Fortran 90 Standard Statement Keywords
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Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements
Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements Chapter 7 Topics Introduction Arithmetic Expressions Overloaded Operators Type Conversions Relational and Boolean Expressions Short-Circuit Evaluation Assignment Statements Mixed-Mode Assignment Chapter 7 Expressions and Assignment Statements Introduction Expressions are the fundamental means of specifying computations in a programming language. To understand expression evaluation, need to be familiar with the orders of operator and operand evaluation. Essence of imperative languages is dominant role of assignment statements. Arithmetic Expressions Their evaluation was one of the motivations for the development of the first programming languages. Most of the characteristics of arithmetic expressions in programming languages were inherited from conventions that had evolved in math. Arithmetic expressions consist of operators, operands, parentheses, and function calls. The operators can be unary, or binary. C-based languages include a ternary operator, which has three operands (conditional expression). The purpose of an arithmetic expression is to specify an arithmetic computation. An implementation of such a computation must cause two actions: o Fetching the operands from memory o Executing the arithmetic operations on those operands. Design issues for arithmetic expressions: 1. What are the operator precedence rules? 2. What are the operator associativity rules? 3. What is the order of operand evaluation? 4. Are there restrictions on operand evaluation side effects? 5. Does the language allow user-defined operator overloading? 6. What mode mixing is allowed in expressions? Operator Evaluation Order 1. Precedence The operator precedence rules for expression evaluation define the order in which “adjacent” operators of different precedence levels are evaluated (“adjacent” means they are separated by at most one operand). -
A Concurrent PASCAL Compiler for Minicomputers
512 Appendix A DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UCSD'S PASCAL AND STANDARD PASCAL The PASCAL language used in this book contains most of the features described by K. Jensen and N. Wirth in PASCAL User Manual and Report, Springer Verlag, 1975. We refer to the PASCAL defined by Jensen and Wirth as "Standard" PASCAL, because of its widespread acceptance even though no international standard for the language has yet been established. The PASCAL used in this book has been implemented at University of California San Diego (UCSD) in a complete software system for use on a variety of small stand-alone microcomputers. This will be referred to as "UCSD PASCAL", which differs from the standard by a small number of omissions, a very small number of alterations, and several extensions. This appendix provides a very brief summary Of these differences. Only the PASCAL constructs used within this book will be mentioned herein. Documents are available from the author's group at UCSD describing UCSD PASCAL in detail. 1. CASE Statements Jensen & Wirth state that if there is no label equal to the value of the case statement selector, then the result of the case statement is undefined. UCSD PASCAL treats this situation by leaving the case statement normally with no action being taken. 2. Comments In UCSD PASCAL, a comment appears between the delimiting symbols "(*" and "*)". If the opening delimiter is followed immediately by a dollar sign, as in "(*$", then the remainder of the comment is treated as a directive to the compiler. The only compiler directive mentioned in this book is (*$G+*), which tells the compiler to allow the use of GOTO statements. -
Operators and Expressions
UNIT – 3 OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS Lesson Structure 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Arithmetic Operators 3.3 Relational Operators 3.4 Logical Operators 3.5 Assignment Operators 3.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 3.7 Conditional Operator 3.8 Bitwise Operators 3.9 Special Operators 3.10 Arithmetic Expressions 3.11 Evaluation of Expressions 3.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 3.13 Type Conversions in Expressions 3.14 Operator Precedence and Associability 3.15 Mathematical Functions 3.16 Summary 3.17 Questions 3.18 Suggested Readings 3.0 Objectives After going through this unit you will be able to: Define and use different types of operators in Java programming Understand how to evaluate expressions? Understand the operator precedence and type conversion And write mathematical functions. 3.1 Introduction Java supports a rich set of operators. We have already used several of them, such as =, +, –, and *. An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematical or logical manipulations. Operators are used in programs to manipulate data and variables. They usually form a part of mathematical or logical expressions. Java operators can be classified into a number of related categories as below: 1. Arithmetic operators 2. Relational operators 1 3. Logical operators 4. Assignment operators 5. Increment and decrement operators 6. Conditional operators 7. Bitwise operators 8. Special operators 3.2 Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to construct mathematical expressions as in algebra. Java provides all the basic arithmetic operators. They are listed in Tabled 3.1. The operators +, –, *, and / all works the same way as they do in other languages. -
Fortran Reference Guide
FORTRAN REFERENCE GUIDE Version 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................ xv Audience Description......................................................................................... xv Compatibility and Conformance to Standards............................................................ xv Organization................................................................................................... xvi Hardware and Software Constraints...................................................................... xvii Conventions................................................................................................... xvii Related Publications........................................................................................ xviii Chapter 1. Language Overview............................................................................... 1 1.1. Elements of a Fortran Program Unit.................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Fortran Statements................................................................................. 1 1.1.2. Free and Fixed Source............................................................................. 2 1.1.3. Statement Ordering................................................................................. 2 1.2. The Fortran Character Set.............................................................................. 3 1.3. Free Form Formatting.................................................................................. -
