The Similarity of the Action of Franklin and ESE Lightning Rods Under Natural Conditions †
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Failure of the Collection Volume Method and Attempts of the ESE Lightning ROD Industry to Resurrect It Abdul M
118 Journal of Lightning Research, 2012, 4, (Suppl 2: M9) 118-128 Open Access Failure of the Collection Volume Method and Attempts of the ESE Lightning ROD Industry to Resurrect it Abdul M. Mousa* Consultant (Retired from BC Hydro), Vancouver, Canada Abstract: To facilitate the marketing of their devices, the vendors of Early Streamer Emission (ESE) lightning rods are attempting to get the Collection Volume Method (CVM) in IEEE Standard 998 which deals with the Shielding of Substations. This attempt follows their failures before IEC, Standards Australia and the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association). Voting on the standards of the IEEE is done by a pool of persons, most of whom are not lightning experts. The same applies to potential buyers of ESE devices who are being wooed by use of the CVM. This paper seeks to enlighten those persons by using indisputable field observations to prove invalidity of the CVM. The paper also shows that development of the CVM rested on a false perception that discrepancies existed between field observations and predictions of the Electrogeometric Model (EGM), and that the CVM failed to address those claimed discrepancies. Keywords: Lightning, lightning protection, lightning protection standards, collection volume method, electrogeometric model, early streamer emission (ESE) lightning rods. 1. INTRODUCTION effect of location of the measuring point on magnitude of the current was subsequently confirmed by the observed While its roots go further back in history, the differences between the simultaneous current measurements Electrogeometric Model (EGM) was first articulated by taken at different heights of the 540 m Ostankino TV tower Young et al. -
Imperial Units
Imperial units From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see English units. For the system of weight, see Avoirdupois. For United States customary units, see Customary units . Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement. The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London. Contents [hide] • 1 Relation to other systems • 2 Units ○ 2.1 Length ○ 2.2 Area ○ 2.3 Volume 2.3.1 British apothecaries ' volume measures ○ 2.4 Mass • 3 Current use of imperial units ○ 3.1 United Kingdom ○ 3.2 Canada ○ 3.3 Australia ○ 3.4 Republic of Ireland ○ 3.5 Other countries • 4 See also • 5 References • 6 External links [edit] Relation to other systems The imperial system is one of many systems of English or foot-pound-second units, so named because of the base units of length, mass and time. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely. -
Town of Hamburg Planning Board Meeting June 17, 2009 Minutes The
Town of Hamburg Planning Board Meeting June 17, 2009 Minutes The Town of Hamburg Planning Board met in regular session on Wednesday, June 17, 2009 at 7:30 p.m. in Room 7B of Hamburg Town Hall, 6100 South Park Avenue. Those attending included Chairman Gerard Koenig, Karen Rogers, Sasha Yerkovich, Peter Reszka, David Phillips, Steve McCabe and Richard Taber. Others in attendance included Andrew Reilly, Richard Lardo, Attorney Donald McKenna and Attorney Cheryl McFaddon Zak. Public Hearing - Old Time Baptist Church Mr. McCabe read the following notice of public hearing: “Notice is hereby given that the Town of Hamburg Planning Board will conduct a Public Hearing on a proposed new church facility to be located on vacant land on the northwest corner of Gowanda State Road and Hickox Road. The project consists of a new +/- 28,000 sq.ft. church facility. In accordance with the Town of Hamburg site plan ordinance, a Public Hearing will be held on June 17, 2009 at 7:30 p.m. in Room 7B of Hamburg Town Hall.” Lowell Dewey from C & S Engineers, Inc. appeared on behalf of the proposed project, stating that the church intends to build a +/- 24,000 sq.ft. church on this 3.8-acre site and that a potential 4,000 sq.ft. addition is also shown on the proposed site plan. Mr. Dewey noted that, since the first public hearing on this project in May, the applicant has applied for various permits, including from the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), and has spoken to the Town of Hamburg Highway Superintendent about the project. -
Exercise 2-3 Flow Rate and Velocity
Exercise 2-3 Flow Rate and Velocity EXERCISE OBJECTIVE C To describe the operation of a flow control valve; C To establish the relationship between flow rate and velocity; C To operate meter-in, meter-out, and bypass flow control circuits. DISCUSSION Flow rate is the volume of fluid passing a point in a given period of time. Flow rate is often measured in liters per minute (l/min) in metric units. It is usually measured in US gallons per minute [gal(US)/min] in English units. 1 l/min equals 0.264 gal(US)/min. Figure 2-22 shows an example. If 100 liters (26.4 US gallons) of water flow past the bridge within one minute, then the river has a flow rate of 100 l/min [26.4 gal(US)/min]. Figure 2-22. River flowing under a bridge. Velocity is the average speed of a particle of fluid past a given point. In hydraulics, velocity is often measured in centimeters per min (cm/min) in metric units, or in inches per min (in/min) in English units. 2-35 Flow Rate and Velocity In a hydraulic line, the rate of oil flow is equal to the oil velocity multiplied by the line cross-sectional area. In equation form: Metric units: Note: A liter is 1000 cm3. Therefore, divide the number of cubic centimeters per minute (cm3/min) by 1000 to obtain flow rates in l/min. English units: Note: A US gallon is 231 in3. Therefore, divide the number of cubic inches per minute (in3/min) by 231 to obtain flow rates in gal(US)/min. -
Wood Structures in Traditional Random Rubble Wall Constructions in Cagliari
