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Thomas Cotter Thesis (PDF 13MB) TIMING AND BASIN IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EDEN-COMERONG-YALWAL VOLCANIC ZONE: STRATIGRAPHY, DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND TECTONIC AFFINITY OF THE COMERONG VOLCANIC COMPLEX, NSW Thomas Cotter (BSc. Geol.) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Science) School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Science and Engineering Faculty Queensland University of Technology 2020 Keywords Put a paragraph of keywords here in alphabetical order (for cataloguing purposes). Comerong Volcanics Lachlan Orogen Paleoenvironment Stratigraphy Intraplate Devonian Timing and basin implications for the Eden-Comerong-Yalwal Volcanic Zone: Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Affinity of the Comerong Volcanic Complex, NSW i Abstract The Lachlan Orogen of New South Wales and Victoria preserves a geological history of Palaeozoic cratonisation of eastern Australia along the paleo-pacific plate boundary. The Lachlan Orogen forms an important crustal feature in eastern Australia because it hosts world-class economic deposits and provides a unique insight into plate tectonic processes active throughout the Palaeozoic. The eastern subdivision of the Lachlan Orogen is comprised of a complex accumulation of volcanic and sedimentary successions, intruded by granitic batholiths. Here I investigate the paleoenvironment, geochemical affinity and timing of the Devonian, Comerong Volcanic Complex on the New South Wales south coast. This investigation demonstrates the Comerong Volcanic Complex consists of alluvial, fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary deposits and bimodal volcanics that were emplaced in a subaerial paleoenvironment. The bimodal volcanics are underlain by a minor accumulation of andesitic lavas that have subduction-related trace element signatures. The bimodal rhyolites and basalts have within-plate geochemical affinities, indicating an intraplate tectonic setting. The basaltic trace element geochemistry displays an enriched mantle source signature with the rhyolites displaying enriched A-type affinity. The bimodal volcanics yielded a zircon U-Pb isotope age range from 392 to 387 Ma in the Eifelian stage of the Middle Devonian. This study shows that the Comerong within-plate rifting and production of A-type felsic volcanics forms part of a short magmatic event in the Early to Middle Devonian, underlain by lavas potentially emplaced as a short period of arc-related volcanism in the Silurian to Early Devonian. ii Timing and basin implications for the Eden-Comerong-Yalwal Volcanic Zone: Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Affinity of the Comerong Volcanic Complex, NSW Table of Contents Keywords .................................................................................................................................. i Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xiii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xiv Statement of Original Authorship ...........................................................................................xv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... xvi Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Geological Background & Research Aims ................................... 20 2.1 Geological Background ................................................................................................20 2.2 Gaps in Knowledge.......................................................................................................36 2.3 Research Objectives......................................................................................................37 Chapter 3: Applied Methods to the Research ................................................. 39 3.1 Field Geology and Petrographic Analysis ....................................................................39 3.2 Whole Rock Major and Trace Element Geochemistry .................................................41 3.3 U-P Zircon Geochronology ..........................................................................................42 Chapter 4: Field Results .................................................................................... 44 4.1 Basement to the Comerong Volcanic Complex: The Ordovician “Mallacoota Beds” .50 4.2 Coherent Lithofacies within the Comerong Volcanic Complex ...................................52 4.3 Fragmental Igneous Lithofacies within the Comerong Volcanic Complex ..................66 4.4 Sedimentary Lithofacies within the Comerong Volcanic Complex .............................78 4.5 Lithofacies Associations ...............................................................................................88 4.6 Emplacement Mechanisms of the Comerong Volcanic Complex ................................90 4.7 Paleoenvironment Reconstruction ..............................................................................102 Chapter 5: Geochemical Analysis Results ..................................................... 104 5.1 Alteration ....................................................................................................................104 5.2 Composition Classification .........................................................................................105 5.3 Major Element Chemistry ...........................................................................................107 5.4 Trace Element Chemistry ...........................................................................................109 5.5 Relationship Between Mafic and Intermediate Samples ............................................111 5.6 Affinity of Silicic Samples .........................................................................................113 Chapter 6: U-Pb Geochronology Results ....................................................... 116 6.1 Stoney Creek Rhyolite (D9.2) ....................................................................................120 Timing and basin implications for the Eden-Comerong-Yalwal Volcanic Zone: Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Affinity of the Comerong Volcanic Complex, NSW iii 6.2 Buckenbowra River Ignimbrite (D13.1) .................................................................... 123 6.3 Burra Creek Ignimbrite (D17.6) ................................................................................. 127 6.4 Emplacement Timing Summary ................................................................................ 130 Chapter 7: Discussion ...................................................................................... 133 7.1 Stratigraphy and Emplacement Model of the Comerong Volcanic Complex ............ 133 7.2 Temporal Relationship within the Eastern Lachlan Orogen ...................................... 152 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Further Research ............................................. 156 8.1 Summary and Conclusion .......................................................................................... 156 8.2 Further Research ........................................................................................................ 157 8.3 Importance of further Research .................................................................................. 158 References ............................................................................................................... 159 Appendices .............................................................................................................. 170 iv Timing and basin implications for the Eden-Comerong-Yalwal Volcanic Zone: Stratigraphy, Depositional Environment and Tectonic Affinity of the Comerong Volcanic Complex, NSW List of Figures [The List of Figures can be created automatically and updated with the F9 key – refer to Thesis PAM.] Fig. 1. Location of the Comerong Volcanics within the Australian states and territories. ..................................................................................................... 19 Fig. 2. a, Reconstruction of the Gondwana supercontinent depicting the proposed eastern margin. Diagram is modified after Gray and Foster (2004) and Cawood (2005). Diagram taken from Vos et al. (2007). b, The Australian Tasmanides with boundaries from Glen (2005). Diagram taken from Rosenbaum (2018). ..................................................... 20 Fig. 3. Timeline of orogenic events recognised in the Lachlan Orogen from: A - Vandenberg et al. (2000); B - Rosenbaum (2018). Timeline constructed from the International Chronostratigraphic Chart after Cohen et al. (2013). ..................................................................................... 23 Fig. 4. a, Exposures of the Tasmanide orogens on the eastern Australian margin displaying the eastern Lachlan subdivision and Wagga-Omeo Metamorphic Belt as the principal surface exposures. b, Lachlan Orogen subdivision
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