UNDP Community Based Disaster Management Practices, 2006-2008 Acronyms

BCPR Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery CBDMGs Community Based Disaster Management Groups CBDMP Community Based Disaster Management Project DDC District Development Committee DRM Disaster Risk Management HIV/ AIDS Human Immuno deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs NGO Non Governmental Organization REDP Rural Energy Development Programme UNDP United Nations Development Programme VDC Village Development Committee Foreword

Nepal is one of the countries in the world most vulnerable to natural disasters, including earthquakes. Increasing climate change impacts on fragile geo-physical settings, recurrent and new patterns of natural hazards like floods and landslides and degradation of the eco-systems by human activities have in the recent years taken an increasing toll on human lives, losses of properties and economic gains and investments. Recent flooding with associated loss of significant number of lives and damage to livelihood assets in the Koshi area in the east and Kanchanpur, Kailali in west Nepal in 2008 alone illustrate the severity of the problem. While there are well established immediate disaster response mechanisms at national and local levels, capacity to prepare for, mitigate risks and adapt needs to be built up. The newly approved national Strategy Disaster Risk Management in Nepal will be a key driver of this effort.

Economically marginalized poor communities, who tend occupy marginalized lands such as flood plains and higher slopes that are most prone to disasters are thereby most vulnerable to disaster risks and have usually very limited, if no, coping mechanisms. While looking at disaster management planning and preparedness, it is thus essential to involve these communities in risk assessment and implementation of risk reduction activities.

Recognizing the imperative need to assist communities at the local level prepare and protect themselves to the extent possible from these disasters, UNDP decided to pilot a locally based, community focused Disaster Risk Management Programme. This 2 year community mitigation and preparedness work in pilot districts under the Community Based Disaster Management Programme, carried out in collaboration with MOHA and the District Disaster Relief Committees, has contributed to developing approaches and methodologies, training and community engagement packages, which have clearly contributed to enhanced disaster and disaster preparedness awareness, risk reduction and increased community resilience towards disaster. Target communities have been very receptive to and engaged in the implementation of these community based disaster management initiatives, and in the process community members have learnt how to cope with disaster, better prepare for a response and mitigate impacts of recurring disasters.

This publication is an anthology of some of the successful stories and best practices of community focused disaster management initiatives undertaken by the communities themselves. It highlights the elements of success, whether it be a model of community mobilization or a simple technology which communities can use and adapt or a process which ensures ownership.

I would like to thank all those who were the part of design and implementation of the programme, particularly the local communities who trusted us, put their efforts and actively participated in the programme. This combination of community trust and support intertwined with technical guidance has been key to the success of the programme.

I hope the readers of this success stories book will find these experiences gained in managing community based disaster management activities in pilot districts of Nepal, useful and can use some of these best practices for replication in other areas.

Anne-Isabelle Degryse-Blateau Country Director UNDP Nepal Acknowledgements

This success stories book is dedicated to the local communities of the six districts of Nepal (Chitwan, Makawanpur, Sarlahi, Sindhuli, Tanahu, Syangja) who put their efforts together with the Disaster Risk Management team of UNDP Nepal to identify potential disaster risks and find ways to mitigate them.

Local communities have gained adequate knowledge through their direct involvement in disaster management initiatives, which will be helpful to cope with future disaster risks.

Staff of the Disaster Risk Management Unit of UNDP are highly acknowledged for their hard work in providing technical support to the local community in design and construction of Community Based Mitigation Structures.

Thanks are due to the Forum for Sustainable Development Nepal for collecting the case studies for Community Based Disaster Risk Management activities implemented by UNDP, Nepal. Thanks are also extended to Mr. Krishna Adhikari, a Nepalese Journalist, who was involved in collecting stories about community involvement in DRM activities.

Contents Page.No.

