MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE

October-December, 1936

CONTENTS

Early British Consuls in Hawaii With 14 illustrations.

M. PASKE-SMITH, F

Out for China Trade

A. O. DAWSON, President Conadioe TrcIde Mission ty. Chine

Dingo is a Dog but Koala is Not a Bear With one illustration.

DAVID G. STEAD, Vice-President Wild L, te Preservation Society H Austrako.

Fishes of the American Northwest

Scientific Catalogue (Fifth Installment), Conclusion

PROF. LEONARD F. SCHULTZ and PROF. ALLAN C. DELACY

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Early British Consuls in Hawaii

By M. PASKE-SMITH, F.R.G.S.

With 14 illustrations selected by the author.

HE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS are the people of Hawaii led for centuries volcanic in formation, and hence an isolated existence, untroubled by in their folklore is found the tra- civilization. Placed as they are in the mid-Pacific, it seems almost incredible T dition that they were formed by that during the course of the Portu- the union of God and Goddess. guese, Spanish, Dutch and English voy- Was born Hawaii ages of discovery made in the sixteenth The first born island and seventeenth centuries, no foreign Their first born child Of Wakea together with Kane ship reached the islands to return with And Papa of Walinuu the wife. the tale. But this seems to be a fact. True, a claim is made on behalf of a Such are the lines of an ancient poem Spaniard—Juan de Gaetan.---that he or mele, commemorating the birth of visited Hawaii in 1542, but his voyage Hawaii-Nei.1 has never been authenticated. The Ethnologists tell us that these beauti- Spaniards in the sixteenth century oc- ful islands were populated in the distant cupied the Philippines and were very past by migration from Southern Asia anxious to find some safe harbor at through the South Sea Islands, the last which their galleons might touch be- step on the way being Tahiti. This tween Mexico and their Far Eastern theory fits in with the traditions of the possessions. Surely, therefore, had the Hawaiians, handed down in chants existence of Hawaii been known to through the centuries and only com- them, they would have used it for the mitted to writing after the arrival of purpose. the haole ( white foreigner ). This does not preclude, however, the Exactly when this movement took probability that Spanish galleons or place is unknown. Previous to 1778, Dutch vessels, blown off their course by The name given to the group by their discoverer tempests, were wrecked from time to was the Sandwich Islands, after the First Lord of the Admiralty at the time, the Earl of Sandwich, but the time on the coasts of Hawaii. On the name used here will be Hawaii, except when quoting contrary there are distinct indications from letters. Translated by Fornander. King Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Queen Kamamalu went to England with a small party of retainers to get the protection and aid from King George IV, promised to Kamehameha I by Vancouver. Liholiho and Kamamolu both died of measles, July, 1824, before they had had an interview with the King of England. Above, the King and Queen at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane, June 4, a month before their death.—Reproduced by courtesy of The Hawaiian Mission Children's Society.

that there have been such occurrences. course directly for Japan, and passed the line Iron is said to have been introduced in equinoctial with a fair wind, which continued this way. It is known, too, that Jap- good for diverse months. In our way we fell in with certain islands in sixteenth degree of anese vessels drifting helpless before North latitude, the inhabitants whereof are the winds, reached the islands early in maneaters. Coming near these islands, and the nineteenth century, so the vessels having a great pinnace with us, eight of our of that nation may have arrived before. men being in the pinnace, ran from us with the pinnace and, as we supposed, were eaten The theory has also been advanced`` of the wild men, of which people we took that the famous vessel De Liefde, one one, which afterward the General sent for of the Dutch Admiral Mahou's five to come into his ship. ships, which left Holland in 1598 for The interest of Great Britain in the the Far East, must have passed close to Pacific Ocean was aroused by the ser- the Hawaiian Islands. It is based on ies of voyages made by Captain James the following part of a letter written by Cook in the eighteenth century. Begin- the English pilot, Will Adams, of that ning with the exploration of Australasia, ship after his arrival in Japan: this illustrious British Seaman ended So leaving the coast of Chili from thirty- his career with the discovery of the six degrees of South latitude, the seven and Hawaiian Islands in January 1778. He twentieth of November, 1599, we took our was killed in February 1779 in a scuffle 2 Mr. John F. G. Stokes. with the natives at Kealakekua Bay, MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 229

