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Filozofska Pot Andreja Uleta Filozofska pot Andreja Uleta Ljubljana, 2019 Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 1 19.4.2019 14:54:08 FILOZOFSKA POT ANDREJA ULETA Urednici: Olga Markič, Maja Malec Recenzenta: Mirt Komel, Zvezdan Pirtošek Lektoriranje prispevkov v slovenščini: Nina Petek Lektoriranje prispevkov v angleščini: Leonard Ciocan Oblikovanje in prelom: Irena Hvala Fotografija na naslovnici: Paul Klee – Rich Harbour Založila: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani Izdal: Oddelek za filozofijo Za založbo: Roman Kuhar, dekan Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani Tisk: Birografika Bori, d. o. o. Ljubljana, 2019 Prva izdaja Naklada: 300 izvodov Cena: 24,90 EUR To delo je ponujeno pod licenco Creative Commons Priznanje avtorstva-Deljenje pod enakimi pogoji 4.0 Medna- rodna licenca. / This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Knjiga je izšla s podporo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost RS. Raziskovalni program št. P6-0252 je sofinancirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna. Prva e-izdaja. Publikacija je v digitalni obliki prosto dostopna na https://e-knjige.ff.uni-lj.si/ DOI: 10.4312/9789610601876 Kataložna zapisa o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani Tiskana knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=299629568 ISBN 978-961-06-0182-1 E-knjiga COBISS.SI-ID=299637504 ISBN 978-961-06-0187-6 (pdf) Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 2 19.4.2019 14:54:08 Kazalo 3 Kazalo Uvod 5 Govor o neobstoju brez dodatnih ontoloških predpostavk 7 Andrej Ule Ali filozofija potrebuje enotno metodo? 17 Marko Uršič Filozofija na prepihu: Logično-aporična dimenzija Uletove misli 31 Sebastjan Vörös Are Thought Experiments Done in the Head? Ule, Wittgenstein and Enactments in Thought 43 Nenad Miščević Nedosegljivost resnice: znanost, etika in Frankfurtov bullshit 57 Boris Vezjak Kategoriji smotra in vzroka v epistemologiji družbenih ved 69 Franc Mali Znanost in vrednote 83 Olga Markič Kako je logika mogoča? 95 Žiga Knap Mathematics and the World – The Concept of Experiment 101 Majda Trobok Frege, Russell in Wittgenstein o ontološkem statusu in apriornosti logike ������������������� 109 Maja Malec Kompleksno mišljenje in znanstvene teorije 125 Andrej Ule in Zoran Primorac Ule o sledenju pravilom 141 Borut Cerkovnik Globoko nestrinjanje in meje argumentacije 151 Danilo Šuster From Argument to Argumentative Dialogue 165 Nenad Smokrović A Question of Objectivity 175 Thomas Hölscher Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 3 19.4.2019 14:54:08 4 Kazalo Kvantnomehanski problem merjenja kot metafora za raziskovanje doživljanja ������������������ 181 Urban Kordeš Naturalizacija fenomenologije in nekatere posledice za kognitivno znanost 193 Toma Strle Wittgenstein o veri: gotovost, terapija in teologija kot slovnica 203 Bojan Žalec Primerjalna filozofija in univerzalna etika – dialog z Andrejem Uletom ������������������������� 213 Jana S. Rošker Filozofija − preobrazbena možnost 227 Cvetka Hedžet Tóth Prepričanje v umno prakso, epistemsko družbenost in epistemsko kulturo ���������������� 239 Nijaz Ibrulj Antropologija v filozofskem premisleku: Etnografija kot predfilozofija in antropologija kot filozofija, ki vključuje ljudi 253 Rajko Muršič Dolgi pohod na poti, ki izginja 267 Andrej Ule Izbrana bibliografija red prof dr Andreja Uleta 309 Ana Mehle in Mateja Kralj Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 4 19.4.2019 14:54:08 Uvod 5 Uvod Raziskovalna in pedagoška pot profesorja Andreja Uleta je tesno povezana z Oddelkom za filozofijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani, kjer se je, diplomirani matematik, leta 1974 zaposlil kot asistent in potem na oddelku predaval do upokojitve leta 2014. Magistrski in doktorski študij je zaključil pod mentorstvom profesorja Franeta Jerma- na in nato kot Humboldtov štipendist večkrat gostoval pri prof. W. Stegmüllerju na Inštitutu za logiko, teorijo znanosti in statistiko na Univerzi Ludwiga in Maximiliana v Münchnu, kjer je nadaljeval raziskovalno delo na področju logike in teorije znano- sti. S svojim doktorskim delom Osnovni filozofski problemi sodobne logike (Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein), ki je leta 1982 izšlo v knjižni obliki, je pomembno vplival na naslednje generacije analitično usmerjenih filozofov. V tej obširni monografiji je osvetlil osrednje probleme sodobne formalne logike, ki so jih v svojih teorijah obravnavali trije pomemb- ni logiki in filozofi Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell in Ludwig Wittgenstein. V skle- pnem delu s pomenljivim naslovom Logična analiza jezika med molkom in dialektiko pa je pokazal na pomembna vprašanja na meji med logiko, filozofijo jezika in spoznavno teorijo, h katerim se je na različne načine in z različnih perspektiv vračal