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, Madrid, 20th-24th January 2003, ed. S. Huerta, Madrid: I. Juan de Herrera, SEdHC, ETSAM, A. E. Benvenuto, COAM, F. Dragados, 2003. Wood structures in traditional random rubble wall constructions in Cagliari. Marco Cadinu Recent research on the residential buildings in Cagliari from late the middle ages to the first part of the 20th century, is providing more information about wall construction as we!1 as more general construction techniques. This research allows to distinguish building methods, the materials used, and the architectural models though the different periods.' One section of the present study, designed to provide a preliminary identification of vertical structures limited to non-monumental buildings, has shed some light on the quality and nature of wall construction. The most recurrent waJl typology in the row houses and in the other buildings is composed of random rubb]e and lean lime. B]ocks of tufo stone are used only for door and window frames as well as quoining. This kind of wa]] is very simple, often made with the help of sustaining structures to contain and press the ]ayers of these materials; they range from around 42-58 centimetres.2 The static properties of these walls is mediocre because they are heavy and not very resistant to tensile and shearing stress; they were best used for one or two-floor buildings, although sometimes they can be found in four or five-floor buildings. In the present stlldy we have focllsed our attention on the taller buildings.' We have observed in the wall sections the interesting presence of horizontal juniper wood trunks. -
City of Rome Code Enforcement Residential Building Permit Guidelines
City of Rome Code Enforcement Residential Building Permit Guidelines Updated: March 2012 Table of Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Contact Information ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Who Applies For The Building Permit? .......................................................................................... 2 Can The Home Owner Perform The Construction Work?............................................................... 2 Residential Building Permits ........................................................................................................................ 3 Required Residential Building Permit Application Submittals ....................................................... 3 Issuance of Building Permit ............................................................................................................. 4 Execution of Residential Construction Project ................................................................................ 4 Residential Inspection Schedule ...................................................................................................... 5 Tax Reduction Programs ............................................................................................................................... 7 Capital Improvements To Residential Property Exemption- 421f -
UNITS of WEIGHT and MEASURE International (Metric) and U.S
I \ ___^am UNITS OF WEIGHT AND MEASURE International (Metric) and U.S. Customary Definitions and Tables of Equivalents ivit I crv¥Hi\u M I I I Arm 'K^ he I I ^Nfck. r a law I I mmm I m mmJr \mw I mum lARE-ACRt STANDARDS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / NATIONAL BUREAU OF Miscellaneous Publication 286 : THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards 1 provides measurement and technical information services essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assur- ing maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . provides the central basis within the United States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coor- dinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. This Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Metrology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic Phys- ics—Physical Chemistry—Radiation Physics—Laboratory Astrophysics 2—Radio Standards Laboratory, 2 which includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Reference Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . conducts materials research and provides associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of materials. -
Operating Instructions Mechanical Height Measuring Rod
KERN & Sohn GmbH Ziegelei 1 Phone: +49-[0]7433- 9933-0 D-72336 Balingen Fax: +49-[0]7433-9933-149 email: [email protected] Internet: www.kern-sohn.com Operating instructions Mechanical height measuring rod KERN MSF 200 Version 1.2 06/2012 GB MSF_200-BA-e-1212 KERN MSF 200 GB Version 1.2 06/2012 Operating instructions Mechanical height measuring rod Table of Contents 1 Technical Data ...................................................................................................... 3 2 Declaration of conformity .................................................................................... 4 3 Explanation of the graphic symbols ................................................................... 6 4 Basic Information (General) ................................................................................ 7 5 Basic Safety Precautions .................................................................................... 8 6 Unpacking/installing ............................................................................................ 9 7 Installation .......................................................................................................... 11 8 Body height measurement ................................................................................ 14 9 Cleaning, Maintenance, Disposal ..................................................................... 15 2 MSF_200-BA-e-1212 1 Technical Data KERN MSF 200 Measuring range 60 – 200 cm / 24-78 inch Readability 1 mm / 1/8 inch tolerance 10 mm Dimensions (D x H x W) mm -
Land Measure 291-01 Tom Dorn, Extension Educator