SPSS to Orthosim File Conversion Utility Helpfile V.1.4
SPSS to Orthosim File Conversion Utility Helpfile v.1.4 Paul Barrett Advanced Projects R&D Ltd. Auckland New Zealand email: [email protected] Web: www.pbarrett.net 30th December, 2019 Contents 3 Table of Contents Part I Introduction 5 1 Installation Details ................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Extracting Matrices from SPSS - Cut and Paste ................................................................................................................................... 8 3 Extracting Matrices from SPSS: Orthogonal Factors - E.x..c..e..l. .E..x..p..o..r.t................................................................................................................. 17 4 Extracting Matrices from SPSS: Oblique Factors - Exce.l. .E..x..p..o..r..t...................................................................................................................... 24 5 Creating Orthogonal Factor Orthosim Files ................................................................................................................................... 32 6 Creating Oblique Factor Orthosim Files ................................................................................................................................... 41 3 Paul Barrett Part I 6 SPSS to Orthosim File Conversion Utility Helpfile v.1.4 1 Introduction SPSS-to-Orthosim converts SPSS 11/12/13/14 factor loading and factor correlation matrices into the fixed-format .vf (simple ASCII text) files -
Cognitive Programming Language (CPL) Programmer's Guide
Cognitive Programming Language (CPL) Programmer's Guide 105-008-02 Revision C2 – 3/17/2006 *105-008-02* Copyright © 2006, Cognitive. Cognitive™, Cxi™, and Ci™ are trademarks of Cognitive. Microsoft® and Windows™ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Other product and corporate names used in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies, and are used only for explanation and to their owner’s benefit, without intent to infringe. All information in this document is subject to change without notice, and does not represent a commitment on the part of Cognitive. No part of this document may be reproduced for any reason or in any form, including electronic storage and retrieval, without the express permission of Cognitive. All program listings in this document are copyrighted and are the property of Cognitive and are provided without warranty. To contact Cognitive: Cognitive Solutions, Inc. 4403 Table Mountain Drive Suite A Golden, CO 80403 E-Mail: [email protected] Telephone: +1.800.525.2785 Fax: +1.303.273.1414 Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 Label Format Organization .................................................................. 2 Command Syntax................................................................................ 2 Important Programming Rules............................................................. 3 Related Publications........................................................................... -
A Compiler for a Simple Language. V0.16
Project step 1 – a compiler for a simple language. v0.16 Change log: v0.16, changes from 0.15 Make all push types in compiler actions explicit. Simplified and better documentation of call and callr instruction compiler actions. Let the print statement print characters and numbers. Added a printv statement to print variables. Changed compiler actions for retr to push a variable value, not a literal value. Changes are shown in orange. v0.15, changes from 0.14 Change compiler actions for ret, retr, jmp. Change the description and compiler actions for poke. Change the description for swp. Change the compiler actions for call and callr. Changes shown in green. v0.14, changes from 0.13 Add peek, poke and swp instructions. Change popm compiler actions. Change callr compiler actions. Other small changes to wording. Changes are shown in blue. v0.13, changes from 0.12 Add a count field to subr, call and callr to simplify code generation. Changes are shown in red. v0.12 Changes from 0.11. Added a callr statement that takes a return type. Fix the generated code for this and for call to allow arguments to be pushed by the call. Add a retr that returns a value and update the reg. v0.11: changes from 0.10. Put typing into push operators. Put opcodes for compare operators. fix actions for call. Make declarations reserve a stack location. Remove redundant store instruction (popv does the same thing.) v0.10: changes from 0.0. Comparison operators (cmpe, cmplt, cmpgt) added. jump conditional (jmpc) added. bytecode values added. -
Programming Basics - FORTRAN 77
CWCS Workshop May 2005 Programming Basics - FORTRAN 77 http://www.physics.nau.edu/~bowman/PHY520/F77tutor/tutorial_77.html Program Organization A FORTRAN program is just a sequence of lines of plain text. This is called the source code. The text has to follow certain rules (syntax) to be a valid FORTRAN program. We start by looking at a simple example: program circle real r, area, pi c This program reads a real number r and prints c the area of a circle with radius r. write (*,*) 'Give radius r:' read (*,*) r pi = atan(1.0e0)*4.0e0 area = pi*r*r write (*,*) 'Area = ', area end A FORTRAN program generally consists of a main program and possibly several subprograms (i.e., functions or subroutines). The structure of a main program is: program name declarations statements end Note: Words that are in italics should not be taken as literal text, but rather as a description of what belongs in their place. FORTRAN is not case-sensitive, so "X" and "x" are the same variable. Blank spaces are ignored in Fortran 77. If you remove all blanks in a Fortran 77 program, the program is still acceptable to a compiler but almost unreadable to humans. Column position rules Fortran 77 is not a free-format language, but has a very strict set of rules for how the source code should be formatted. The most important rules are the column position rules: Col. 1: Blank, or a "c" or "*" for comments Col. 1-5: Blank or statement label Col. 6: Blank or a "+" for continuation of previous line Col. -