skozi svoje dolgo raziskovalno obdobje. Za knjigo je leta 1984 dobil nagrado Sklada Borisa Kidriča. Profesor Ule je na Oddelku za filozofijo FF UL, na katerem je bil v letih 1984–86 in 1998–2000 tudi predstojnik, predaval predmete s področij logike, spoznavne teorije, filozofije znanosti, filozofije jezika in zgodovine filozofije, na Fakulteti za matematiko in fiziko UL pa je vrsto let predaval filozofijo in teorijo znanosti. S svojim pedagoškim- de lom je pomembno prispeval k temu, da so generacije filozofov, ki jih je poučeval, dobile trdne temelje v logiki in filozofski argumentaciji ter se seznanile z najpomembnejšimi dogajanji na področju spoznavne teorije, filozofije znanosti in analitične filozofije. Bil je mentor številnim diplomskim, magistrskim in doktorskim študentom, tako iz Slovenije kot tudi iz drugih predelov Jugoslavije. Prof. Ule je pomembno prispeval tudi k vzpo- stavitvi in razvoju interdisciplinarnih študijskih povezav. Med drugim je bil med pobu- dniki in oblikovalci skupnega interdisciplinarnega in mednarodnega drugostopenjskega študijskega programa Kognitivna znanost, ki združuje 4 srednjeevropske univerze in 4 fakultete znotraj Univerze v Ljubljani, ter član Programskega sveta študija in mednaro- dnega konzorcija študija MEi:CogSci. Na svoji filozofski poti se profesor Ule posveča različnim področjem filozofije, kot so logika, spoznavna teorija, filozofija in teorija znanosti, etika znanosti, filozofija jezi- ka, filozofija kognitivne znanosti, zgodovina logike in filozofije, azijske filozofije (zlasti budistična) in filozofija religije. Velik del svojih raziskav je posvetil raziskovanju filozo- fije Ludwiga Wittgensteina in velja za največjega poznavalca Wittgensteinove misli v Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 5 19.4.2019 14:54:08 6 Olga Markič, Maja Malec Sloveniji. Z obsežnim opusom profesorja Uleta se lahko seznanimo v bibliografiji, ki sta jo za zbornik skrbno pripravili Ana Mehle in Mateja Kralj, za kar se jima iskreno zahvaljujeva. Jubilej profesorja Uleta želimo počastiti s pričujočo knjigo, zbornikom prispevkov njegovih nekdanjih študentk in študentov, kolegic in kolegov, ki smo se v svojih člankih navezali na Uletovo filozofsko misel in predstavili široko paleto tem, ki jih na svoji filo- zofski poti premišljuje naš slavljenec. Zahvaljujeva se vsem avtoricam in avtorjem, ki so najprej na simpoziju, ki je ob Uletovi sedemdesetletnici spomladi 2016 potekal na Filo- zofski fakulteti UL, nato pa še v razširjeni pisni obliki v tem zborniku, pomagali osvetliti različne vidike njegovega filozofskega raziskovanja. Zahvaljujeva se tudi dr. Nini Petek in Leonardu Ciocanu za lektoriranje slovenskih oziroma angleških prispevkov ter obe- ma recenzentoma, prof. dr. Zvezdanu Pirtošku in doc. dr. Mirtu Komelu. Olga Markič in Maja Malec Filozofska_pot_Uleta_FINAL.indd 6 19.4.2019 14:54:08 Govor o neobstoju brez dodatnih ontoloških predpostavk 7 Govor o neobstoju brez dodatnih ontoloških predpostavk Andrej Ule Filozofska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani Povzetek Govorim o dveh logičnih interpretacijah stavkov o neobstoječem v raznih kontekstih: eksi- stenčni in univerzalni. Resnične stavke o neobstoječem glede na dani kontekst interpretiram »univerzalno«, neresnične »eksistenčno«. Te interpretacije ne potrebujejo spremembe logičnih zakonov ali semantike klasične predikatne logike in prav tako ne potrebujejo domnev o kakem obstoju irealnih, virtualnih ali abstraktnih bitnosti. Ključne besede: irealne bitnosti, kontekstualni pomen, propozicionalna vsebina, eksistenčna in univerzalna interpretacija Talk on Non-Existence without Additional Ontological Assumptions – Abstract I present my interpretation of the sentences on the non-existent within various contexts of the discourse (discussion): the existential and the universal one. I interpret true sentences on the non-existent within a given context “universally” and false sentences “existentially.” These interpretations do not need to involve a change to logical laws or to the semantics of classi- cal predicate logic, nor do they require assumptions about the existence of unreal, virtual, or abstract entities. Keywords: unreal entities, contextual meaning, propositional content, existential and universal interpretations V tem sestavku se navezujem na svoja razmišljanja o logičnem pojmovanju eksistence, ki jih sicer razvijam že dlje časa. Nekaj od tega sem predstavil na svojih predavanjih, deloma tudi v svojih knjigah o teoriji znanosti, kjer razpravljam o znanstvenem realizmu (npr. Ule, 2006: 208–215). V osnovi iščem rešitev, ki bi čim manj odstopala od klasične predikatne logike in klasičnega pojmovanja kvantifikatorjev kot glavnih logičnih kazal- nikov na eksistenco. Razpravo začenjam z navezavo na Saula Kripkeja. Saul Kripke je v svoji pozno izdani knjigi svojih predavanj o referenci in eksistenci
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