DOCSLIB.ORG

Running Head: SELFIES, PERSONALITY, and NARCISSISM 1 Selfies, Personality, and Narcissism by Asha Amber Lynn Madsen-Humeniuk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Running Head: SELFIES, PERSONALITY, and NARCISSISM 1 Selfies, Personality, and Narcissism by Asha Amber Lynn Madsen-Humeniuk Running head: SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 1 Selfies, Personality, and Narcissism by Asha Amber Lynn Madsen-Humeniuk A dissertation to fulfill the requirements for a Doctor of Psychology in Counseling Psychology at Northwest University 2019 Approved: K. Kim Lampson, Ph.D., Chair Kristin Mauldin, Ph.D., Committee Member Cherri K. Seese, Ph.D., Committee Member Leihua Edstrom, Ph.D., Director, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences Matt Nelson, Ph.D., Dean of College of Social and Behavioral Sciences July 18, 2019 SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 2 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant relationship between the frequency of capturing selfies and extraversion, agreeableness, and self-esteem and whether these measures could give rise to a new predictive assessment scale for narcissism. Participants were recruited through the social media website Facebook. Two hundred and six individuals were administered a brief demographic questionnaire about their social media usage and the frequency with which they captured selfies. They were also administered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) through Qualtrics. Two hundred and five participants’ results were analyzed for this study by performing a Pearson correlation and a multiple regression analysis. Based on the data collected, not all of the hypotheses were supported. However, the findings did reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between the frequency of selfies an individual captured and their scores on the NPI. Additionally, it was determined through a multiple regression analysis that extraversion BFI scores, agreeableness BFI scores, and RSES scores could be predictive of scores on the NPI. Further testing should be implemented with a greater sample size to validate the reliability of using extraversion BFI scores, agreeableness BFI scores, and RSES scores as a predictive measure of scores on the NPI. Keywords: narcissism, self-esteem, social media, selfies SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 3 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables...................................................................................................................... 6 List of Figures..................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter One........................................................................................................................ 8 Online Social Networking........................................................................................10 Selfies.......................................................................................................................12 Benefits and Risks of Social Media and Selfies......................................................14 Selfie Research.........................................................................................................17 Selfie and Personality............................................................................................. 20 The Big Five................................................................................................. 21 Narcissism..................................................................................................... 22 Rationale for the Study........................................................................................... 28 Research Question.................................................................................................. 30 Chapter Two...................................................................................................................... 32 Methods................................................................................................................... 32 Participants.............................................................................................................. 33 Materials and Procedures........................................................................................ 33 Narcissistic Personality Inventory................................................................ 34 Big Five Inventory........................................................................................ 35 Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale....................................................................... 35 Data Analysis 35 SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 36 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................... 37 Results..................................................................................................................... 37 Analytic Strategy.......................................................................................... 37 Findings........................................................................................................ 37 Summary ....................................................................................................... 51 Chapter Four..................................................................................................................... 53 Discussion............................................................................................................... 53 Interpretation................................................................................................. 53 Limitations.................................................................................................... 53 Low Sample Size................................................................................ 53 Self-Esteem......................................................................................... 54 Demographics..................................................................................... 54 Narcissistic Inventory......................................................................... 55 Integration..................................................................................................... 