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International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies 2006 International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Federal Aviation Administration Volume 6, Number 2 A publication of the FAA Academy International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies A Publication of the FAA Academy Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Volume 6, Number 2, 2006 Government Printing Office REVIEW PROCESS The Federal Aviation Administration Academy provides traceability and oversight for each step of the International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies (IJAAS). IJAAS is a peer-reviewed publication, enlisting the support of an international panel of consulting editors. Each consulting editor was chosen for his or her expertise in one or more areas of interest in aviation. Using the blind-review pro- cess, three or more consulting editors are selected to appraise each article, judging whether or not it meets the requirements of this publication. In addition to an overall appraisal, a Likert scale is used to measure attitudes regarding indi- vidual segments of each article. Articles that are accepted are those that were approved by a majority of judges. Articles that do not meet IJAAS requirements for publication are released back to their author or authors. IJAAS is printed by the Government Printing Office. Individuals wishing to obtain a copy of the journal may contact Kay Chisholm by email at kay.chisholm@faa. gov, or by telephone at (405) 954-3264, or by writing to the following address: International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Kay Chisholm AMA-530C PO Box 25082 Oklahoma City, OK 73125 International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Volume 6, Number 2 ISSN Number: 1546-3214 Copyright © 2006, FAA Academy 1st Printing December 2006 197 The International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies 197 POLICY AND DISCLAIMERS Policy Statement: The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher’s right to publish; therefore, the Federal Aviation Administration Academy as an institution does not endorse the viewpoint or guarantee the technical correctness of any of the articles in this journal. Disclaimer of Liability: With respect to articles available in this journal, neither the United States Government nor the Federal Aviation Administration Academy nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Disclaimer of Endorsement: Reference herein to any specific commercial prod- ucts, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the Federal Aviation Administration Academy. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not state or reflect those of the United States Government or the Federal Aviation Administration, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. 198 The International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies PUBLISHER Academy Superintendent Gary Condley, Deputy Superintendent Robert Igo PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Manager, Regulatory Standards Division David Long (Acting) Manager, Technical Operations Training Division Jessie McMullen Manager, Air Traffic Division Patricia Garrambone Manager, Airports & International Training Division Doug Andresen (Acting) EDITORIAL STAFF Managing Editor Kay Chisholm Publication Editor Beverly Laughead Production Editor Laurie Wilson Associate Editor Charlene Gahagan Research Consultant Todd P. Hubbard CONSULTING EDITORS International Ruwantissa I.R. Abeyratne International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada Robert Bor Royal Free Hospital, London, UK Finian Connolly Executive & Professional Training Institute, Drogheda, Co Louth, Ireland Hugh David Eurocontrol, East Sussex, UK Sidney Dekker Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden Alois Farthofer Human Factors Research, St. Georgen, Austria Gerard J. Fogarty University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia Jarle Gimmestad Braathens Airlines, Fornebu, Norway Don Harris Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK Irene Henley University of Western Sidney, Sidney, Australia Graham Hunt Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Magnus Jacobssen Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden K. Wolfgang Kallus Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria Michael John Kay RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Elizabeth Mathews International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal, Canada Jens Rolfsen Det Norske Veritas, Høvik, Norway Steve Thatcher University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia Claudia van de Wal VALK Foundation, Netherlands Lucas van Gerwen VALK Foundation, Netherlands Stephen Walsh Interaction Training Associates, Netherlands Rogier Woltjer Linköping Institute of Technology, Linköping, Sweden Beat Zimmermann Air Navigation Institute, Thun, Switzerland 199 U.S.A. Dee H. Andrews Air Force Research Laboratory, Mesa, AZ R. Kurt Barnhart Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN Ellen Bass University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA Jeffrey Beaubien American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC Wendy Beckman Parks College, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO Dennis B Beringer Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Aleta Best Department of Transportation, Washington, DC James P. Bliss Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA Deborah Boehm-Davis George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Brent Bowen University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE John Cain Florida Technology Institute, School of Aeronautics, Melbourne, FL Raymond E. Cain, Jr. Florida Memorial University, Miami Gardens, FL Michele Cappelle FAA National Headquarters, Washington, DC David Carmichael Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK Stephen M. Casner NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Robert H. Chisholm Support Systems Associates, Melbourne, FL David Conway Southeastern Oklahoma State University, Durant, OK Janet Cope Washington Consulting Group, Prescott, AZ Carmen Delgado-Morales FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Brian G. Dillman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Key Dismukes NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Graham Elliott FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Richard Fanjoy Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Douglas R. Farrow Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC Kenneth H. Funk II Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Trent Gabert University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK Patricia Garrambone FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma A. F. Grandt Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Mavis Green Harvard University, Cambridge, MA Carla A. Hackworth Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Jeffrey T. Hansberger George Mason University, Fairfax, VA Frederick D. Hansen Oklahoma State University - Tulsa, Tulsa, OK Samuel B. Hendrix III FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Judy Holcomb FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Amy Hoover Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington Todd P. Hubbard Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Michael Hynes Hynes Aviation Services, Frederick, OK Sig Illing FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Bill Johnson FAA, Aviation Safety, College Park, GA Merrill R. Karp Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ Raymond E. King Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK William Knecht Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Jefferson M. Koonce Technology Systems, Inc. Wiscasset, ME Bruce Kuhlmann FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Mary N. Kutz Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Florian Jentsch University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL Victor LaSaxon The Boeing Company, Midwest City, OK Chien-tsung Lu Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 200 The International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies Richard L. Mangrum Kent State University, Kent, OH Carol Manning Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Harry Marks University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK Steven Marks Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK Royce Ann Martin Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH Celeste Mayer North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC H. C. McClure MAC Air Consulting, Queen Creek, AZ Marjo Mitsutomi University of Redlands, Redlands, CA Richard H. Mogford NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA Henry Mogilka FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK John C. Morey Dynamics Research Corporation, Andover, MA Kathleen Mosier San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA Vahid Motevalli Aviation Institute, Ashburn, VA Gary J. Northam Parks College, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO Dale B. Oderman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Manoj Patankar Parks College, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO Mike Pearce American Airlines Donald A. Petrin Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Julia Pounds Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Roni Prinzo Civil Aerospace Medical Institute, Oklahoma City, OK Stephen M. Quilty Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH William B. Rankin II Florida Memorial College, Miami, FL Esa M. Rantanen University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL Gail Reed Pan Am International Flight Academy, Miami, FL Sherry Reese FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, OK Robert A. Richards Stottler Henke Associates, Inc. (SHAI), San Mateo, CA Robert Ripley Auburn University, Auburn, AL Charles L. Robertson University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND Nadine
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