Land Measure 291-01 Tom Dorn, Extension Educator Measures of Area Measures of Length ACRE The unit of land area in the United States is the ROD On the American prairie where fences were acre. An acre contains 43,560 square feet. Have you ever constructed of posts and wire, farmers would place fence posts wondered why an acre is 43,560 square feet instead of a round a rod (16.5 feet) apart. In addition to being about the right number like 40,000 or 50,000 square feet? The story goes like distance to support a wire fence, this helped them quickly this. When plowing with a yoke of oxen, it was standard estimate the number of posts needed (80 rods is a quarter practice to rest the animals (and the farmer) after plowing a mile). It also was useful when plowing a field. By spacing furrow 1/8 mile long. An eighth of a mile therefore became posts a rod apart, the farmer had permanent markers to use known as a furrow-long or furlong; (a furlong is a nearly when setting up lands. Farmers took great pride in being able forgotten term for distance, except at horse racing tracks to plow a straight furrow. If the field was level, the farmer where it remains in common use). could use the post on the far side of the field to site to when The usual practice after plowing a furlong was to then turn breaking out a new land. the team around on a land and plow the other direction. -
The SI Metric Systeld of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD
The SI Metric SystelD of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum Engineers The SI Metric System of Units and SPE METRIC STANDARD Society of Petroleum Engineers Adopted for use as a voluntary standard by the SPE Board of Directors, June 1982. Contents Preface . ..... .... ......,. ............. .. .... ........ ... .. ... 2 Part 1: SI - The International System of Units . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 2 Introduction. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 SI Units and Unit Symbols. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Application of the Metric System. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Rules for Conversion and Rounding. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Special Terms and Quantities Involving Mass and Amount of Substance. .. 7 Mental Guides for Using Metric Units. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Appendix A (Terminology).. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Appendix B (SI Units). .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Appendix C (Style Guide for Metric Usage) ............ ...... ..... .......... 11 Appendix D (General Conversion Factors) ................... ... ........ .. 14 Appendix E (Tables 1.8 and 1.9) ......................................... 20 Part 2: Discussion of Metric Unit Standards. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Introduction.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Review of Selected Units. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 Unit Standards Under Discussion ......................................... 24 Notes for Table 2.2 .................................................... 25 Notes for Table 2.3 ................................................... -
Rome Landfill Tannery Road
Denartment of Environmental Conservation Dilrision of Hazardous Waste Remediation Rome Landfill, Thnnery Road Site Number 633012 Oneida County, New York Record of Decision March 1995 Funded Under Title 3 of the 1986 Environmental Quality Bond Act New York State Department of Environmental Conservation GEORGE E. PATAKI, Governor MICHAEL D. ZAGATA. Commissioner RECORD OF DECISION ROME LANDFILL, TANNERY ROAD CITY OF ROME ONEIDA COUNTY, NEW YORK ID NUMBER 633012 PREPARED BY NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION DIVISION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE REMEDIATION MARCH 1995 DECLARATION STATEMENT - RECORD OF DECISION Rome Landfill Inactive Hazardous Waste Site City of Rome, Oneida County, New York Site No. 633012 Statement of Purwse and Basis The Record of Decision (ROD) presents the selected remedial action for the Rome Landfill inactive hazardous waste disposal site which was chosen in accordance with the New York State Environmental Conservation Law (ECL) and consistent with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), 42 USC Section 9601, et., sec., as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). This decision is based upon the Administrative Record of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) for the Rome Landfill Inactive Hazardous Waste Site and upon public input to the Proposed Remedial Action Plan (PRAP) presented by the NYSDEC. A bibliography of the documents included as a part of the Administrative Record is included in Appendix B of the ROD. Assessment of the Site Actual or threatened release of hazardous waste constituents from this site, if not addressed by implementing the response action selected in this ROD, may present a current or potential threat to public health and the environment. -
Technology News and Trends
NEWS and TRENDS A newsletter about soil, sediment, and groundwater characterization and remediation technologies Issue 46 February 2010 This issue of Technology News and Trends highlights the use of compound specific isotope analysis Contents (CSIA), an environmental forensics technique used to characterize contaminated sites and the progress of bioremediation and natural attenuation. CSIA measures and compares the ratios of stable isotopes found in compounds of suspected contaminant sources or plumes as well as the CSIA at the Bandera feedstock or manufacturing process of materials historically used in a site’s vicinity. Isotopic Road Site Reveals a analysis can help discern the potential for multiple spills of the same compound based on their Second Contaminant different isotopic “signatures.” An isotopic signature can be used to associate a contaminant Source page 1 plume with a particular spill or potentially responsible party. It also can be used to evaluate the Combined Dual extent of contaminant degradation caused by microbes during natural attenuation. Isotope and Dissolved Gas Analyses Used to CSIA at the Bandera Road Site Reveals a Second Contaminant Source Evaluate Nitrate Contamination at The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency characterize, and quantify biotic and abiotic LLNL Site 300 page 3 (EPA) Region 6 office recently conducted a transformation reactions. CSIA Discounts PCE CSIA investigation at the Bandera Road Biodegradation as Groundwater Plume Superfund site in Leon The study area encompassed approximately 162 acres in a commercial area with nearby Source of TCE in Valley, TX, just outside San Antonio. Municipal Wellfield page 4 Previous groundwater investigations residences. Potential contaminant sources included several dry cleaners, automotive identified chlorinated solvents exceeding CLU-IN Resources groundwater standards.