Leticia Scopel Camargo Carniel

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Leticia Scopel Camargo Carniel LETICIA SCOPEL CAMARGO CARNIEL NOVEL APPROACHES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PESTICIDE ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT TO IN-SOIL FAUNA LAGES, SC 2019 2 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo programa de geração automática da Biblioteca Setorial do CAV/UDESC, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) Carniel, Letícia Scopel Camargo Novel approaches and future directions for pesticide ecological risk assessment to in-soil fauna / Letícia Scopel Camargo Carniel. -- 2019. 197 p. Orientador: Osmar Klauberg-Filho Coorientador: José Paulo Sousa Tese (doutorado) -- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo, Lages, 2019. 1. Soil ecotoxicology. 2. Pesticides. 3. Collembola. 4. Earthworms. 5. Enchytraeids. I. Klauberg-Filho, Osmar. II. Sousa, José Paulo. III. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. IV. Novel approaches and future directions for pesticide ecological risk assessment to in-soil fauna. 3 UNIVERSIDADE DO ESTADO DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGROVETERINÁRIAS - CAV DEPARTAMENTO DE SOLOS E RECURSOS NATURAIS LETICIA SCOPEL CAMARGO CARNIEL NOVEL APPROACHES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PESTICIDE ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT TO IN-SOIL FAUNA Tese apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra e à Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina ao abrigo do Acordo para realização de Doutoramento em Regime de Cotutela assinado entre as duas instituições para a obtenção do Grau de Doutora em Ciência do Solo pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina e de Doutora em Biociências (especialidade em Ecologia) pela Universidade de Coimbra. Orientadores: Dr. Osmar Klauberg-Filho / Dr. Jose Paulo Filipe Afonso de Sousa LAGES – SC 2019 4 LETICIA SCOPEL CAMARGO CARNIEL NOVEL APPROACHES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR PESTICIDE ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT TO IN-SOIL FAUNA Tese apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra e à Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina ao abrigo do Acordo para realização de Doutoramento em Regime de Cotutela assinado entre as duas instituições para a obtenção do Grau de Doutora em Ciência do Solo pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina e de Doutora em Biociências (especialidade em Ecologia) pela Universidade de Coimbra. Lages, 09 de Julho de 2019 5 Essa obra é dedicada àqueles que lutam por uma agricultura sustentável e pela preservação dos recursos naturais. This work is dedicated to all who strive for sustainable agriculture and for the preservation of natural resources. 6 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todos que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente com esse projeto. Aos meus orientadores, Dr. Osmar Klauberg-Filho e Dr. Jose Paulo Sousa por todo o apoio acadêmico, intelectual e pessoal durante mestrado e doutorado. Não tenho palavras para expressar quanto sou grata por todas as oportunidades incríveis que tive e tenho trabalhando com os senhores. Obrigada! Agradeço ao Dr. Tiago Natal-da-Luz e as Dras. Julia Niemeyer e Sonia Chelinho, que além de excelentes orientadores e solucionadores de problemas, são verdadeiros amigos. Obrigada por me apoiarem em todos os momentos de dificuldade. Tenho legítima admiração pelos profissionais e pessoas incríveis que vocês são e agradeço por tê-los em minha vida profissional e pessoal; Ao meu marido e melhor amigo Tiago Carniel, pelo apoio físico para as coletas de campo, emocional e psicológico no meu desespero e mesmo financeiro para muitas situações. Essa conquista também é sua, agradeço por todo seu esforço durante todos esses anos. Obrigada por sempre entender as horas em que estive (e estou) longe e pelo incentivo que sempre me deste para que eu seguisse meus sonhos e minha carreira. Esse trabalho só existe porque você acreditou em mim, incondicionalmente, sempre. Muito obrigada por ser o companheiro fantástico que você é; Aos antigos bolsistas, por inúmeras vezes voluntários, sem os quais seria humanamente impossível acabar esse projeto e que se tornaram grandes amigos nessa jornada, especialmente Douglas, Eduardo, Mariana e Rafaela; Aos colegas do Laboratório de Ecologia do Solo da UDESC e da pós graduação em Ciência do Solo: Aline, Ana Lovatel, Ana Maccari, Camila, Daniela Oliveira, Daniele Ortiz, Daniele Tomazelli, Elston, Gilvani, Gustavo, Ivan, Janaína, Julia Machado, Mariana, Mayara, Pamela, Priscila, Vanessa e todos que participaram em algum momento e colaboraram de alguma forma; Aos amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia e Ecotoxicologia do Solo da Universidade de Coimbra, que fizeram me sentir em casa desde a minha chegada a Portugal e me deram toda a força que eu precisei: Carla, Filipa, Daniela, Eduardo, Fernanda de Santo, Liliana, Antonieta, Sara Mendes, Camila, Wally; à todos os amigos que fiz em Coimbra e ficaram para sempre no coração e a Dona Teresa Alvim que me hospedou muito gentilmente. 