Millennium Development Goals and Disaster Reduction 2

Floods are a Chronic Problem in the Tarai 6

Better Safe than Sorry 9

Landslide Mitigation and Preparedness Practices 12

Ordinary Lives, Extraordinary Stories 15 United Nations Development been made towards achieving the Millennium Programme/ Bureau for Crisis targets of the Millennium Development Prevention and Recovery’s study in Goals. To achieve this, however, there Development 2004 ranked Nepal as the 11th most is great need to integrate disaster risk at risk country to earthquakes and reduction into development policies Goals and Disaster the 30th to flood risk. Similarly, the and planning. World Bank’s study conducted in 2005 Reduction portrayed Nepal as highly vulnerable Nepal is rich in terms of nature to disaster due to the geographical and bio-diversity but it is equally structure of the country and intensified vulnerable to the adverse effect monsoon. Though landslide is a of natural hazards like flood, natural hazard, different studies show landslides, earthquakes etc. due to that 40 percent of landslides occurring its fragile geological and geo physical in Nepal are due to human activities. conditions, steep topography In last few years, climate change has and extreme weather conditions. emerged as one of the reasons behind According to International Federation the increased incidents of disaster in of Red Cross and Red Crescent Nepal. Lives and property loss can societies, nearly 100,000 Nepalese be reduced if national policies are are being internally displaced every amended to fulfill the commitments year due to natural disasters. made by the United Nations World Conference of 1994 and United The breach of Koshi embankment on Nations World Conference on Disaster 18 August 2008 destroyed property Reduction in 2005. If this happens, a worth billions of rupees in Eastern significant contribution would have Nepal. It resulted in casualty of people

Gabion Boxes weaving  and the displacement of around 50,000 preparedness for these hazards are This Project commenced operation at locals. Road connectivity between concerned. Although some relief the community level from April 2006. Eastern Nepal and other parts of the measures are undertaken after It encouraged and supported the local country was also disrupted. Floods natural disasters strike, people often communities and people from 42 and landslides in various places have no way out until some concrete wards of Syangja, Tanahu, Chitwan, of Western Nepal including Kailali measures for disaster reduction and Makawanpur, Sarlahi and Sindhuli and Kanchanpur rendered similar risk mitigation are implemented. The districts which were worst hit and calamity in 2008. Every year, floods problem of soil erosion, flood and constantly facing problems of flood, and landslides claim hundreds of landslide is increasing every year, landslide and river cut each year lives and make thousands homeless. mainly because of non-scientific with the onset of monsoon to start Such disasters destroy physical agricultural cultivation systems activities for minimizing the impact of infrastructures and cause negative and haphazard development works these disasters. impact in each and every sector undertaken without considering including the environmental, economic the negative effects exerted on the The project, which was started as a and social sectors. People in the hills environment. It is ironic that the model, has enhanced knowledge of are compelled on a daily basis to live most vulnerable group to suffer the disaster preparedness and disaster with hazards including landslides, soil wrath of natural disasters are the coping skills at the local level. Local erosion and flooding while the people poor. Of them women and children people were trained to enhance their of Tarai have to endure floods, soil are typically the most susceptible. capacity to reduce their risk from erosion and inundation every year. natural hazards. The project also Realizing the gravity of the situation works with the central and local Floods and landslides are natural reflected by alarming mortality and government levels. It is worthy of phenomenon that occur every year in economic loss statistics generated by note that the government is soon the country and much work remainst disasters, UNDP piloted the Community expected to approve a separate to be done as far as mitigation and Based Disaster Management Project. disaster management act and policy.

 Implementation of the project replicating community-based disaster has contributed indirectly towards risk reduction initiatives that preferably the achievement of the Millenium enhance livelihood opportunities”. Development Goal targets. It has also helped to minimize the loss of lives The Project has given emphasis to and properties from flood, landslide capacity building and leadership and river erosion in the selected wards. development of the local community Moreover, there has been significant along with disaster reduction participation of women in all the measures by providing various activities of the project. Women have trainings in all six districts where the been involved in decision making for Project worked. These training have the mitigation work, training, planning, helped people affected by disaster implementation and information to develop skills and empower sharing. This has helped raise income themselves. It has taught them of the poorest families selected in valuable lessons to reduce risks different project wards. through the application of indigenous knowledge and through use of local The main goal of CBDMP is to available resources. “enhance the security of women and men vulnerable to natural disasters Sapana Shrestha of Hetauda-4 and protect common property and Makawanpur feels that women play a community resources in select disaster vital role in preparedness as well as prone districts; by implementing during rescue, relief and rehabilitation appropriate capacity building activities. She says, “my leadership measures at community, district and capacity has increased after taking Training for CBDMGs on Disaster Risk Reduction central levels while supporting and disaster reduction training.”

