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Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ISSN 2278- 4136 ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 IC Journal No: 8192 Volume 2 Issue 1 Online Available at www.phytojournal.com Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry An updated review on Taxonomy, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Macuna pruriens Pradeep Kumar1, Sudipta Saha1* 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Bioscience and Biotechnology Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A central University) Lucknow- 200265, Uttar Pradesh. [Email: [email protected]] Keyword: Macuna pruriens, Ethnobotany, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry 1. Introduction centuries in many countries such as Egypt, China Human beings have relied on natural products as and India[1]. Today plant-based drugs continue to a resource of drugs for thousands of years. Plant- play an essential role in health care. It has been based drugs have formed the basis of traditional estimated by the World Health Organization that medicine systems that have been used for 80% of the population of the world rely mainly Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 306 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry on traditional medicines for their primary health It has another two subspecies namely Mucuna care[2].Currently at least 119 chemicals, derived deeringiana, Mucuna gigantean and various from 90 plant species, can be considered as varieties like Hirsuta, Sericophylla, Utilis[16]. important drugs in one or more countries[3]. Besides their direct medicinal application, natural 2.3 Geographical Distribution products can also serve as pharmacophores for This plant is widely distributed in South East the design, synthesis or semi-synthesis of novel Asia largely found in Bangladesh, India, Sri substances for medical uses. The discovery of Lanka, Malaysia. It is also found in Asia, natural products is also important as a means to America and Africa[17]. further refine systems of plant classification. Mucuna pruriens (M. pruriens) Linn. belongs to 2.4 Cultivation the family Fabaceae, is the most popular drug in It is cultivated any types of soil and environment Ayurvedic system of medicine[4-9]. All parts of in rainy seasons. It is successfully grown in acidic M. Pruriens are generally used to treat soil (pH<5-8) humid area with annual rainfall > impotence[10], diabetes mellitus[11] and cancer[12] 400mm and annual temperature 19-27ºC[18]. whereas the seeds have muti-diversefied functions like several free radical mediated 2.5 Ethnobotanical Description: diseases management, rheumatoid arthritis, M. Pruriens is an annual, climbing shrub with 15m diabetes, atherosclerosis, nervous disorders, length. The fuzzy hairs are available in young state analgesic, antipyretic activity and in the but it is completely hairless during old age. The management of Parkinsonism[13]. The most leaves are ovular in shape and leaflets are 2-3 mm important of these bioactive compounds of plants long. The flower heads are take form of axially are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic arrayed panicles with 15-32 mm long and have 2-3 compounds[14]. The chemical constituents may be or many flowers with lavender, white or purple used for the various purposes such as activity colures. In the fruit ripening stage, a 4 to 13 cm against pathogenic bacteria[15]. long and 1 to 2 cm wide unwinged leguminous fruit develops. Due to its multiple pharmacological uses and The husk is very hairy and carries up to seven presence of medicinally active phytoconstituents seeds. The seeds are flattened uniform ellipsoid, 1 allow as to write this review article and give to 1.9 cm long, 0.8 to 1.3 cm wide and 4 to 6.5 cm medicinal values of this plant to scientific thick. Its seed pods are about 10 cm long[19] and are communities. covered in loose orange hairs that cause a severe itch if they come in contact with skin. The chemical 2. Taxonomy and Botanical descriptions: compounds responsible for the itch are a protein, 2.1 Common name: mucunain[19] and serotonin[15]. It is popularly known as “Magic bean” in Indian System of Medicine. The other vernacular names 3. Traditional uses: of this plant are Cowhage, Kiwanch or Konch Root: It is used for the treatment of nervous (Hindi), Velvet bean or Cowitch (English), disorders. Traditionally, the decoction of Atmagupta or Kapikacchu (Sanskrit), root is for blood purifier, diuretics. Poonaikkaali (Tamil), Alkushi (Bengali), Seeds: This is used as CNC stimulant like Khaajkuiri (Marathi)[16]. coffee bean. It has several functions like to treat perkinson’s disease, impotance, 2.2 Botanical classification: worms, diuretic, aphrodisiac, nerve tonic. Family : Fabaceae Sometimes, it has antidepressant activity. Subfamily : Faboideae Aerial parts: In Ayurvedic system of Tribe : Phaseoleae Medicine, the whole plant has been used for Genus : Mucuna remedying diabetes, gout, rheumatic Species : Pruriens[16]. Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 307 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry disorders, couph, tuberculosis and Due to its multiple use, the seed powder of this cancer[20]. plant was underwent clinical trial in Germany in 2004. The human subjects were given 15 and 30 g 4. Toxicology: of seed powder once, respectively and other groups This plant has no such toxicological consensus but took L-DOPA/Carbidopa capsule which served as has several limitations. It is toxic to human and control. Researchers measured the L-DOPA animal due to the presence of L-DOPA and concentration in blood at various time points in one tryptamines. Trypsin enzyme activity has been compartment model. They found out that plasma inhibited by seed. The undried leaves have hairy profile of seed powder was almost similar like substances which has itching capacity[18]. standard L-DOPA which. They proposed that the seeds of this plant might be better alternative for 5. Clinical Trials: parkinsonism treatment for future drug design perspective[21]. Table 1: Structure of all chemical components of Macuna pruriens NAME STRUCTER