where he had landed to recover a boat, buried along the road to Waikiki but stolen from one of his ships. The story the site of his tomb has been lost, of his life and death is too well known Alexander Adams was another pic- to require repetition here. turesque figure. He came out in 1815 On the beach at Kealakekua, let into as an officer on the brig Forester, which the rock, is a small brass plate, washed arrived in Honolulu in February 1816. by the waters of the bay, marking the The King of Hawaii purchased this spot where he fell. Nearby is a simple vessel on condition that Adams entered monument, flanked by twelve old six- his service. She made a voyage for the teen pounders, which was erected in King to Canton, having been renamed 1874 to his memory. The land on which the Kaahumanu in honor of the Queen. it stands was conveyed to the British On his return from China in March Government by Princess Likelike and 1817, Adams was sent to Kauai with its site is maintained in good order by instructions to dislodge the Russians, the British Admiralty. To catch the who had settled there and hoisted their atmosphere of the spot, one should flag. By dint of diplomacy mixed with cross the waters of the bay from Napo- libations, Adams persuaded them to opoo by canoe. When I visited it, I vacate and had the Hawaiian flag was alone; an old Hawaiian piloted me hoisted. For his services he was re- over the smooth waters; on one side warded with lands at Kalihi, and Niu, was the open sea, to which Cook's re- near Honolulu, where he came to live mains were committed, on the other, ashore, being employed as a pilot for towering cliffs, studded with burial Honolulu harbor, and in 1820 he was caves of Hawaiians. The depth makes appointed harbor master, Incidentally the water a deep navy blue. The pass- William Sumner, mentioned above, was age took twenty minutes, all of which a shipmate of Adams on board the Kaa- was devoted to thoughts of the trivial humanu. end to such a useful life. The flag of Hawaii has the British The voyage of the Discovery was fol- Jack inset on a ground of eight stripes lowed quickly by that of other vessels but originally the number of stripes was both English and American, from which nine. There are two claimants to the several sailors were left behind or de- honor of having designed this flag, serted. The two most noted were John Alexander Adams and George Beckley. Young and Isaac Davis, both English- When Archibald Campbell was in Ha- men, who became influential with the waii in 1812, no Hawaiian flag existed first of the Kamehameha dynasty, then because he mentions that the King was a powerful chieftain in Hawaii. A few flying the British colors over his house. other Englishmen of the same stamp It is said that the flag was made be- were James Beattie, J. Boyd, Archibald tween 1812 and 1816 by one of the Campbe113, James Robinson, Alexander above two captains. It is probable that Stewart, John White, James Ruddock it was a compromise between the Union and William Sumner4, who were of Jack used by Kamehameha the First great assistance to the native chiefs in and the American and French colors, building or navigating their vessels. all three of these powers having an in- John Young rose to be the principal terest in Hawaii in those days. A sketch foreign adviser of the King. His son, of a ship flying the Hawaiian ensign John Young II or Keoni Ana Young, and the Royal Standard appears in the became Prime Minister under Kame- journal of Alexander Adams, so that hameha the Third. Isaac Davis left only possibly the honor belongs to him. daughters, who were provided for in In 1792-1794 the islands were visited the will of his compaion, John Young. by Captain Vancouver, to whom the Davis died in the year 1816, and was British Admiralty had entrusted the 3 In 1816 this man published an account of Hawaii. completion of the work begun in the See "A voyage around the world 1806-1812."

