trauma- Aangezien bij het hier beschreven schedelfrag- tische Prof. K. oorsprong (comm. Chiers). de nasalia is het ment en premaxilla ontbreken, Tabel 1 geeft enkele afmetingen van het stuk. evenmin mogelijk om dit kenmerk na te gaan. een verschil dat hier wel Er is evenwel nog aangewend kan worden, namelijk het veel smallere Alces. De bouw Determinatie en hogere occipitale bij van het occipitale is bij Cervalces gelijkaardig De laterale inplanting van het gewei is een aan die bij de andere hertengenera zoals typisch kenmerk van de subfamilie Alceini of bijvoorbeeld Cervus, Capreolus en Dama Elanden, binnen de familie Cervidae of Herten. (Azzaroli, 1994). Het Noordzeestuk vertoont het De fossiele Euraziatische elanden worden karakteristieke occipitale van Cervalces. De hoge allen onderhet gewoonlijk geklasseerd genus reeds ouderdom van het stuk werd ook aang- Cervalces, de recente eland Alces alces terwijl door de van mineralisatie, egeven hoge graad wordt beschouwd als enige vertegenwoordiger wat bij zoogdierresten van de Noordzeebodem van het Alces. Alces alces voor genus verschijnt een meestal wijst op Vroeg- tot Midden-Pleisto- het eerst in het Laat-Pleistoceen (Breda & cene datering. Laat-Pleistocene zoogdierresten Marchetti, 2005). zijn in regel veel minder gemineraliseerd (Mol et onderscheid tussen de Cervalces al, 1999). Het genera en basis de Alces is onder meer mogelijk op van De aanwezigheid van twee Cervalces soorten is stanglengte van het gewei, waarbij de stangen algemeen aanvaard in de literatuur: C. gallicus van laatstgenoemde veel korter zijn. Ook de en C. latifrons, respectievelijk begin- en eind- oriëntatie van het palmatievlak van het gewei is punt van de fylogenetische lijn. Andere auteurs verschillend. Alces wordt gekenmerkt door een aanvaarden een derde, intermediaire soort, C. horizontaal Cervalces door een palmatievlak, die slechts is carnutorum, gebaseerd op een verticaal palmatievlak. Bij het neurocraniumuit maxillafragment met M2 en M3 en een frag- de Noordzee de zijn geweien afgeworpen, ment van een frontale met basis van de rozen- zodatbovenstaande determinatiecriteria niet stok et al., wat doet (Guérin 2003), vragen rijzen Tabel2. Overzicht Cervalces Alces van de verschillen tussen resp. Cervalces lengtelengte stang lang kort Alces en Alces (boven),(boven), en gewei tussen C. oriëntatie palmatie vertikaal horizontaal gallicus en C. latifronslatifrons (onder) kort , lang nasalia Differences between nasalia veen contact geen pre-r contact premaxilla ° schedel r Cervalces and Alces maxilla (top), and between occipitale breed smal C. gallicus and C. latifrons (bottom) Cervalces gallicus Cervalces latifrons lichaamslichaamsgroottegrootte klein groot l.i gewei lengte stang zeer lang langng , rechthoekig rond ° occiput . bovenaan , , , , geen bovenaan tuberkeltuberkel . ° schedel , , , tuberkeltuberkel occipitale condylen smal breed 43 Een neurocranium van Cervalces gallictis uit de Noordzee Fig. 2: Cervalces gallicus, ho- lotype, Sénèze, Frankrijk (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1) Cervalces gallicus,holotype, Sénèze, France (University Claude Bernard Lyon 1) over zijn geldigheid. Morfologische verschillen vierkante vorm heeft en een tuberkel ontbreekt. in schedelbouw tussen de drie soorten zijn niet De achterhoofdsknobbels van het neurocranium eenduidig, omwille van de graduele evolutie. uit de Noordzee zijn relatief smal, het achter- Breda onder andere de is eerder rond het (2001) beschrijft meer hoofdsgat en vertoonteen, zij uitgesproken ontwikkeling van spieraanhech- afgebroken, tuberkel aan de bovenzijde, wat tingsvlakken en suturen bij C. latifrons, dus leidt tot een determinatie als C. gallicus. kenmerken die, zoals Breda zelf schrijft, ook Het enige kenmerk binnen de lijn C. gallicus -C. sterk afhankelijk zijn van het geslacht en de carnutorum- C. latifrons waarover momenteel leeftijd van het individu. De enige schedelken- consensus heerst, is de toename van de merken waarde waar nog enige aan gehecht lichaamsgrootte. Aangezien dit kenmerk uiter- wordt, betreffen de morfologie van de achter- aard ook is de het afhankelijk van leeftijd van hoofdsknobbels (occipitale condylen) en van het individu en onderhevig is aan sexueel dimor- achterhoofdsgat (occiput) (Breda & Marchetti, het fisme, is van belang om resten van 2005). In C. latifrons zijn de achterhoofdsknob- volwassen individuen van hetzelfde geslacht te bels lateraal meer verlengd dan in C. gallicus. vergelijken. Het toekennen van het geslacht is Het achterhoofdsgat heeft bij C.i gallicus een bij neurocrania van elanden eenvoudig aan- ronde vorm en het bezit aan de bovenzijde een gezien enkel de mannetjes een gewei dragen. tuberkel, terwijl bij C. latifrons het eerder een Een idee van de leeftijd kan verkregen worden 44 CRANIUM 26,1 - 2009 Fig. 3. Cervalces gallicus, neurocranium, East Runton, UK (Natural History Museum M6101), naar Azzaroli (1953) a - achteraanzicht b - zijaanzicht, links c - onderaanzicht Cervalces gallicus, neurocranium, East Runton, UK (Natural History Museum M6101), after Azzaroli (1953) a - caudal view left side b - lateral view, c - basal view met deel de schedel door na te gaan in welke mate de suturen geweifragment een van van vergroeid zijn. De suturen bij het Noordzeestuk deze eland. De afmetingen van de schedeldelen uit de Noordzee komen overeen met deze van zijn nog goed zichtbaar, maar zijn duidelijk reeds sterk vergroeid, zodat we hier van een het door Azzaroli (1994) voorgestelde neotype volwassen dier Cervalces uit UK, Natural mogen spreken. Bij zijn Mundesley (Norfolk, History de schedelsuturen trouwens steeds goed zicht- Museum M6553). Ook door vergelijking met de schedels baar (Breda comm. D. Mol). De relatief sterk afmetingen van en schedelfragmenten ontwikkelde rozenstokken van volwassen individuen van C. wijzen eveneens op mannelijke een adult. gallicus en C. latifrons elders in Europa, kan besloten worden dat het neurocranium uit de Schedelfragmenten van adulte mannelijke C. Noordzee te identificeren is als C. gallicus. Het latifrons zijn reedsbekend van de Noordzee- is meteenook het eerste skeletelement uit de bodem (Mol
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