NH2 L-DOPA COOH HO OH CH H3C 3 CH3 H CH3 Beta -sitosterol CH3 H CH3 H HO O O H Gallic acid H O O H O H Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 308 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry SH O O O H Glutathione N HO N OH H NH O 2 H N Bufotenine H3 C H O N CH 3 H 5-Hydroxytryptamine N (Serotonin) H O N H 2 H N CH3 6-Methoxyharman H3CO N H N Tryptamine NH 2 Linoleic acid O OH Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 309 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry O Oleic acid HO O Palmitic acid (n-Hexanoic acid) O Stearic acid (Octadecanoic acid) HO HO COOH 3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-6,7- dihydroxy-1,2,3.4- HO tetrahydroquinoline CH3 H3C COOH 3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-7,8- dihydroxy-1,2,3.4- HO tetrahydroquinoline H C CH3 OH 3 N indole-3-alkylamines-N, N- dimethyltryptamine N H Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 310 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Squalene HO OH Ascorbic acid HO O O COOH NH2 5-Hydroxytriptophane HO N H methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-7,8-dihydroxy-1,2,3.4- tetrahydroquinoline[22]. 6. Phytochemistry: It also contains serotonin (5-hydorxy tryptamine, Seeds of velvet beans are known to produce the 5-HT), 5-hydorxy tryptophane (5-HTP), nicotine, unusual nonprotein amino acid 3-(3,4- N,N-dimethyl tryptamine (DMT), bufotenine, and dihydroxyphenyl)-l-alanine (L-DOPA)[4]. It also 5-imethoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine (5-MeO- contains glutathione, gallic acid and beta- DMT) 5-imethoxy-N,N-dimethyl tryptamine-n- sitosterol. It has unidentified bases like mucunine, oxide (5-MeO-DMT-n-oxide). The mature seeds mucunadine, prurienine, prurieninine. Other of the plant contain about 3.1-6.1% L-DOPA, bases isolated from the pods, seeds, leaves and with trace amounts of serotonin, nicotine, roots include indole-3-alkylamines-N, N- Bufotenine, 5-MeO-DMT-n-oxide, and beta- dimethyltryptamine. Leaves also gave 6- carboline. The leaves contain about 0.5% L- methoxyharman. Serotonin is present only in DOPA, 0.006% DMT, 0.0025% 5-MeO-DMT pods[5]. The seeds also contains oils including and 0.003% DMT n-oxide[23]. Structures of the palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids[6]. active constituents were tabulated in Table 1. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of phytochemicals like n-hexadecanoic acid (48.21 %), Squalene (7.87%), Oleic acid (7.62%), ascorbic acid (3.80%) and Octadecanoic acid (6.21%) were present in the extract[13]. 7. Pharmacology: The seed also contians two tetrahydroquinoline The pharmacology of Macuna pruriens was alkalodis namely (-) 3-methoxy-1,1-dimethyl-6,7- summarized in Table 2. dihydroxy-1,2,3.4-tetrahydroquinoline and (-) 3- 7.1 Antivenom Activity: Vol. 2 No. 1 2013 www.phytojournal.com Page | 311 Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Fung et al (2010) investigated antivenom activity The hypoglycemic activity of seeds aqueous of seeds where there was reduction in extract was evaluated using streptozotocin neuromuscular and cardiovascular depressant induced diabetic, normal and glucose load effects of Naja Sputatrix venom in rats which was condition rat models. The seed extract of M. pretreated with M. Pruriens seed[17]. Pruriens at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg body wt. The same group of researchers also described reduced oral glucose load from ~ 127 to 75mg% similar effects against Calloselasma rhodostoma after 2 h of oral administration. In another venom. Where M. Pruriens aqueous extract was experiment there was reduction of blood glucose given intra-peritoneal for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, from ~ 250 to 90mg% in streptozotocin diabetic Calloselasma rhodostoma venom was rats after 21 days. The previous investigation administered intra-venously and studied various suggested that the antidiabetic activity may be pharmacology parameters like blood pressure, due to its dietary fiber content[25].
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  • Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE E-ISSN 2350-0204
    Int J Ayu Pharm Chem REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com e-ISSN 2350-0204 Kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.) - A Comprehensive Review Sharma Tarun1*, Ramamurthy A.2, Nathani Sumit3 and Anand Parul4 1,2,3,4Dept. of P.G. Studies in Dravyaguna, National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Abstract Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. belongs to the family Fabaceae is commonly known as Kapikacchu, Atmagupta, Kacchura, Markati etc. in Sanskrit; Velvet bean, Cowitch, Cowhage in English and Kawaanch, Kavach in Hindi. Its synonyms, morphology, properties, actions and medicinal uses are described in Ayurvediya Samhitas as well as Nighantus. It is an established herbal drug used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac. It possesses many pharmacological activities like antidiabetic, aphrodisiac, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, anti pakinsonism and antivenom activity. M. pruriens seed is a natural source of the amino acid L-3,4-dihydroxy phenyl alanine (L- DOPA), the direct precursor to the neuro transmitter dopamine which is used widely in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Other major constituents isolated are four new alkaloids viz., mucuadine, mucuadinine, mucuadininine and prurienidine along with mucunin, mucuadine, small amount of nicotine, various amino acids, carbohydrate, acids, indole alkyl amines and serotonin. According to Ancient Ayurvedic literature Kapikacchu is used as a potent aphrodisiac, geriatric tonic and vermifuge. It is also used for the treatment of menstruation disorders, constipation, oedema, fever, tuberculosis, etc. In addition, Mucuna is also grown as food crop, ornamental plant, living mulch and green manure crop. The reviews summarize the literature review, botanical description, medicinal uses, phyto constituents, cultivation and propagation and pharmacological activities of M.
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