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Turkey's Escalation in Libya
Turkey’s Escalation in Libya: Implications and U.S. Policy Options JINSA Gemunder Center’s Eastern Mediterranean Policy Project - May 2020 Co-Chairs: Ambassador Eric Edelman and General Charles Wald, USAF (ret.) ACKNOWLEDGMENT This report is made possible by the generous support of the Gettler Family Foundation. A portion of the research for this report was conducted on JINSA’s 2019 Benjamin Gettler International Policy Trip to Greece. DISCLAIMER The findings and recommendations contained in this publication are solely those of the authors. Cover photo credit: Reuters Policy Project Members and Staff Co-Chairs Amb. Eric Edelman Gen Charles “Chuck” Wald, USAF (ret.) Former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Former Deputy Commander of U.S. European Command Members Gen Philip M. Breedlove, USAF (ret.) John Hannah Former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Senior Counselor, FDD; JINSA Gemunder and former Commander of U.S. European Center Senior Advisor Command Reuben Jeffery Gen Kevin P. Chilton, USAF (ret.) Former Under Secretary of State for Former Commander, U.S. Strategic Command Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs Svante E. Cornell Alan Makovsky Policy Advisor, JINSA Gemunder Center for Former Senior Professional Staff Member at Defense & Strategy U.S. House Foreign Relations Committee ADM Kirkland H. Donald, USN (ret.) GEN David Rodriguez, USA (ret.) Former Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Former Commander, U.S. Africa Command Program Lt Gen Thomas "Tom" Trask, USAF (ret.) VADM Mark Fox, USN (ret.) Former Vice Commander, U.S. -
U.S. Engagement in Libya: Diplomacy in a Protracted Conflict
U.S. Engagement in Libya: Diplomacy in a Protracted Conflict January 2019 AUTHORS Princeton University | Woodrow Wilson School | 3 U. S. Engagement in Libya: Diplomacy in a Protracted Conflict Authors Advisor Jessie Durrett Amb. (r) Daniel Kurtzer James Fromson Sakari Ishetiar Hanna Kim Amn Nasir Mia Newman Sepideh Soltaninia 4 | U . S . Engagement i n L i b y a PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________________________________________ This is the final report of a 2018 Policy Ambassador Kurtzer, anyone interviewed for Workshop, the capstone project of the Master this workshop, or any individual student. in Public Affairs program at Princeton We would like to thank Dean Cecilia E. Rouse, University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public Associate Dean Karen McGuinness, Associate and International Affairs, produced by 10 Director of Finance and Administration Jeffrey graduate students under the direction of Oakman, Faculty Assistant Bernadette Yeager, Daniel Kurtzer, former U.S. Ambassador to and everyone at the Woodrow Wilson School Egypt and Israel. who helped make this workshop possible. This report is based on nearly 50 interviews conducted with Libyan and international diplomats, policymakers, UN personnel, researchers, NGO staff, Libyan civil society leaders, and journalists in the United States, Tunisia, and Egypt. All interviews, both in English and Arabic, were conducted off-the- record to ensure interlocutors’ maximum candor. Desk review of primary documents (Arabic and English) and secondary literature related to Libya also informs this report. As a collaborative project, the report does not represent the views of Princeton University, 1 1 Cover Image: “Libyan Rebels Fighting Forces of Gadhafi: Libyan Conflict”, courtesy of Global Military Review. -
S/PV.8394 the Situation in Libya 08/11/2018
United Nations S/ PV.8394 Security Council Provisional Seventy-third year 8394th meeting Thursday, 8 November 2018, 3 p.m. New York President: Mr. Ma Zhaoxu ................................. (China) Members: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) ..................... Mrs. Cordova Soria Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Ipo Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Ndong Mba Ethiopia ....................................... Mr. Woldegerima France ........................................ Mr. Delattre Kazakhstan .................................... Mr. Temenov Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Alotaibi Netherlands .................................... Mrs. Gregoire Van Haaren Peru .......................................... Mr. Tenya Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Safronkov Sweden ....................................... Mr. Skoog United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Hickey United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in Libya . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, -