ILE C/C++ Programmer's Guide
IBM i 7.2 Programming IBM Rational Development Studio for i ILE C/C++ Programmer's Guide IBM SC09-2712-07 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the information in “Notices” on page 441. This edition applies to version 7, release 2, modification 0 of IBM Rational Development Studio for i (product number 5770-WDS) and to all subsequent releases and modifications until otherwise indicated in new editions. This version does not run on all reduced instruction set computer (RISC) models nor does it run on CISC models. This document may contain references to Licensed Internal Code. Licensed Internal Code is Machine Code and is licensed to you under the terms of the IBM License Agreement for Machine Code. © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1993, 2013. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents ILE C/C++ Programmer’s Guide..............................................................................1 PDF file for ILE C/C++ Programmer’s Guide............................................................................................... 3 About ILE C/C++ Programmer's Guide........................................................................................................5 Install Licensed Program Information................................................................................................... 5 Notes About Examples.......................................................................................................................... -
Fortran 90 Programmer's Reference
Fortran 90 Programmer’s Reference First Edition Product Number: B3909DB Fortran 90 Compiler for HP-UX Document Number: B3908-90002 October 1998 Edition: First Document Number: B3908-90002 Remarks: Released October 1998. Initial release. Notice Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1998. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction, adaptation, or translation without prior written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance or use of this material. Contents Preface . xix New in HP Fortran 90 V2.0. .xx Scope. xxi Notational conventions . xxii Command syntax . xxiii Associated documents . xxiv 1 Introduction to HP Fortran 90 . 1 HP Fortran 90 features . .2 Source format . .2 Data types . .2 Pointers . .3 Arrays . .3 Control constructs . .3 Operators . .4 Procedures. .4 Modules . .5 I/O features . .5 Intrinsics . .6 2 Language elements . 7 Character set . .8 Lexical tokens . .9 Names. .9 Program structure . .10 Statement labels . .10 Statements . .11 Source format of program file . .13 Free source form . .13 Source lines . .14 Statement labels . .14 Spaces . .14 Comments . .15 Statement continuation . .15 Fixed source form . .16 Spaces . .16 Source lines . .16 Table of Contents i INCLUDE line . 19 3 Data types and data objects . 21 Intrinsic data types . 22 Type declaration for intrinsic types . -
Control Flow Graphs • Can Be Done at High Level Or Low Level – E.G., Constant Folding
Optimizations • Code transformations to improve program – Mainly: improve execution time – Also: reduce program size Control Flow Graphs • Can be done at high level or low level – E.g., constant folding • Optimizations must be safe – Execution of transformed code must yield same results as the original code for all possible executions 1 2 Optimization Safety Optimization Safety • Safety of code transformations usually requires certain • Safety of code transformations usually requires certain information that may not be explicit in the code information which may not explicit in the code • Example: dead code elimination • Example: dead code elimination (1) x = y + 1; (1) x = y + 1; (2) y = 2 * z; (2) y = 2 * z; (3) x=y+z;x = y + z; (3) x=y+z;x = y + z; (4) z = 1; (4) z = 1; (5) z = x; (5) z = x; • What statements are dead and can be removed? • Need to know whether values assigned to x at (1) is never used later (i.e., x is dead at statement (1)) – Obvious for this simple example (with no control flow) – Not obvious for complex flow of control 3 4 1 Dead Variable Example Dead Variable Example • Add control flow to example: • Add control flow to example: x = y + 1; x = y + 1; y = 2 * z; y = 2 * z; if (d) x = y+z; if (d) x = y+z; z = 1; z = 1; z = x; z = x; • Statement x = y+1 is not dead code! • Is ‘x = y+1’ dead code? Is ‘z = 1’ dead code? •On some executions, value is used later 5 6 Dead Variable Example Dead Variable Example • Add more control flow: • Add more control flow: while (c) { while (c) { x = y + 1; x = y + 1; y = 2 * z; y = 2 -
Developing Embedded SQL Applications
IBM DB2 10.1 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows Developing Embedded SQL Applications SC27-3874-00 IBM DB2 10.1 for Linux, UNIX, and Windows Developing Embedded SQL Applications SC27-3874-00 Note Before using this information and the product it supports, read the general information under Appendix B, “Notices,” on page 209. Edition Notice This document contains proprietary information of IBM. It is provided under a license agreement and is protected by copyright law. The information contained in this publication does not include any product warranties, and any statements provided in this manual should not be interpreted as such. You can order IBM publications online or through your local IBM representative. v To order publications online, go to the IBM Publications Center at http://www.ibm.com/shop/publications/ order v To find your local IBM representative, go to the IBM Directory of Worldwide Contacts at http://www.ibm.com/ planetwide/ To order DB2 publications from DB2 Marketing and Sales in the United States or Canada, call 1-800-IBM-4YOU (426-4968). When you send information to IBM, you grant IBM a nonexclusive right to use or distribute the information in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. © Copyright IBM Corporation 1993, 2012. US Government Users Restricted Rights – Use, duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp. Contents Chapter 1. Introduction to embedded Include files for COBOL embedded SQL SQL................1 applications .............29 Embedding SQL statements