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HISTORICAL NOTE ......

doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.037200 Brodmann’s cortical maps icq d’Azyr, a physician and artist, described the brain’s ‘‘First and foremost we still lack clear criteria for the convolutions in 1786, noting differences in morphology recognition of anatomically equivalent cellular Vin other animals. Magendie had written similarly. elements…There has been occasional talk of ‘sensory Early attempts to correlate the cerebral anatomy to func- cells’ located in particular regions, or of sensorial ‘special tion by observed neurological deficits began in the 1820s, the cells’. People have invented acoustic or optical special cells result of the work of Franz Gall,1 Bouillaud, Robert Todd, and even a ‘memory’ cell, and have not shied away from Rolando, and many others (references in).2 Pierre Gratiolet the fantastic ‘psychic cell’.’’ and Francois Leuret mapped the folds and fissures of the , and named the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. This, he stoutly rejected, concluding, ‘‘Functional localisa- It was Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918) who refined tion without the lead of anatomy is utterly impossible.’’ nomenclature by numbering discrete cortical areas in maps— described Brodmann as having ‘‘broad scien- scorned with arguable justification by Henry Head. tific interests, a good gift of observation and great diligence in Brodmann was born at Liggersdorf, Hohenzollern. He widening his knowledge’’. His interests extended to neurol- qualified at Freiburg in 1895. An attack of diphtheria halted ogy, psychiatry, physiology, zoology, and anthropology. He his progress but he became Assistant to the Neurological was described as ‘‘an intense and earnest man, reserved to Clinic at Alexanderbad im Fichtelberg, whose chief was the the point of timidity, but could flare, on occasion, into a famed and influential Oskar Vogt, who in 1898 created temper’’,9 possibly frustrated by his inability to secure a the Neurobiologisches Universita¨ts-Laboratorium in . permanent job. Not until 1916, aged 48, did Brodmann Brodmann briefly followed Vogt to Berlin and then studied obtain this security. He had left Berlin in 1910 to work with pathology in Leipzig, obtaining his MD in 1898 with the Gaupp at Tu¨bingen, where he was made titular professor in thesis: A contribution to the understanding of chronic epen- 1913. Finally, in 1918, he accepted an invitation from dymal sclerosis. He worked at the University Psychiatric to take the Chair of the Topographical Histological Depart- Clinic in Jena, under Binswanger and later at -am ment at the research centre for psychiatry. He died in 191810 Main from 1900 to 1901. There he was stimulated by Carl of septicaemia complicating pneumonia. Weigert, who was developing cellular staining techniques, In 1919, Cecile Vogt described over 200 cortical areas and and by Nissl, Edinger, and Alzheimer—major influences. In six years later von Economo and Koskinas revised the late 1901 Brodmann returned to Vogt in Berlin where he met nomenclature. Bielschowsky, who developed silver impregnation of nerve fibres. Between 1903 and 1908 he published seven papers5; many concerned with the comparative cytoarchitectonics of J M S Pearce mammalian cortex. Vogt suggested to Brodmann that he 304 Beverley Road, Anlaby, East Yorkshire HU10 7BG, UK; [email protected] systematically studied the cells of the cerebral cortex, using sections stained with the new method of (1860– 1919). However, the Berlin Medical Faculty rejected his ‘‘habilitation’’ thesis on the pro-simian cortex and his major References research was performed despite serious lack of funding from 1 Gall F. Sur les fonctions du cerveau et sur celles de chacune de ses parties. Berlin University. Paris: Schoell, 1822–25. He described the different cytoarchitectonic structure of 2 Pearce JMS. In: Fragments of neurological history. London: Imperial College Press, 2003:14–31. the gyri and showed that the human cortex is organised 3 http://www.korbinian-brodmann.de/english/brodmann.html. anatomically in the same way in man and other mammals. 4 Haymaker W, Schiller F, eds. The founders of , 2nd edn. The cortex consisted of six layers, and, on this basis, he Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1970. devised his numeric system for referring to different cortical 5 Bielchowsky M, Brodmann K. Zur feineren histologie und histopathologie der areas. This culminated in his magnum opus in 1909, grosshirnrinde mit besonderer beru¨cksichtigung der dementia paralytica, Vergleichende lokalisationslehre der grosshirnrinde (localisa- dementia senilis und idiotie. Journal fu¨r Psychologie und Neurologie 1905;5:173–99. tion in the cerebral hemispheres: a comparative study), 6 Brodmann K. Vergleichende localisationslehre der grosshirnrinde in ihren which described 52 discrete cortical areas. He defined principien dargestellt auf grund des zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth, 1909, [Trans cytoarchitectonics as Garey LJ. Brodmann’s localisation in the Cerebral Cortex. London: Smith- Gordon, 1994]. 7 Kemper T, Le Brun T, Galaburda AM. Principles of cytoarchitectonics. ‘‘The localization of the individual histological elements, In: Peters A, Jones EG, eds. Cerebral Cortex. New York: Plenum, their layering, and their parcellation in the adult brain.’’ 1984:35–57. 8 Smith CUM. A century of cortical architectonics. Journal of the History of Although there were other investigators of cytoarchitec- Neuroscience 1992;1:201–18. tonics,78 Brodmann’s maps and, especially, his numerical 9 Rose JE. Korbinian Brodmann. In: Haymaker W, Schiller F, eds. The founders of neurology, 2nd edn. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, system attached to cytoarchitectonics were widely accepted; 1970. they were his major contribution. He had studied 64 different 10 Vogt O. Korbinian Brodmann. Journal fu¨r Psychologie und Neurologie mammalian species. However, he faced difficulties, observing: 1918;24:1–10.

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