Libya's Other Battle | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2295 Libya's Other Battle by Andrew Engel, Ayman Grada Jul 28, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Andrew Engel Andrew Engel, a former research assistant at The Washington Institute, recently received his master's degree in security studies at Georgetown University and currently works as an Africa analyst. Ayman Grada Ayman Grada is an independent political analyst and cofounder of Libyan Youth Voices. Brief Analysis The escalation in and around Tripoli holds troubling parallels with the tribal divisions that precipitated Libya's bloody 1936 civil war. ibya is a fractured country whose long-simmering violence is threatening to boil over. Internecine fighting L once mostly limited to Benghazi -- where Maj. Gen. Khalifa Haftar launched "Operation Dignity" against U.S.- designated terrorist group Ansar al-Sharia and other armed Islamists -- has now spread to Tripoli. The U.S. embassy was hurriedly evacuated on July 26, and foreign governments have urged their nationals to flee the country. The Tripoli fighting erupted on July 12, pitting largely Islamist militias from the Muslim Brotherhood stronghold of Misratah and their northwestern allies against well-equipped and trained nationalist brigades from Zintan. The latter factions -- the Qaaqaa, Sawaiq, and Madani Brigades -- are tribal and back the more secular-leaning political alliance, the National Forces Alliance (NFA), but ostensibly belong to the Libyan army. The Misratan and Islamist militias have since bombarded Tripoli International Airport, which has been held by Zintani forces since the revolution ended. This battle -- in which 90 percent of aircraft on the ground were destroyed, costing over $1.5 billion -- marks a dark turn for Libya, increasing the likelihood of the country repeating its brutal 1936 intertribal civil war. -
Palermo Conference for and with Libya (12/13 November 2018) Conclusions
PALERMO CONFERENCE FOR AND WITH LIBYA (12/13 NOVEMBER 2018) CONCLUSIONS On November 12-13, 2018, Libya and International partners met in Palermo, under the auspices of the United Nations and in the wake of the Paris Conference of May 29, 2018. Participants welcomed the meeting in Palermo as a useful platform to show the unity of the international community in supporting the Libyan-owned stabilization process. They acknowledged Sicily as a crossroad of different cultures and as a symbol of the common engagement in reaching out to the southern Mediterranean and to Libya. Participants included a broad Libyan presence, with delegations from PC/GNA, HOR, HSC and LNA. Countries invited included representatives of Algeria, Austria, Canada, Chad, China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Jordan, Malta, Morocco, the Netherlands, Niger, Poland, Qatar, Republic of Congo, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Swiss Confederation, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the African Union, the European Union, the League of Arab States, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations. Participants, - Reaffirming their strong and unequivocal commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya; - Recalling that the current political and security situation in Libya is not sustainable and that there can be no military solution in Libya, only a peaceful solution can be sustainable; - Recalling the December -
To Engage Or Not Engage? Libyan Salafis and State Institutions Virginie Collombier and Fiona Barsoum
To engage or not engage? Libyan Salafis and state institutions Virginie Collombier and Fiona Barsoum HYRES Research Note Publisher: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Copyright: © Norwegian Institute of International Affairs 2019 Any views expressed in this publication are those of the author. They should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. The text may not be printed in part or in full without the permission of the author. Visiting address: C.J. Hambros plass 2d Address: PB 7024 St. Olavs Plass 0130 OSLO, NORWAY Internet: www.nupi.no E-mail: [email protected] Fax: [+ 47] 22 99 40 50 Tel: [+ 47] 22 99 40 00 2 To engage or not engage? Libyan Salafis and state institutions To engage or not engage? Libyan Salafis and state institutions Virginie Collombier and Fiona Barsoum Published by the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Virginie Collombier and Fiona Barsoum 3 Contents HYRES – Hybrid Pathways to Resistance in the Islamic World .............. 4 Introduction .......................................................................................... 5 2011 – old constraints, new opportunities ............................................ 5 2011-2013 political participation versus moral order ........................... 7 2013-2015 – different modalities of violence, fitna versus order .......... 9 2016-2019 - not so “apolitical” Salafis................................................ 12 What future for Libya’s quietist Salafis? ............................................. -
