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The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh The Open Access Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh As from January 2010 The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh (IJA) will be published exclusively as an on-line Open Access (OA) quarterly accessible by all AquacultureHub (http://www.aquaculturehub.org) members and registered individuals and institutions. Please visit our website (http://siamb.org.il) for free registration form, further information and instructions. This transformation from a subscription printed version to an on-line OA journal, aims at supporting the concept that scientific peer-reviewed publications should be made available to all, including those with limited resources. The OA IJA does not enforce author or subscription fees and will endeavor to obtain alternative sources of income to support this policy for as long as possible. Editor-in-Chief Published under auspices of Dan Mires The Society of Israeli Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology (SIAMB), Editorial Board University of Hawaii at Manoa Library Sheenan Harpaz Agricultural Research Organization and Beit Dagan, Israel University of Hawaii Aquaculture Zvi Yaron Dept. of Zoology Program in association with Tel Aviv University AquacultureHub Tel Aviv, Israel http://www.aquaculturehub.org Angelo Colorni National Center for Mariculture, IOLR Eilat, Israel Rina Chakrabarti Aqua Research Lab Dept. of Zoology University of Delhi Ingrid Lupatsch Swansea University Singleton Park, Swansea, UK Jaap van Rijn The Hebrew University Faculty of Agriculture Israel Spencer Malecha Dept. of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences University of Hawaii Daniel Golani The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel Emilio Tibaldi Udine University Udine, Italy ISSN 0792 - 156X Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH. Copy Editor Ellen Rosenberg PUBLISHER: Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - BAMIGDEH - Kibbutz Ein Hamifratz, Mobile Post 25210, ISRAEL Phone: + 972 52 3965809 http://siamb.org.il The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 56(1), 2004, 59-67. 59 FIELD REPORT EFFECTS OF LAND-BASED TROUT FARMS ON THE BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY IN A TURKISH BROOK Mine Uzbilek Kırkagaç*, Serap Pulatsü, Gülten Köksal* Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110 Diskapı, Ankara, Turkey (Received 20.7.03, Accepted 3.11.03) Key words: benthic macroinvertebrate, diversity indices, fish farm effluents, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Abstract Benthic macroinvertebrates and physico-chemical parameters were surveyed at the source of the Karasu Brook in Bozüyük, Bilecik Province, Turkey, and at the inlets and outlets of five rainbow trout farms that use the brook water and discharge effluents into it. The dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus in the farm effluents were within effluent standards for trout farming in different countries. The macroinvertebrate community in the brook consisted of Mollusca, Gastropoda (Physidae, Limnaedae, Planorbidae, Neritidae), Bivalvia (Spharidae), Annelidae, Oligochaeta (Tubificidae), Hirudinea (Glos- siphonidae, Erpobdellidae), Arthropoda, Insecta (Chironomidae, Ephemerellidae) and Crustacea (Gammaridae, Asellidae). Tubificidae and Chironomidae were generally observed in all sampling stations; the highest abundance was in the inlets and outlets of the two farms nearest the source. The most common measures of biodiversity, i.e., richness, Simpson’s index, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness, were used during the year-long study. Introduction Aquaculture can impact the environment in a waste feed) dilutes the waste and carries it number of ways. It can cause user conflicts, downstream. The ability of the river to dilute alter the hydrological regime, introduce exotic and transport the discharge depends on the species to the wild, and pollute water water flow and other river characteristics, and resources (Midlen and Redding, 2000). A river the amount of discharge. Since the discharge receiving fish farm effluents (fish excreta and of upstream fish farms becomes the water * Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-312-3170550/1109, fax: +90-312-3185298, e-mail: [email protected] 60 Kirkagac et al. supply of downstream farms, it is important to Karasu Brook in Bozüyük-Bilecik understand the nature and effects of fish farm Province, Turkey, a water source for five effluents on the aquatic environment (Laird rainbow trout farms, was selected for this and Needham, 1991; Midlen and Redding, investigation of the effects of fish farm 2000) and evaluate the extent to which the effluents on the benthic macroinvertebrate upstream farm endangers downstream farms. community in terms of species richness, Deterioration of