55 Application to Counseling and Future Directions........................................ 57 Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 60 References......................................................................................................................... 62 Appendices........................................................................................................................ 62 Informed Consent.................................................................................................... 72 Demographics Questionnaire.................................................................................. 74 Narcissism Personality Inventory (NPI)................................................................. 75 Big Five Inventory (BFI)........................................................................................ 78 Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) 79 SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 5 Acknowledgements I want to thank everyone that has helped me on my journey towards completing my doctoral degree. Specifically, I want to thank my husband and family for always supporting me throughout this process, especially through several late nights. Also, I want to thank my cohort members for pushing me to be successful. Additionally, I want to thank my committee, in particular, my chair, Dr. Kim Lampson for pushing me to do my best work. Dr. Mauldin and Dr. Seese, thank you for helping me throughout this stage in my life and helping me grow as a person. Finally, I want to thank Dr. Edstrom for always being a listening ear and being supportive when I needed help advocating for my needs. Thank you everyone! Asha Amber Lynn Madsen-Humeniuk SELFIES, PERSONALITY, AND NARCISSISM 6 List of Tables Table 1 - Descriptive Statistics......................................................................................... 38 Table 2 - Paired Samples Statistics.................................................................................. 38 Table 3 - Frequency of Selfie Posting and BFI ExtraversionScore..................................39 Table 4 - Frequency of Selfie Posting and BFI AgreeablenessScore...............................40 Table 5- Frequency of Selfie Posting and RSES Score..................................................41 Table 6 - Frequency of Selfie Posting and NPI Score...................................................... 42 Table 7 - Model of Summary........................................................................................... 44 Table 8 - ANOVA............................................................................................................ 44 Table 9 - Coefficients....................................................................................................... 44 Table 10 - Descriptive Statistics (Selfie Only Group).....................................................47 Table 11 - Selfie Posting (Selfie Only Group) and BFI Extraversion Score................... 47 Table 12 - Selfie Posting (Selfie Only Group)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Psychoanalysis and Politics Psychodynamics in Times of Austerity Spring Symposium in the Portuguese Psychoanalytic Society May 18 Th – 20 Th 2018
    PSYCHOANALYSIS AND POLITICS PSYCHODYNAMICS IN TIMES OF AUSTERITY SPRING SYMPOSIUM IN THE PORTUGUESE PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIETY MAY 18 TH – 20 TH 2018 FRIDAY 18 th 09.00-09.30 Opening address with presentation round 09.30-10.20 TERESA SANTOS NEVES/ CARLOS FERRAZ – When Shock is not Shocking: Psychodynamcis Underlying the Acceptance of Austerity 10.30-11.20 LENE AUESTAD – Austerity, Time and the Common World 11.30-12.20 DUARTE ROLO – Psychoanalysis and Social Suffering: From Psychologisation to Politisation 12.30-13.20 RENÉE DANZIGER – We're All in This Together: The Myth of Austerity 13.20-15.00 Lunch 15.00-15.50 MARGARITA PALACIOS – Becoming the People: A Critique to Populist Aesthetics of Visibility 16.00-16.50 ZELJKA MATIJAŠEVIĆ – The Reduction of Melancholy to Depression: What is Being Lost? 17.00-17.50 NAYLA DEBS – Clinical Practice in Neoliberal Times: Individual Distress, Global Precariousness and the Need to Define New Forms of Materialism 18.00-18.50 RAFAEL DAUD – Anorexia as Austerity's Other Side of the Coin SATURDAY 19 th 09.00-09.50 SAMIR GANDESHA – The Authoritarian Personality Reconsidered 10.00-10.50 JAMIE STEELE – Can Psychoanalysis save us from this Pain? Reflections on Moving Through a Sociology of Sadistic Privilege 11.00-11.50 PHILIP HEWITT – Austerity as a Governing Mental State 12.00-12.50 SZYMON WRÓBEL – Productivity of Poverty. Managing Poverty in Philosophy from Benjamin and Heidegger to Agamben, Negri and Hardt 12.50-14.30 Lunch 14.30-15.20 EFI KOUTANTOU – Loss and Trauma during the Greek Crisis: A Collapse of an Ideal? 15.30-16.20 MARINA PRENTOULIS – Violent Encounters: 'Acting Out' before redrawing the Political Frontiers 16.30-17.20 ANDREAS MURRAY – Political Extremism and Religious Terror 17.30-18.20 JENYU PENG – Utopian Imagination as a Way of Revolt against Realpolitik.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissistic Personality and Selfie Taking Behavior Among College Students
    International Journal of Medical and Health Research International Journal of Medical and Health Research ISSN: 2454-9142 www.medicalsciencejournal.com Volume 4; Issue 5; May 2018; Page No. 56-60 Narcissistic personality and selfie taking behavior among college students Kaur Sukhdeep1*, Maheshwari SK2, Sharma P3 1, University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India 2Associate professor and HOD, Department of Psychiatric Nursing, University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India 3Lecturer, University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab, India Abstract Background: The tendency of taking own pictures through smart phones has turn into an observable fact of new culture of the young generation’s resulting in exponential rise in narcissistic features among users. Aim: This study aimed to investigates the narcissistic personality features and selfie taking behavior among college students of Punjab, India. Materials and Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was used to assess the narcissistic features and selfie taking behavior in 300 conveniently selected college going students of Punjab by using socio-demographic data sheet and Narcissistic personality inventory (NPI 16). Findings: Study found that mean narcissistic score of the college students was 4.44 (2.6) which is at moderate level. 