Ghosts of the Past: the Muslim Brotherhood and Its Struggle for Legitimacy in Post‑Qaddafi Libya
Ghosts of the Past: The Muslim Brotherhood and its Struggle for Legitimacy in post‑Qaddafi Libya Inga Kristina Trauthig ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author of this paper is Inga Kristina Trauthig. She wishes to thank Emaddedin Badi for his review and invaluable comments and feedback. The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own. CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2098 E. [email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2018 Rxxntxxgrxxtxxng ISIS Sxxppxxrtxxrs xxn Syrxx: Effxxrts, Prxxrxxtxxs xxnd Chxxllxxngxxs Table of Contents Key Terms and Acronyms 2 Executive Summary 3 1 Introduction 5 2 The Muslim Brotherhood in Libya pre-2011 – Persecuted, Demonised and Dominated by Exile Structures 9 3 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Role During the 2011 Revolution and the Birth of its Political Party – Gaining a Foothold in the Country, Shrewd Political Manoeuvring and Punching above its Weight 15 4 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Quest for Legitimacy in the Libyan Political Sphere as the “True Bearer of Islam” 23 5 Conclusion 31 Notes and Bibliography 35 1 Key Terms and Acronyms Al-tajammu’-u al-watanī – Arabic for National Gathering or National Assembly GNA – Government of National Accord GNC – General National Council Hizb al-Adala wa’l-Tamiyya – JCP in Arabic HSC – High State Council Ikhwān – Arabic for -
Italy and France: the Effects of Competition Between Allies on the Regional Stability in Northern Africa and on the European Union (An Italian Perspective)
Elisabetta Recher FOKUS | 8/2019 Italy and France: The effects of competition between allies on the regional stability in Northern Africa and on the European Union (an Italian perspective) Introduction is how Italy and France‘s competition over Paris publicly seemed to let Rome lead the influence in North Africa risks impac- the way on the Libyan issue even though Between the end of 2018 and the begin- ting and deteriorating the image and French and Italian companies, respectively ning of 2019, tensions between Italy and coherence of the EU as a whole, its unity Total and ENI, were rivals in the country. France were covered in the news on an and its international position. That did not last long, and in the years increasingly regular basis. Tensions grew following military intervention in Libya, over multiple issues such as the two coun- France and Italy‘s historic presence and France attempted to politically bypass Italy tries‘ budget proposal to the European competition in North Africa on multiple occasions.7 Commission, their respective measures and strategies adopted in response to the France and Italy‘s competition for influ- Italy and France‘s competition: Libyan crisis, and their respective national ence in North Africa dates back to the The case of Libya and social issues including migration in Ita- 19th century when Italy emerged as a ly and the “Gilets Jaunes” protests in Paris. colonial power after its reunification in Given the major role Libya has been In addition, while Italy held meetings with 1871. From 1900 to 1902, Rome signed playing in the migration crisis as a gateway representatives of Hungary and Poland a series of treaties with Paris by which it for the African migration to Europe, it is with the aim of establishing an alliance in recognised French control over Morocco in in the interest of both Italy and France to sight of the European Parliament elections exchange for Paris´ pledge not to attempt bring stability to the country. -
WAR on the MEDIA Journalists Under Attack in Libya WATCH
HUMAN RIGHTS WAR ON THE MEDIA Journalists under Attack in Libya WATCH War on the Media Journalists under Attack in Libya Copyright © 2015 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-6231-32309 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch defends the rights of people worldwide. We scrupulously investigate abuses, expose the facts widely, and pressure those with power to respect rights and secure justice. Human Rights Watch is an independent, international organization that works as part of a vibrant movement to uphold human dignity and advance the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org FEBRUARY 2015 ISBN: 978-1-6231-32309 War on the Media Journalists under Attack in Libya Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 4 I. Background: Libya’s Media Landscape ............................................................................ 5 II. Attack on the Media since 2011 ..................................................................................... -
EN Sigma Test 2C.Qxd
