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NMIO Technical Bulletin National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office NMIO Technical Bulletin National Maritime Intelligence-Integration Office OCTOBER 2016 - VOL 11 1 NMIO Technical Bulletin Director NMIO View: Rear Admiral Robert Sharp, USN As the Director of the National Maritime Intelligence-Integration NMIO continues to advance the Global Maritime Community of Office (NMIO), I am pleased to present Volume 11 of NMIO’s Interest (GMCOI), and your valued contributions positively affect Technical Bulletin. This is the first volume being published during the safety of the maritime domain. As we continue to innovate, my tenure at NMIO, and is the perfect introduction to one of our we must remember to partner across the GMCOI in order to most important annual events - the Global Maritime Forum (GMF). successfully maintain safe and secure use of the maritime domain This Forum will focus on the for all. This edition of the NMIO Technical Bulletin highlights efforts challenges and opportunities to incorporate new capabilities with existing maritime data to of current and emergent advance strategic, operational, and tactical decision making. maritime capabilities, while exploring the intersection of I would like to personally thank those authors who invested their emerging technology and policy valuable time to contribute to this edition of our Technical Bulletin. development. The Technical The articles contained herein capitalize on our relationships with Bulletin is one of our key all levels of government, international, industry, and academia vehicles to promote enhanced partners. I encourage other stakeholders to become more maritime domain awareness involved in this community publication, by submitting articles to and information sharing. Please help us broaden the topics and regions covered in this product. enjoy the wonderful and well- I hope you enjoy these articles on technological advancements written articles in this volume on used to counter illicit maritime activity and the policy implications topics related to the emerging technological advancements used in from a sharing and interoperability perspective. I look forward to the maritime domain and, more importantly, the policy implications continuing to work collaboratively with the community of interest to of use from a sharing and interoperability perspective. address challenges and opportunities of common concern! Science and technology is a fascinating field where research and development opportunities abound, having broad applicability to a range of maritime endeavors. As innovative capabilities are developed for use in the open ocean, the maritime community must consider the resulting policy elements that may create challenges or risks to our mutual security and ability to share and control large quantities of data. Given the rapid transition from prototype to a fielded capability solution, we must develop the necessary policies to ensure consistent, transparent, and predictable deployment of those technologies. NMIO Technical Bulletin Volume 11, October 2016 Correspondence : Ms. Mekisha Marshall Editor In Chief: Ms. Mekisha Marshall, Science and Technology Advisor, NMIO Contributions welcome: We welcome contributions from all Global Email: [email protected] Maritime Community of Interest stakeholders, both domestic and international. In submitting your article, please highlight who you are, Chief, Strategic Engagement, Mr. Chuck Elder; NMIO what you are doing, why you are doing it, and the potential impacts of Phone: 301-669-2560 your work. Please limit your article to approximately one to two pages Email: [email protected] including graphics. Articles may be edited for space or clarity. Production: ONI Media Services Cover Image : 16107-N-CE233-184 Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Address: 4251 Suitland Road (October 17, 2016) USS Zumwalt (DDG 1000) approaches the Governor Washington, DC 20395 William Preston Lane Memorial Bridge, also known as the Chesapeake Bay Bridge, as the ship travels to its new home port of San Diego, Editor Note : The USS Zumwalt (DDG 1000) is a prime example of operationalizing a California. Zumwalt was commissioned in Baltimore, Maryland, October cluster of emerging technologies for new maritime capabilities. 15 and is the first in a three-ship class of the Navy’s newest, most technologically advanced multi-mission guided-missile destroyers. (U.S. Navy photo by Liz Wolter/Released) NMIO Technical Bulletin 2 Table of Contents Operational Aspects of Maritime Domain Awareness 4 John Mittleman, PhD, Naval Center for Space Technology, Naval Research Laboratory Technology Recommendations for Ocean Protection 7 Johan Bergenas and Ariella Knight, Stimson Space Cooperation Among Order-Building Powers 10 Scott Pace, Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University Integrated Communication Extension Capability (ICE-CAP) 14 Peter J. Yoo, SPAWAR Systems Pacific Project Interoperability in Puget Sound (PIPS) 17 The Center for Collaborative Systems for Security, Safety and Regional Resilience (CoSSaR), Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington Towards Real-Time Under-Ice Acoustic Navigation at Mesoscale Ranges 20 Sarah E. Webster, Lee E. Freitag, Craig M. Lee, and Jason I. Gobat, Department of Ocean Physics, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in these articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any agency of the U.S. government.Assumptions made within the analysis are not reflective of the position of any U.S. government entity. 3 NMIO Technical Bulletin OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS John Mittleman, PhD, Naval Center for Space Technology, Naval Research Laboratory In this issue of the National Maritime Intelligence- unchanged. What, then, is “effective understanding,” Integration Office’s Technical Bulletin, we discuss and how is it created? trends in Maritime Domain Awareness, and how policy and technology interact in developing a level EFFECTIVE UNDERSTANDING: of understanding that serves as the foundation for command. We consider “effective understanding” as it appears in three domains: tactical, operational, and strategic. This article starts by briefly tracing the roots of In each, there are distinct policy, technology, and our cooperation on the use of space for MDA and budgetary implications. reviewing important documents in the development of U.S. doctrine. From there, it concentrates on the Tactical Understanding. very challenging concept of MDA as “the effective understanding” of maritime activity and the need that At the tactical level, a central issue for mission this generates for inter-agency, or inter-ministerial success is directing an asset and its related personnel information sharing. Finally, it highlights a few recent to the right location at the right time, with the right developments that will influence the future of our use capabilities and resources, to identify and, if required, of space for MDA. intercept certain activities, such as illegal fishing, narcotics trafficking, or transporting illegal migrants. A BRIEF REVIEW: To the analyst, this means maximizing the probability of encounter with those engaged in, or associated Maritime Domain Awareness was first defined in with, harmful, hostile, or unlawful activities. To do U.S. policy, in a formal sense, in our 2004 National this, the tactical Commander needs to know the Security Presidential Directive-41 (NSPD), “Maritime current locations of all vessels in the area, commonly Security Policy,” and reiterated in subsequent policy presented in a “common operational picture” or documents related to MDA: “Maritime Domain “recognized maritime picture.” Awareness (MDA) is the effective understanding of anything associated with the global maritime domain When first presented with the AIS capability, that could impact the security, safety, economy, or Admiral Ulrich looked at all the vessels and asked environment of the United States.” This definition, the question: “which one am I interested in?” The with word changes appropriate to other countries and technologies to detect and geo-locate vessels, communities, has been accepted around the world. large and small, is a major part of maritime domain Yet, it poses a remarkably challenging problem: what, awareness, but even a complete picture of every exactly, is “effective understanding,” and how do we vessel at sea doesn’t always aid in making decisions. attain this lofty goal? This clearly articulated the difference between data, as presented by AIS, and knowledge that the Admiral In 2005 the NSPD was translated into concrete as a consumer could apply to his decision making. implementation and policy documents such as the This involves analysis, or risk assessment and threat “National Strategy for Maritime Security” (NSMS) evaluation, often performed at the operational level, and one of its component plans, the “National Plan and passed to the tactical level to guide at-sea or air to Achieve Maritime Domain Awareness” (NPAMDA). patrols. Policy enters the equation even at the tactical Over the course of the eight years that followed level, however. As an example, evidence collected at release of the NPAMDA, each U.S. Department and sea may have to be handled in accordance with strict Agency that had a serious stake in MDA, most notably “chain of custody” requirements to ensure admissibility Department of Defense, Department of Homeland in court, or photographic and navigational equipment Security, and Department of Transportation,
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