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Wildlife Ecosystem Resilience in the Context of Climate Change: a Kootenay Case Study on Stakeholder Perspectives on Conservation Interventions

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Wildlife Ecosystem Resilience in the Context of Climate Change: a Kootenay Case Study on Stakeholder Perspectives on Conservation Interventions Wildlife Ecosystem Resilience in the Context of Climate Change: A Kootenay Case Study on Stakeholder Perspectives on Conservation Interventions by Roderick Leigh Davis Bachelor of Science (Agriculture), University of British Columbia, 1973 Master of Science, McMaster University, 1979 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the School of Environmental Studies Roderick Leigh Davis, 2015 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Wildlife Ecosystem Resilience in the Context of Climate Change: A Kootenay Case Study on Stakeholder Perspectives on Conservation Interventions by Roderick Leigh Davis Bachelor of Science (Agriculture), University of British Columbia, 1973 Master of Science, McMaster University, 1979 Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Higgs, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Co-Supervisor Dr. Peter Keller, Department of Geography, University of Victoria Co-Supervisor Dr. Karena Shaw, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Member Dr. Brian Starzomski, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Eric Higgs, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Co-Supervisor Dr. Peter Keller, Department of Geography, University of Victoria Co-Supervisor Dr. Karena Shaw, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Member Dr. Brian Starzomski, School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria Member The Kootenay Region of British Columbia is an important landscape connection for wildlife diversity in the Yellowstone to Yukon ecoregional corridor. Significant conservation efforts have provided substantial areas designated to protect wildlife ecosystems in this area. Yet climate change and on-going human development threaten the future resilience of these ecosystems. In light of this complex problem, the goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the effectiveness of current wildlife conservation policy mechanisms, their potential vulnerability in the face of climate change, and the motivation of stakeholders to support policy adaptations. In particular, the research undertakes to understand how community support for adaptation strategies that mitigate climate change impacts on wildlife ecosystems may evolve through direct engagement in conservation assessment and design processes. The thesis therefore addresses the overarching question: “How does stakeholder engagement in an assessment of climate change impacts on wildlife ecosystems influence support for appropriate wildlife habitat and species intervention policies?” The dissertation reviews conservation policies applicable to British Columbia, reviews the efficacy of how those policies are implemented in the Kootenay Region, assesses the potential scope of ecosystem vulnerability to climate change in the region, and evaluates how stakeholder values, beliefs and attitudes motivate support for wildlife conservation and how this is influenced by engaging in a workshop that explores scenarios and impacts of climate change. The efficacy of current conservation policies was evaluated against ecosystem representation, objectives from the Kootenay- Boundary Land Use Plan, the recent ecoregional assessment for the Canadian Rocky iv Mountains prepared by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, the Mountain Caribou Recovery Plan, conservation of habitat for Grizzly bears, fisher, lynx, wolverine and wolves, and recent conservation proposals. The potential for climate change impacts was assessed by modelling future ecosystem and wildlife habitat change scenarios. Finally, stakeholder motivation was evaluated by engaging a group of selected participants in a process involving a preliminary survey, attending a one-day workshop, and one-on-one interviews. Broadly, the research found that 1) that although the Kootenay Region has conservation policies in place that provide substantive protection for ecosystems and wildlife habitat, such policies were not designed to accommodate climate change impacts, and 2) value- based conflicts and institutional shortcomings are barriers to policy reform needed to address resilience in the context of climate change. Perspectives on a conservation design process explicitly addressing the tensions inherent in socio-ecological systems are offered as a framework for considering policy reforms required to contend with climate change impacts on wildlife conservation. v Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ..................................................................................................ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents............................................................................................................ v List of Tables .................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................ xv Dedication ................................................................................................................... xvii Chapter One – Introduction and Context ...................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Focus and Design .................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Challenges in Responding to Climate Change Impacts on Wildlife Habitat . 2 1.2.2 Research Question and Lines of Enquiry ....................................................... 4 1.2.3 Core Concepts ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.4 Overview of Research Methods .................................................................. 17 1.3 The Study Area ................................................................................................... 18 1.4 Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................ 20 1.5 Situating the Researcher .................................................................................... 21 1.6 Dissertation Outline ........................................................................................... 24 Chapter Two – Contemporary Contexts for Wildlife Conservation in British Columbia ...................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 25 2.2 International and National Contexts for Biodiversity Conservation .................. 26 2.3 Wildlife Ecosystem Conservation in British Columbia ....................................... 32 2.3.1 Evolution of Land and Resource Management Policies Affecting Conservation in British Columbia.............................................................................. 34 2.3.2 Key Conservation Policy Elements .............................................................. 41 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................ 53 vi Chapter Three – Evaluation of Wildlife Conservation Implementation in the Kootenay Region of British Columbia ........................................................................................... 57 3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................ 57 3.2 Land use and Resource Development in the Region ......................................... 58 3.3 Conservation Designation Analysis .................................................................... 76 3.3.1 Methodology ............................................................................................... 76 3.3.2 Conservation Designations in the Kootenay-Boundary Region .................. 78 3.3.3 Ecological Representation within Conservation Designations ................... 94 3.3.4 Conservation Evaluation.......................................................................... 102 3.4 Summary .......................................................................................................... 139 Chapter Four – Predicting Wildlife Ecosystem Change: An Analysis of Climate Change Impact Scenarios ........................................................................................................ 145 4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 145 4.2 Modelling Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystems and Wildlife .................... 148 4.2.1 Climate Change Impacts Research ............................................................ 148 4.2.2 Limitations to Modelling Climate Change Impacts on Wildlife Species Distribution ............................................................................................................. 155 4.3 Assessing Potential Climate Change Impacts on Wildlife
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