8.4% of the college students fall under the category of severe narcissistic features, 39% of the college students under moderate narcissistic features and 49% of the college students under mild narcissistic features. Narcissistic features had a significant relationship with number of selfies on an average day, preference of act for selfies, edit selfies before posting and untag themselves from group selfies. Posting of selfies on facebook had significant relationship with narcissistic features at p level <0.05.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Selfie Phenomenon : the Idea of Self-Preservation and Its Implications Among Young Women
    Smith ScholarWorks Theses, Dissertations, and Projects 2014 Exploring the selfie phenomenon : the idea of self-preservation and its implications among young women Amy J. Nguyen Smith College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Nguyen, Amy J., "Exploring the selfie phenomenon : the idea of self-preservation and its implications among young women" (2014). Masters Thesis, Smith College, Northampton, MA. https://scholarworks.smith.edu/theses/792 This Masters Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations, and Projects by an authorized administrator of Smith ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Amy J. Nguyen Exploring the Selfie Phenomenon: The Idea of Self-Presentation and Its Implications Among Young Women ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to explore how female users identify the act of uploading selfies as an expression of external affirmation or as an act of empowerment in terms of redefining beauty standards that are reinforced in society. In addition, this study attempts to provide a foundation for understanding the selfie phenomenon and its relationship to perceived sense of self-worth in young women from the usage of Instagram. As the literature review indicates, there is a lack of research presented on the user’s emotional state in relation to using Instagram. Thus, the most appropriate research design for this subject was a qualitative study. The interview questions were open-ended and structured to acquire knowledge about participant’s ability to believe in themselves, assumptions taught about what it means to be a woman, and motivations for personal aspirations and happiness.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Media Usage and Self-Esteem of College Students in Los Angeles Vs
    Social Media Usage and Self-Esteem of College Students in Los Angeles vs. Other American Cities Abstract This study examines self-esteem levels of college students in accordance with their social media behaviors and residential cities. An online survey was used to compare Instagram behaviors and their Heatherton Self-Esteem scores between 51 college students from the Los Angeles area and 148 students from alternate American cities. It was hypothesized that college students from the Los Angeles area would report higher levels of social media activity and lower levels of self-esteem. Results did not show any significant trend in one’s residential location dictating social media behaviors, nor did one’s social media usage predict their levels of self-esteem. The study did find statistically significant results showing that students from Los Angeles reported higher levels of self-esteem than non-Los Angeles residents. Implications from this study can assist in determining how the social pressures from one’s geographical location may influence a person’s self-esteem and relationship with social media. Relationship Between Social Media and Overall Self-Esteem Since the invention of the very first iPhone in 2007, social media has been rapidly consuming the minds and lives of industrialized Americans. With the generation of media platforms such as Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter, and Instagram, its users are now able to craft the most idealized version of their lives and broadcast with innate selectivity. With that, social media has successfully consequently generated the perfect platform for breeding social comparison as its billions of users aimlessly scroll through falsified lives of their peers in return for the numeric validation of another “like” or “comment”.
    [Show full text]
  • Narcissism and Social Networking Sites: the Act of Taking Selfies by Taylor M
    Narcissism and Social Networking Sites: The Act of Taking Selfies by Taylor M. Wickel— 5 Narcissism and Social Networking Sites: The Act of Taking Selfies Taylor M. Wickel Strategic Communications Elon University Abstract This study focused on why the act of taking selfies and posting them to the Internet is a factor leading to an increase in narcissistic and selfish behaviors. This study examined whether the Millennial Generation believes the selfie phenomenon is a contributor to the rise in narcissism.A 12-item survey was administered to 93 female college participants. A single open-ended question asked whether respondents found their behavior in posting selfies to be narcissistic. This study found that 55% of participants agreed that posting of selfies to different social networking platforms encouraged their narcissism and selfish behaviors. I. Introduction Named Word of the Year in 2013 by the Oxford English Dictionary, the term “selfie” has become ubiq- uitous in the vocabulary of nearly every teen and young adult in the technological world. A selfie is defined as “a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media” (Oxford Dictionary, 2013). For the Millennial Generation (Gen Y), the act of taking selfies and overall usage of various social media platforms are an integral part of life. The Millennial Generation’s com- fort with social platforms has given this specific age group a more positive view of how social media might be affecting their lives. Studies, however, link social media use in young adults to various behavior development issues (Noor Al-Deen & Hendricks, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Adolescents, Social Media, and the Use of Self-Portraiture in Identity Formation
    LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations Spring April 2015 Adolescents, Social Media, and the Use of Self-Portraiture in Identity Formation Sharee Nicole Allen [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd Part of the Art Therapy Commons, and the Marriage and Family Therapy and Counseling Commons Recommended Citation Allen, Sharee Nicole, "Adolescents, Social Media, and the Use of Self-Portraiture in Identity Formation" (2015). LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations. 150. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/150 This Research Projects is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in LMU/LLS Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ADOLESCENTS, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND THE USE OF SELF-PORTRAITURE IN IDENTITY FORMATION by Sharee N. Allen A research paper presented to the FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS May 2015 ADOLESCENTS, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND THE USE OF SELF-PORTRAITURE IN IDENTITY FORMATION Signature Page i ADOLESCENTS, SOCIAL MEDIA, AND THE USE OF SELF-PORTRAITURE IN IDENTITY FORMATION Abstract Adolescence is a time of maturation, integration of selves, and, in the modern age, digital performance on social media. Conflicts in the identity vs. role confusion stage of Eriksonian development are addressed throughout this research, although the existing literature rarely connects them to online trends. A qualitative survey, sent to high school students, explores the tension between self-doubt and the desire to be seen.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Personal Characteristics Associated with Selfie-Liking
    Charoensukmongkol, P. (2016). Exploring personal characteristics associated with selfie-liking. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(2), article 7. doi: 10.5817/CP2016-2-7 Exploring personal characteristics associated with selfie-liking Peerayuth Charoensukmongkol National Institute of Development Administration, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract Although taking selfies has become a popular trend among teenagers in many countries, concerns have been raised about the negative personality traits associated with it. However, empirical research that explores the selfie-associated personal characteristics of individuals is still scant. In the present study, the author aims to investigate four personal characteristics that might explain why some individuals like to take selfies more than others. They include the following: (1) narcissism, (2) attention-seeking behavior, (3) self-centered behavior, and (4) loneliness. Questionnaire data were collected from a sample of 300 students from a public university in Thailand; the majority of students were ages between 21 to 24 years old. The results from partial least square regression showed that the degree of selfie-liking that the respondents reported was positively associated with all of these characteristics. The overall findings imply that, although selfies provide the opportunity for individuals to enhance self-disclosure, they can reflect some unhealthy behavior on their part. Keywords: Selfie; narcissism; attention seeking; self-centered behavior; loneliness Introduction “Selfie”, which refers to a self-portrait photograph taken using a digital camera or smartphone, has become a buzzword and the biggest trend among teenagers in recent years. Nowadays, people, especially teenagers, are often seen holding cameras at arm’s length and pointing them toward themselves to take photos at almost every location.
    [Show full text]
  • Instagram Selfie-Posting and Young Women's Body Dissatisfaction
    Kim, M. (2020). Instagram selfie-posting and young women’s body dissatisfaction: Investigating the role of self- esteem and need for popularity. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2020-4-4 Instagram Selfie-Posting and Young Women’s Body Dissatisfaction: Investigating the Role of Self-Esteem and Need for Popularity Mihee Kim Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea Abstract An online survey was conducted to explore how Instagram users’ selfie-posting behavior affects their self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Female college students from South Korea (N = 321) participated in the survey. Results showed that Instagram users’ selfie-posting was positively related to their self-esteem. Moreover, Instagram users’ self-esteem mediated the relationship between their selfie-posting behavior and body dissatisfaction. Findings showed that Instagram users’ selfie-posting behavior may positively influence their self-esteem, which may consequently contribute to reducing their body dissatisfaction. Such an indirect effect of selfie-posting was moderated by Instagram users’ levels of the need for popularity. The indirect influence of selfie-posting on body dissatisfaction through self-esteem was only significant among those with low or moderate levels of the need for popularity. This suggests that those with lower levels of the need for popularity can benefit more from posting their selfies. These findings advance the emerging literature on the effects of selfie-posting by providing a moderated mediation model of selfie-posting and body image concerns. Keywords: Selfie-posting; body dissatisfaction; self-esteem; need for popularity; Instagram Introduction Selfie-posting on social networking sites (SNS) is a unique and popular way of self-presentation (J.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Esteem Levels & Selfies