 Awareness raising programs about country. Various programs and earned some income from the sewing HIV/AIDS, women trafficking and schemes have been designed and machine that she bought with a seed disaster risk reduction has also been implemented to alleviate poverty. grant of 5,000 rupees from the CBDMP conducted in project implementation However improvement in the committee. districts. Sharmila Karki of Ranigunj-4 livelihood of many people from the Sarlahi is active in the campaign to mobilization of seed grants provided The project has developed leadership remove irregularities and superstition by the project has proved that small qualities of women and given them prevalence in the society. She has assistance can bring big changes. a platform to voice their opinion been able to inform the society about Locals receive assistance directly in decision making processes. The measures to control women trafficking from this grant through Disaster Project ensures women’s active and how to be safe from HIV/AIDS, Management Committees formed participation in all activities. Similarly, after she received training on these at the local level for the purpose it has also demonstrated a good subjects. Similarly, Tulasa Bhattarai of of operating enterprises like cattle example of inclusiveness as people Ranigunj-4 is busy informing people farming, sewing, vegetable farming belonging to various communities about disaster reduction and its and small business. Though the like Dalits and Janajatis participate importance after she received training Program is for everyone, especially in the programs. Assistant Resident in disaster management, which women, dalits and indigenous people Representative of UNDP, Vijaya P. motivates the local people to work have benefitted from this grant. One Singh, believes that the lessons together for the mitigation activities. example is Mana Maya Gurung of learned from this project, which She notes “now they have raised their Municipality, Syangja, who was started with the objective of voice to the local government for the took a loan of Rs. 5,000 to start goat minimizing poverty and meeting the funds to allocate in their VDC for farming. She said it has become easy target of Millennium Development landslide mitigation activities.” for her to meet the expenses of her Goals will be a guideline for disaster family after starting this enterprise. reduction and management in the Wide spread rural poverty is a Likewise a local of Jagatradevi of days to come. challenge for development of the the says she has

 Ramu Ghimire of Ranigunj VDC in Each year the flood in Phooljhor Floods are a Sarlahi district has tears in his eyes river converts more than hundred as he surveys the Phooljor river. This hectares of land into desert. The river Chronic Problem is the river that swept away all his starts from Chure hills and enters dreams and desires. “What to do, we India through Sonbarsha. It has in the Tarai became helpless in front of nature. been eroding 20 to 25 kms of Nepali Fifteen years ago the Phooljor River land every year. Besides Ranigunj, swept away all the properties which Parwanipur, Kalinjor, Ishworpur and had been used from the period of Rampur are also affected by the river. my forefathers.” Ramu just watched helplessly and could do nothing to Black clouds in the sky increases the protect his land. heartbeat of the residents of Gardi VDC in Chitwan. The local Riyu river Many others like him share the floods every monsoon resulting in similar stories. Ramji Mahato also loss of land and property. The floods faced a similar problem. Their displaced almost seven to eight stories are more heart rending hundred households forcing them to because these people are ordinary migrate to other areas. people who have very simple lives. They live a hand to mouth existence The Narayani river also creates havoc and when nature takes away the in the lives of people who live on very thing that sustains them, they its banks every year. The river has have nowhere to turn on. This used washed away hundreds of bighas to be the most productive land in of land and made many people the district, now it is barren. landless.

Flood Mitigation by communities in Riyo River, Gardi VDC, Chitwan  Every year this scenario is repeated his fellow residents of Ranigunj VDC in many districts of the country. constructed stone spurs at the bank Disaster preparedness and risk of the Phooljhor river. The villagers of mitigation is vital to reduce the Madi made bamboo spurs to check fear of these communities and help the flow of water, while those living protect their lives and properties. on the banks of Narayani also built Since the Community Based Disaster stone spurs to fight the flooding. Management Project (CBDMP) has started working in the village, Central and local government as the villagers have found reasons well as vulnerable communities were to hope again. The Project helps also helped with the financial and reduce hazard vulnerability of the technical assistance of CBDMP. The communities living in the districts Project conducted various trainings through community based disaster and awareness classes for the risk mitigation measures. The Project villagers to educate them on disaster forms and capacitates Community risk management. They were taught Based Disaster Management Groups to use locally available materials like (CBDMG) in each community, who bamboo, to control the flooding. in turn reduce the geo physical The villagers also planted trees on vulnerability by designing and the banks to find a more permanent executing at least one risk mitigation solution to the problem. work such as the construction of dykes, spurs, and embankements in Besides helping to control flooding the wards. From their participation and soil erosion, CBDMP has Construction of drain to control inundation in ward no 11, in the CBDMP, Ramu Ghimire and encouraged the residents of ward Bharatpur Municipality