water quality is indicated diversity indices and evenness. by increased nitrogen and phosphorus fractions, decreased dissolved oxygen, and Materials and Methods enhanced biological organic discharge (BOD). Study area. Samples were collected from 11 Thus, fish farm effluents affect the benthic stations along the Karasu Brook from March macroinvertebrate community (Midlen and 2001 to February 2002 (excluding December Redding, 2000). These communities have when weather conditions prevented sample long been investigated as part of ecological collection). The first station was the source of studies in fresh waters because they are the brook (control). The other stations were particularly sensitive to changes in the the inlets and outlets of five rainbow trout physico-chemical environment. Some farms located along the brook (Fig. 1). Data species, such as the stonefly and mayfly, are on the farm yields and feed consumption are especially sensitive whilst others, such as given in Table 1. tubificids and chironomidae larvae, are more Biological parameters. Benthic macro- tolerant to pollution. Various diversity indices, invertebrates were collected monthly with a based on different permutations of raw data 0.5 mm mesh hand-net attached to a 15 x 20 collected by population sampling techniques, x 3 cm frame (modified from Pauw and are used to scientifically evaluate benthic Vanhooren, 1983). The collected material macroinvertebrate populations (Hawkes, was washed through a series of sieves 1979; Richards et al., 1997). ranging from 3.36 to 0.5 mm mesh and Brook source Liman Bozalan Liman Saraycik Mersu Hurma North Serhat Fig. 1. The location of fish farms along Karasu Brook, Turkey. Effects of trout farms on benthic macroinvertibrate community 61 Table 1. Yield and feed consumption of five trout farms on Karasu Brook, Turkey, in 2001. Farm Yield Feed consumption (tons/yr) (tons/yr) Hurma 40 60 Liman Bozalan & Liman Saraycık 1000 1150 Mersu 200 240 Serhat 60 57 Total 1300 preserved in situ with a 4% formaline Shannon-Wiener index (H) measures solution. The organisms were identified with a habitat quality that may be degraded by human stereoscopic microscope and counted activity and is expressed as H = -sum (Piln Pi). (Edmondson, 1959; Macan, 1975). When- Evenness (E) measures similarities in the ever possible, samples were identified to the abundance of different families where E = H/ln S. family and genus level (Richard et al.,1997; Richards et al., 1997). Results Physico-chemical parameters. Water Average water quality values for the study peri- samples from all stations were taken from od are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. High tempera- below the water surface in parallel with the tures ranged 16.5-19°C in August and low tem- macroinvertebrate samplings. Water tempera- peratures 11-12°C in January. Macroinverte- ture, dissolved oxygen and pH were brate communities included Mollusca, measured in situ. Ammonia-nitrogen (N-NO3), Gastropoda (Physidae-Physa, Limnaedae- nitrite-nitrogen (N-NO2) and nitrate-nitrogen Limnaea, Planorbidae-Planorbis, Neritidae- (N-NH3), biological organic discharge (BOD) Theodoxus), Bivalvia (Spharidae-Pisidium), and total phosphorus were determined by Annelidae, Oligochaeta (Tubificidae), Hirudinea standard methods. (Glossiphonidae, Erpobdellidae), Arthropoda, Indices. Estimation of abundance (total Insecta (Chiro-nomidae, Ephemerellidae) and number of individuals) and the most common Crustacea (Gammaridae-Gammarus, Asellidae- measures of biodiversity (richness, Simpson’s Asellus). index, Shannon-Wiener index and evenness) Pisidium and Planorbis were found were used to quantify the response of the throughout the year, except in August. community to the quality of its environment Theodoxus appeared from August to (Peckarsky, 1984; Metcalfe-Smith, 1994; November, especially in Hurma and Liman Richards et al., 1997). Bozalan. Tubificidae were found in most Richness (S) was calculated at the family stations. Besides Tubificidae and a few level to indicate the number of macro- organisms of Gastropoda, no other organisms invertebrate families. were observed in January and February. Simpson’s index (D) represents the Hirudinae, Erpobdellidae and Glossiphonidae probability that two randomly selected were found in a few stations. Beside individuals in the community belong to the Gammarus, Asellus appeared in August same category by the equation D = sum (Pi2) reaching a high in November. Ephemerellidae where Pi is the ratio of individuals of one reached its highest value in July. family to the total number of individuals. Biodiversity indices are given in Table 2. 62 Kirkagac et al. 12 11 10 9 8 DO (ppm) 7 6 pH 5 4 BOD (mg/l) 3 2 1 0 LB 1 LB 2 LB 1 LB 2 Source Mersu 1 Mersu 2 Serhat 1 Serhat 2 Hurma 1 Hurma 2 Farm Fig. 2. Average dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and biological
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