    Self-Esteem Levels & Selfies: The Relationship between Self-Esteem Levels and the Number of Selfies People Take and Post, and the Uses and Gratifications of Taking and Posting Selfies By Abdullah Alblooshi A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Mass Communication Middle Tennessee State University December 2015 Thesis Committee: Larry Burriss, Ph.D., Chair Tricia Farwell, Ph.D., Thesis Committee Sanjay Asthana, Ph.D., Thesis Committee ABSTRACT The research examines the relationship between self-esteem levels and the number of selfies people take and post, and the uses and gratifications of taking and posting selfies. For this purpose, 365 undergraduate students were surveyed using questionnaires provided through the online survey tool, Survey Monkey. Survey results indicated that the highest number of selfies is taken by the people with high self-esteem. The study revealed that the highest number of selfies is posted by the people with high self-esteem. Also, the people with low self-esteem levels take and post the lowest number of selfies. The study found a significant relationship between low self-esteem levels and posting selfies to boost self- confidence. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………. vi List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………...vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The "Selfie" Phenomenon Between Psychology, Normality and Extremisms
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 80 (2017) 88-100 EISSN 2392-2192 The "selfie" phenomenon between psychology, normality and extremisms 1,2 Paolo Di Sia 1Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, I-39100, Bolzano, Italy 2ISEM, Institute for Scientific Methodology, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, I-90146, Palermo, Italy E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT The continuous interconnection made possible by social networks in the digital era is causing deep changes in social communication and in life. These changes are reflected in every sphere of human existence, from work to entertainment, from politics to art, from community life to intimate life, regardless of the degree of people education. In this article I offer an interesting analysis related to the selfie phenomenon, starting by a possible definition and considering its relation to self-esteem, phychology, extremisms, positive aspects. Keywords: Selfie, Psychology, Life, Death, Self-esteem, Society, Social networks, Dependency 1. INTRODUCTION: THE “SELFIE” PHENOMENON The advent of the digital era and the constant interconnection realised by social networks are creating deep changes in social communication, with impact in every sphere of human existence. Everywhere you look, there is no place without a person who takes a selfie. The word “selfie” has entered with full right into vocabularies; in Italy, for example, one of the best known vocabulary, the “Treccani”, cites the word as “neologism of 2014” and gives as first meaning [1]: “Self-portrait photo, generally done with a smartphone or webcam, World Scientific News 80 (2017) 88-100 and then shared in sites of social relation”.
    [Show full text]
  • Selfie Politics: the Political Commodification of Yourself
    KRITIKE METAPORIKA DENKBILD (MARCH 2021) 1-7 Transcript Selfie Politics: The Political Commodification of Yourself Hans-Georg Moeller hese two pictures1 show both difference and sameness. They show two different and sometimes violently opposed political stances: A Trump T supporter at a rally representing the right, and a protester against the G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany, representing the left. But they also show sameness: Two attractive people taking a selfie to display their political activism—selfie politics. Selfie politics is not simply a case of narcissism, as some have said, but an increasingly common, and effective, way of being political today—a kind of “political commodification of the self.” A third picture shows influencer Kris Schatzel.2 She was widely criticized for having posed for it at a Black Lives Matter protest. She defended herself against her critics by saying on Instagram: “I hope we can all focus on the true cause as to why we are all here.”3 Sure, Kris, let’s do that. Political conflicts involve two moments: the conflicting “objective” political issues at stake, and the personal commitment of the political activists to them—their “subjective” identification. In Hegel’s language the first is the in-itself, and the second the for-itself moment of politics. For a conflict to arise, the mere existence of different political causes is not enough, people must make these causes their own to form competing factions. But which comes first and which comes second? Do I make the cause mine for the sake of the cause or for the sake of myself? Or are these just two moments of the same thing? In Hegel’s terms: Politics is both in-and-for-itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Narcissism: Developing a Comprehensive Model of Motivations for Selfie-Taking and Selfie-Posting on Social Media
    BEYOND NARCISSISM: DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF MOTIVATIONS FOR SELFIE-TAKING AND SELFIE-POSTING ON SOCIAL MEDIA Ruonan Zhang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2019 Committee: Louisa Shu Ying Ha, Advisor Salim A Elwazani, Graduate Faculty Representative Frederick Busselle Ilyoung Ju © 2019 Ruonan Zhang All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Louisa Ha, Advisor As a new and prevalent image genre, selfies have gained both media and academic attentions in recent years. Some associate selfies with intentions to show off and excessive fondness of selves. Some view them as a handy tool for digital communication. This dissertation is designed to investigate the motivations behind people’s selfie-taking and selfie-posting behaviors on social media. By incorporating Self-Affirmation Theory and Uses and Gratifications Theory, the examined motivations of this research for taking and posting individual selfies and group selfies include: narcissism, extraversion, affirming self-worth, need for preservations, need for communication, need for entertainment, and need for popularity. Through Structural Equation Modeling analysis of online survey data (N = 539), models revealed that need for preservation, need for entertainment, and need for popularity mediated the influence of aspects of narcissism and extraversion on variables selfie-related behaviors. In addition, affirmation on different aspects of self-worth were found as important predictors and mediators across all models predicting the taking and posting of individual and group selfies. This finding supported the conceptualization of selfies as self-affirming digital tools for people to gain positive psychological gratification and the strength to combat stresses in lives.
    [Show full text]