 no 11 of Bharatpur Municipality Residents from all affected areas to construct a drain to control report a marked difference this year inundation. The water was during the monsoons. They want harming farms, agricultural plots to continue with the construction and transportation infrastructure. of bamboo spurs and stone spurs In response the locals constructed even after the Project is phased out. a three km long drainage channel, Now they are empowered enough which has helped the wards to recognize ways to prepare and significantly, in reducing their minimize the risks of the natural flooding. calamities to which they are exposed. This can be seen from the disaster mitigation methods taken by the residents of Chitwan, Sarlahi and other communities in the Project districts.

Gabion spur in Ambhanganj VDC, Hetauda  No one knows when natural disaster As Nepal is a disaster prone country, Better Safe than will strike. The only way to be safe it is imperative to educate the Nepali is generating sufficient awareness in populace about safety measures, Sorry people in order that they are self- especially in the villages, where the motivated to be both prepared when prevalent idea about disasters is that such situations arise and to work the Gods must be angry. practically to reduce their levels of risk exposure. There are many The Community Based Disaster organizations working in the area of Management Project (CBDMP), a disaster awareness and preparedness. UNDP funded project, has been doing just that. The main goal of the Project is to enhance the safety of women and men vulnerable to natural disasters and to protect common property as well as community resources in select disaster prone areas. The Project has helped build a model earthquake resistant school in Hetauda and Community Centers in Sarlahi, two districts that are prone to disasters. The people were fully involved in building the school, which was built at a total cost of Rs. 750,000.

Model of Earthquake Resistant Community Center in Sarlahi

 CBDMP, along with Hetauda earthquake in Pakistan”. The children 3 and 10 in Malangawa Municipality Municipality and DDC Makawanpur also feel safe. “It is a relief to know in Sarlahi district. The Municipality constructed a model earthquake that we study in a safe school”, says was interested enough to join hands resistant building with three rooms Sangita Dhakal, a student of grade with the Project and construct the in Shramik Secondary School in 10. Another student, Bijaya Lama earthquake resistant model buildings. Kara of Hetauda. They were unable feels that the whole school should Besides the construction, the Project to construct the whole building this be earthquake resistant and not only also conducts awareness and way due to resource crunch. The three rooms. The Principle has plans education programs on earthquake students and teachers of the school to do just that if he can manage to safety measures. The objective of are very happy with the way things raise adequate resources. constructing these buildings was to have turned out. The Principle of provide a safe place for the locals the school, Tej Bahadur Lama says, Inspired from the program, the who feel more happy and secure “we wanted to be safe after viewing CBDMGs of the municipality planned now. footage of school buildings collapsing and constructed earthquake resistant and children perishing in the 2005 community buildings at ward no’s 2, Such measures have helped assure Ram Preet Shah, a resident of ward no 2 who has heard about the big earthquake of 1934 and is anxious about the next big one. He fears being buried under the debris. There are many like him in the district with the same fear. Acting Executive Officer of Malangawa Municipality, Raj Kapoor Mahato says, “in the past we used to assist in

10 School Building of Shramik Secondary School in Kara, Hetauda rescue operations only, but now we and helps provide greater ownership measures necessary to overcome it. want to reduce the effects of disaster within the Municipality. The Municipal Dhruba Bhujel, Officer of Hetauda and focus on safety measures.” He authorities are confident that they will Municipality said that the school added that the Municipality would be a huge success in their endeavor has piqued the community’s interest. encourage people to construct new of being a safe district, as far as He said the Municipality would structures keeping these measures earthquake resistant construction is give special emphasis to effective in mind. To give continuity to this concerned. implementation of the Nepal Building program, the Municipality has Code and construction of earthquake emphasized disaster and earthquake The school has become a model to resistant buildings. People from safety measures in the construction raise awareness among city dwellers neighboring villages have been of new buildings. about construction of earthquake coming to observe the school and resistant houses and safety see if they can replicate it. Disaster Management Committees have been formed in three wards and employees of the Municipality have been trained in disaster management. Staff have also been taken on exposure visits to other districts with similar programs like Chitwan and Hetauda to gain more perspective. These visits and trainings are expected to give sustainability to the program even after the Project is phased out. This also promotes a bottom up approach to development School Building of Shramik Secondary School in Kara, Hetauda