4 See letter from Consul General Miller to Mr. Pacific by Captain Cook. It was Van- Addington of the Foreign office, December 13, 1845. couver who brought to the Hawaiians Sand Island, which fronts Honolulu harbour, was once the property of Sumner, and was known as Sum- their first cattle as well as quantities of ner's Island formerly. All the men mentioned in this letter have had streets named after them in Honolulu. vegetables and other plants. The dis- 230 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Boki, Governor of Oahu, and his wife, returned with their bodies to Hawaii Liliha, accompanied King Liholiho after interviewing King George IV.— and Queen Kamamalu to England, Reproduced by courtesy of the Ha- and when the King and Queen died, waiian Mission Children's Society.

coveries and surveys of Cook and Van- early in the nineteenth century, to ap- couver created a tremendous interest in point a Consular Agent for the Sand- Great Britain. Australia and New Zea- wich, Friendly and the Society Islands. land were declared British territory The suggestion for this appointment in the nineteenth century, but towards came from the Board of Trade and the the islands of the Pacific, the attitude Admiralty. The choice of the Govern- of the British Government was to en- ment fell upon a Captain Richard Charl- courage the different islanders to main- ton, who at that time-1824—was tain their independence and to develop about to leave England for the Sand- their lands along civilized lines. wich Islands. Captain Charlton already In order to give support to these had a good knowledge of the ground, views, the British Government decided, having been dispatched some years MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 231 previously by the firm of Palmer, Wil- The islands had gained a place of im- son and Company of London, which portance in the Pacific fur trade be- held a license from the English East tween the Northwest Coast of America India Company to trade in Chinese and China. The idolatry of Hawaii, waters, to make a trading survey of the with its tabu system, had been broken Pacific Islands, that company no doubt down and a large body of American having hopes of extending thither the missionaries had arrived and secured monopoly of English trade which the permission to remain. The mind of Ka- East India Company then enjoyed in mehameha was much perplexed about India and China. Richard Charlton the future of his people and his islands, had been brought up in the merchant and he hoped that guidance, mixed with naval service, graduating from cabin knowledge, might be found in Eng- boy to Commander, which situation he land.° had filled for many years. At the time The King and Queen of Hawaii, of his appointment as Consul he had a however, died in London before they small brig—the Active of 105 tons bur- were able to have an interview with den with a crew of ten, in which he King George IV. The condolences of sailed from Falmouth for Hawaii in the the King were made to members of the spring of 1825. The actual date of his late King's suite at Windsor Castle in appointment, made by Mr. Canning, the following words addressed to Boki, was September 23, 1824. His salary one of the Hawaiian chiefs present: was fixed at £200 a year with the right I exceedingly regret the recent death of to trade on his own behalf while hold- your King and his wife. The Chiefs and peo- ple will think I have been inattentive to your ing his office. King. But it is not so, for the same medi- Almost the first dispatch received cines and the same physicians have been em- from the Foreign Office was one notify- ployed as are used for the Chiefs of this nation. On account of the severity of the ing the Consul of the death in London disease he died. of the King and Queen of the Sand- The King then asked Boki, "What wich Islands, King Liholiho or Kame- was the business on which you and hameha the Second, and his Queen Ka- your King came to this country?" mamalu, and instructing him to make Boki replied: known the melancholy tidings to the "We have come to confirm the words authorities; to testify to the sincere re- which Kamehameha the First gave in gret which had been felt in England at charge to Vancouver, thus, 'Go back and the afflicting event, and to convey to tell King George to watch over me and the Government of the Sandwich Is- my whole Kingdom. I acknowledge him lands assurances of the constant desire as my landlord and myself as tenant; entertained by the King of England for for him as superior and I as inferior. their welfare and prosperity, and of the Should the foreigners of any other na- wishes of the British Government to tion come to take possession of my establish the most friendly relations lands, then let him help me'." with them. This was interpreted to King George The journey of King Kamehameha by James Young,7 the son of John and his Queen to England had been Young by his Hawaiian wife, When undertaken by that monarch in a desire King George had heard, he answered: to receive from the King of England "I have heard these words. I will at- that protection and aid which had been tend to the evil without. The evils within promised to Kamehameha the First by your Kingdom it is not for me to re- Vancouver, whose memory was still gard, they are with yourselves. Return fresh among the Hawaiians. In the and say to the King, to Kaahumanu,s period between Vancouver's departure and to Kalaimoku° I will watch over and the Royal visit to England much King George of England presented the King of h a d occurred. Kamehameha h a d Hawaii with a schooner, the Prince Regent, which ar- brought the whole archipelago under rived on April 9, 1822. This account was given by Kekuanoa who was his rule, which had lasted until 18195. present; see to Foreign Office March 18, 1851. s The widow of Kamehameha I. 5 According to the journals of Marin and Alexander 9 A very high Chief, the right hand man of Kame- Adams Kamehameha I died on May 8, 1819. Marin hameha I, who was left in charge of executive affairs gives his age as 60 years and 6 months. by Kamehameha II, when he left for England. Hear- 232 King Ka mehameha I . i Queen Kaa huma nu ni 1ui6r- King Kameha meha II