7 A equipe da Umweltbundesamt, UBA, que me recepcionou e foi muita prestativa e hospitaleira durante minha estadia na Alemanha. Especialmente a Pia, Phillip, Marton e a Dra. Silvia Pieper, por todo o auxílio no desenvolvimento desse projeto e na jornada acadêmica; A minha família, especialmente a minha mãe, dona Cleciane, que nenhum dia deixou de acreditar em mim e no meu potencial – mesmo quando eu não acreditava, e aos meus sogros, Paulo e Laci, que são meus pais de coração; A todos os meus amigos que foram ombros para que eu pudesse desabafar, sempre tiveram palavras de incentivo, e claro, muita paciência ouvindo tudo sobre esse projeto. Especialmente agradeço aquelas com quem morei em Portugal e que são minhas irmãs de coração: Filipa, Natalia e Mireia. Agradeço também aos meus amigos de longa data que me incentivaram a chegar até aqui: Natalia, Rodrigo, Diego, Guilherme, Tiago, Camila e Laercio; Toda a equipe do PPG Solos e Recursos Naturais, especialmente ao Ederson, Leandro e Melissa; aos professores do Departamento de Solos do CAV/UDESC, especialmente os professores Julio e Bertol e professora Leticia pelo chimarrão nas manhãs frias, as risadas naqueles momentos de desespero e as palavras de incentivo ao longo dos anos; Agradeço ainda todas as Instituições que auxiliaram direta e indiretamente neste projeto. Pela concessão de bolsas de estudo, agradeço à CAPES pelo financiamento no Brasil e exterior pelo programa PDSE e ainda; ao Instituto do Ambiente Tecnologia e Vida (IATV) e a empresa CloverStrategy pelo período de financiamento em Portugal para que assim fosse possível a realização de muitas das atividades necessárias. Pela possibilidade de desenvolvimento do projeto, agradeço a UDESC e a Universidade de Coimbra que proporcionaram condições para realização dos experimentos, especialmente Programa PAP- FAPESC pelo financiamento da pesquisa no Brasil e ao Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras – CAPES pelo financiamento do Sistema de TMEs. Pela parceria para desenvolver diversas etapas da tese, agradeço a UBA pela disponibilização de informações cruciais para o desenvolvimento dessa tese e recebimento para estágio; a EMBRAPA Suínos e Aves que disponibilizou áreas para coleta de campo; a EMBRAPA Cerrados, especialmente a Dra Cintia Carla Niva pelo auxílio na identificação dos enquitreídeos; a UFSC Curitibanos pela troca de espécies cultivadas em laboratório; ao IBAMA, especialmente a Clara Aragão e ao Carlos Tonelli pelas informações prestadas; ao Dr. Pedro Martins pela identificação dos colêmbolos do capítulo 3 e a Dra. Sara Leston pelas milhares de análises químicas. Meu eterno agradecimento a todos os grupos de pesquisa, pesquisadores e pessoas que estiveram envolvidos neste grande trabalho! 8 “(…) Given time — time not in years but in millennia — life adjusts, and a balance has been reached. For time is the essential ingredient; but in the modern world there is no time. The rapidity of change and the speed with which new situations are created follow the impetuous and heedless pace of man rather than the deliberate pace of nature.” “(...) Com o correr do tempo - do tempo não em anos, e sim em milênios - a vida ajustou-se, e um equilíbrio foi conseguido. Porquanto o tempo é ingrediente essencial; mas, no mundo moderno, não há tempo. A rapidez da mudança e a velocidade com que novas situações se criam acompanham o ritmo impetuoso e insensato do Homem, ao invés de acompanhar o passo deliberado da Natureza.” Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962. 9 RESUMO Os agrotóxicos são moléculas utilizadas para proteger os cultivos agrícolas de pragas e doenças. Contudo, esses produtos podem apresentar efeitos adversos indesejados em organismos não- alvo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para aprimorar a análise de risco ecológica (ARE) de agrotóxicos para a fauna do solo na União Europeia (EU) com base na nova Opinião Científica da European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2017) e executar a mesma abordagem de ARE para cenários brasileiros, verificando a possibilidade de utilização do modelo Europeu para o Brasil. Foi utilizada a abordagem de tiers, etapas que avançam de testes mais protetivos para ensaios de maior complexidade, com dois produtos comerciais: o fungicida Bravonil 500 (500 g.L-1 clorotalonil) e o inseticida Lorsban 450 (450 g.L-1 clorpirifós). No lower tier foram elaborados ensaios laboratoriais de reprodução com onze espécies de invertebrados de solo (cinco colêmbolos e seis oligoquetas) utilizando protocolos ISO e OECD com adaptações quando necessário. Os ensaios resultaram em concentrações de efeito (CE) para 10% e 50% das populações que foram utilizadas em um primeiro tier intermediário, na elaboração de species sensitivity distribution
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