11 Development is a sure sign of very helpful in the districts that are Landslide Mitigation success, but it can also bring with it prone to flooding and soil erosion. countless problems if disaster risks and Preparedness are not considered in the planning An access road had to be built to and implementation phase of the site of Kaligandaki Hydropower Practices development interventions. CBDMP Project, situated in Jagatradevi VDC has been helping people cope in Syangja district. But in this case, with disaster in an effective and development came with its share of sustainable manner. It works with problems. There was a landslide at the goal of enhancing the safety of the Khahare stream. A drain had to be citizens vulnerable to natural disaster. constructed while the road was being The Project also helps protect built. This construction triggered the common property and community problem of landslides. The landslides resources in select disaster prone displaced 35 families and threatened districts. They do this by involving the the Jagatradevi Primary School. people in the affected area through Landslide mitigation measures are the establishment of Community being taken to save the village and Based Disaster Management Groups the school that lies in its way. (CBDMG), which are trained in different issues of disaster management like Residents of Chimkeshwori in Tanahu hazard and vulnerability analysis district were happy to have electricity planning and execution of disaster courtesy of the Rural Energy risk mitigation works. This has been Development Programme (REDP)

Series of wooden check dams to control debris flow in Nepane VDC, Sindhuli 12 a UNDP funded program. However The residents of Nepane VDC in community stakeholder capacities due to a lack of proper protection Sindhuli also were fed up with in different aspects of disaster measures, landslides occurring during floods and debris flow. They wanted management planning and execution. each monsoon disrupted electricity a permanent solution to these Locals were helped technically and production. As mitigation, the problems. The people living in these financially to combat landslides, soil communities implemented protection VDCs were fortunate that CBDMP was erosion, flooding in a sustainable works with the support from the working in those areas. manner and in raising their overall Project ensuring electricity supply to awareness of earthquake risk the village throughout the year. The Project supported local residents reduction. of these districts to implement On the other side of the district in successful disaster management The residents of Jagatradevi formed Alaiche, Katuwatol and Tampidanda interventions. It helped enhance a CBDMP and constructed stone of Byas Municipality, residents have a similar problem. They have difficulty sleeping at night during the monsoon season for fear of being swept away along with their houses. This has happened many times in the past. Many from their village like Til Bahadur Thapa and Jhak Bahadur Thapa were forced to migrate to other places after losing their property to landslides.

Communities working for landslide mitigation in Nibuwakharka VDC, Syangja 13 walls in different parts of the village Villagers in Chimakeshwori got which are very sturdy, to build check which were at risk of landslide. The together to construct a stone wall dams. They have created a sense of villagers also planted trees for a around the source of the landslide. It awareness in people about planting more permanent solution. Everyone is heartening to note that the entire trees. Now, locals are advised to stop pitched in. As Tikisara Basyal, Chair village comes together in times of the open grazing of cattle and not to person of the Committee says, “we disasters. This is another boon from cut grass and firewood randomly. worked continuously in spite of bad CBDMP. The awareness that the weather, because we had to find a Project has brought into the villagers All the villagers in the Project areas solution.” has united them, keeping aside caste are excited with their good work. They and gender for a common cause. have pledged to continue with it in the years to come. The Government The resident of various wards in Vyas has to take ownership of the project Municipality also took advantage of and take the lead in supporting the the training, awareness programs people to continue their good work. and funds provided by the Project to The villagers have to be encouraged build a 31 meter long and two meter not to lose interest in the disaster tall stone masonry wall. They also risk management and development planted various species of plants as works being carried out in their a stabilization measure. The Project villages and municipalities. The six encourages residents to use local districts in which CBDMP works at materials as much as they can. The currently can definitely take the lead people of Nepane in Sindhuli have in setting an example of dealing with been using logs from the Sal tree, natural disasters in an effective and sustainable manner.