S IGMA 2/2002 Contents 1 ▲ Page 5: Romano Prodi – affirming the huge importance of statistics for democracy ▲ Page 34: Carmen Alcaide Guindo – creating a European identity ▲ ▲ Page 22: Ruud van Noort – reinforcing dialogue with policy-makers Page 38: ▲ Pedro Solbes: high-quality statistics do not come cheap! ▲ ▲ Page 13: Svein Longva on balancing the weights of different user groups ▲ Page 34: Adelheid Bürgi-Schmelz – for more synergies within the ESS SIGMA COMMENT What about politicians' LOOKING EASTWARDS – numeracy skills ?! ............................ 20 our series of profiles on the One goal, one vision ........................ 2 … asks John Morley of the Commission's statistical offices of the Eurostat Director-General Yves Franchet DG Employment Candidate Countries continues opens the issue with Slovenia and Hungary All together now for a statistical SIGMA THEME authority ............................................ 22 Like an early-morning cockerel .. 39 Ruud van Noort, Director-General of Toma Banovec, Director of Slovenia’s THE FUTURE OF THE ESS Statistics Netherlands, pleads for a better CSO, tells Sigma's Glen Campbell how recognition of the ESS he did some vigorous boat-rocking Figures we can trust ........................ 5 Commission President Romano Prodi Showcasing 'Statistics Europe' ...... 25 We want to be among the best .. 43 shares his vision of statistics Eurostat Director Daniel Byk on a com- Tamás Mellár, President of Hungary’s mon dissemination strategy CSO, shares his ambitious goals with Getting European statistics out first 6 Sigma's Barbara Jakob Len Cook, Director of the ONS, advo- Now, that's edutainment ................ 28 cates a re-balancing of interests Pedro Campos of INE Portugal shows FOCUS ON MEMBER STATES that statistics can be fun 'Europe First' for what? ................... -
S/PV.8448 the Situation in Libya 18/01/2019
United Nations S/ PV.8448 Security Council Provisional Seventy-fourth year 8448th meeting Friday, 18 January 2019, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Singer Weisinger ............................. (Dominican Republic) Members: Belgium ....................................... Mr. Pecsteen de Buytswerve China ......................................... Mr. Yao Shaojun Côte d’Ivoire ................................... Mr. Ipo Equatorial Guinea ............................... Mr. Ndong Mba France ........................................ Mr. Delattre Germany ...................................... Mr. Schulz Indonesia. Mr. Djani Kuwait ........................................ Mr. Alotaibi Peru .......................................... Mr. Tenya Poland ........................................ Ms. Wronecka Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Nebenzia South Africa ................................... Mr. Matjila United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Ms. Pierce United States of America .......................... Mr. Cohen Agenda The situation in Libya Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (S/2019/19) . This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation -
MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA Continued: Russia Cultivates Libyan Ties
MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AFRICA Russia Cultivates Libyan Ties OE Watch Commentary: Since the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, and in particular over the past few years, Russia has gained influence in Libya by cultivating ties with key players involved in the ongoing struggle for power. According to the accompanying Arabic-language media excerpts, the Kremlin has become an essential ally to Khalifa Haftar, the leader of the Libyan National Army (LNA) based in the country’s eastern half; it has also maintained warm relations with Haftar’s rivals in the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord (GNA); and most recently, it has reached out to Gaddafi loyalists. Khalifa Haftar commands Libya’s strongest single fighting force and favors a military solution to the Libyan conflict. According to the first two accompanying articles, from the Qatari daily al-Araby al-Jadid, this now puts him at odds with his main regional backers (Egypt and the UAE), who over the past several months have sought a political solution by reaching out to Haftar’s rivals, including “officers and soldiers from Misrata and in the ‘Bunyan al Marsous’ forces.” Their goal is to establish “a military council that includes officers representing all political factions, including those loyal to the previous regime.” Haftar, according to these reports, “does not want to share power in the military institution” and disagrees with the proposed contours of a negotiated settlement. If his relations with Egypt and the UAE were to deteriorate, Haftar would be forced to rely on Russia, “which deals with him according to its own interests and has not directly stated support for him.” A key area where Russia and Haftar are closely aligned involves weapons transfers: Libya remains under an international arms embargo which both want lifted.