Stone masonry wall for landslide mitigation in Vyas Municipality, Tanahu 14 Tilu Tamang of Hetauda, Makawanpur back home after spending 16 years Ordinary Lives, district has begun to dream….. there. However she had nothing to show for her efforts in India. Extraordinary She dreams of sending her children to good schools, having enough Tilu heard about Community Based Stories to eat, buying a house and maybe Disaster Management Project opening a lodge someday. Why not? (CBDMP) that was working in her After all, she has come this far from town. One of the Project activities was a shy and introverted circus girl. She giving grants to the poorest families owns a small business and is doing in the community and Tilu’s family quite well for herself considering also qualified. From the Rs. 5,000 the hardships she has undergone she got, she opened the teashop. “It through her life. She has recently is amazing,” she wonders aloud, “no expanded her tea stall and is also one was willing to loan me even Rs. now now selling savory snacks to go 2,000 and now look at me. Thanks to along with the hot tea. CBDMP, I am an entrepreneur.” She earns an average of Rs. 200 daily and The villagers cannot believe it is saves around Rs. 350 per month. the same Tilu, who went to India when she was seven after her father CBDMP has come like a breath of fresh passed away. She worked in a circus air into the lives of underprivileged there. She still shudders to recount locals. Though the Project primarily her life in the circus. But she had no works to enhance the safety of choice as she had to send money women and men vulnerable to natural Januka Rai in her earthworm fertilizer farm home to feed her family. She came disasters and helps protect common

15 property and community resources in the market and also sells the surplus CBDMP helped Sita Pariyar find a disaster prone districts, it also helps fertilizer to the Agricultural Office. niche in her community of Jagatradevi build capacity of communities so that VDC in Syangja district. She sews their livelihoods are enhanced. Januka who has studied upto grade and mends clothes from a sewing 10 is turning out to be a smart machine the Project bought for her. There are many others like Tilu who entrepreneur. She was involved She earns up to Rs. 200 per day. This have benefitted from the seed grant in the campaign, “Reduce the use was under the program initiated by provided by CBDMP. Januka Rai took of chemical fertilizer, and increase the Project to provide seed grant for the Rs. 5000 provided by the Project the productivity of soil.” She is a starting alternative income generation and started producing fertilizer from vociferous advocate of this slogan activities. The awareness that the the earthworm she bought from and does not hesitate to promote it Project helped create in Jagatradevi the money. She is into mushroom to others in her community. has helped people like Sita who farming using the fertilizer. She sells belong to a disadvantaged class, the mushroom for Rs.150 per kg in Her family which migrated from very much. Her family of nine, which Khotang due to extreme poverty now includes seven children, do not have has a comparatively comfortable to live a life of humiliation any longer. lifestyle thanks to the help from The money that Sita earns from the Project. Januka sends her two sewing has ensured that her family daughters to a private school while has enough to eat. The children go her son goes to a government to school and Sita hopes to see her school. The Project has increased eldest daughter graduate soon and her confidence to such an extent help her with her business so that she now aims to be an independent she can expand it. Some of the things entrepreneur in the city. More power she wishes for at present are training to her.

Teashop opened by micro capital grant support 16 in modern sewing and enough money be more productive if they received to buy a piece of land. some kind of technical training and had access to high quality goats for It is not just the women folk who have breeding purposes. benefited from the various income generating schemes funded by There are hundreds of others with CBDMP. Men have also felt a marked equally interesting stories, whose change in their livelihood. One such lives have turned around for the person is Shiva Bahadur Rana of better with intervention from CBDMP. Rangkhola in Syangja district. He There is clear evidence that the took advantage of the loan provided locals have been empowered. They by the Project to buy two pregnant can hope to provide a better life for goats. He made a profit by selling their children. They can hope to own the kids. He has already refunded a piece of land, they can hope to the loans to CBDMG for circulation have a say in issues that matter and and is doing well for himself. He contribute to disaster risk reduction sends his children to a private in their community because the school. Others in his community Project has helped them find a voice have been inspired by him to try the and become aware of what is right same profession. Dil Kumari Aryal is for them. thriving in this profession. However, she feels that the community could

Goats raising by micro capital grant support

17 United Nations Development Programme PO Box 107, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal Disaster Management Unit Tel: (+977-1) 5523200 Website: www.undp.org.np/drm Fax: (+977-1) 5523991 Tel: (+977-1) 5010062 Website: www.undp.org.np