Queen Ka ma ma lu

King Kameha meha II I MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE,OCTOBER-DECEMBER,1936 Queen Ka la ma

King Ka meha meha IV 1 GO c y C g .

. .. o: ci.— . i:i, , K = 0 72 ...I 0 = ...t i o

Queen Kapiola ni

Queen Liliuoka la ni

4. Prince Leleiohoku

5. Princess Ka iula ni

6. Princess Likelike

7. Princess Victoria

8. Princess RuthKe elikola ni

9. Princess Bernice Paua hi

Princess K inau

21. Prince David

Ka la nia naole

23. Albert, Prince of Hawa ii

3. 2. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 233 your country. I will not take possession 7. That all the people shall be free, and not bound to any Chief. of it for mine but I will watch over it 8. That a port duty be laid on all foreign lest evils should come from others to the vessels. Kingdom. I therefore will watch over Captain Richard Charlton arrived at him agreeable to those ancient words." the Island of Oahu, or Woahoo as spelt The bodies of the dead King and formerly, on the 16th of April, 1825. In Queen were sent back to Honolulu on his first report to the Foreign Office he board the British frigate Blonde under describes the state of anxiety of all at the command of Lord George Byron, the death of the King and praises the with every honor and respect. A royal abilities and faithful government of Ka- funeral was held, at which Lord Byron laimoku, who was ruling the islands and Captain Charlton represented the jointly with Kaahumanu, the Queen British Government. As a last act of Mother, during the minority of the new courtesy to the dead monarch, the Brit- King, then only twelve years old. Civili- ish Government purchased portraits, zation, he said, was rapidly advancing, which had been under preparation, of and great credit was due to the mission- the late King and Queen and of their aries for their exertions towards pro- principal attendants and ordered the moting Christianity and learning among Consul to present those of his late the natives. brother and sister-in-law to Kameha- As regards trade, the consullo re- meha III, that of Governor Boki and his ported in June, 1825, that the bulk of it wife to the Governor and those of Ad- was in the hands of Americans, who miral Kapihe and the Treasurer Kuanoa imported firearms, British printed cot- to themselves. A portrait of Mr. Rives, tons, broadcloth and hardware, which the late King's secretary, was to be they sold to the natives at extravagant given to his wife. prices, taking sandalwood in return. Lord Byron made a deep impression The sandalwood trade became impor- on the Hawaiians, who named Byron's tant about 1812, when the wood was Bay at Hilo after him. His advice was discovered to be abundant in the moun- eagerly sought. At a grand council of tains of the islands. Some American chiefs, he was asked whether the King shipmasters, who had been for several of England had any objections to the years in the habit of touching at Hono- work of the American Mission, to which lulu on their passages to and from the he replied that, provided they had no northwest coast, entered into a contract intention of ruling, no one could object with King Kamehameha I, and carried to their instructing the natives in read- cargoes of it to China, realizing large ing and the Christian religion. Later he profits. Owing to the monopoly of the put in writing eight suggestions, as be- English East India Company of Eng- low, which were nothing more than a lish trade with China, no English ves- recommendation to continue quietly the sel had been able to engage in it. old habits and customs of the islands as Whilst the sandalwood was being col- best suited to the character of the lected, the vessels usually proceeded to people. the northwest coast of America to pro- 1. That the King be the head of the people. cure beaver and sea-otter skins for the 2. That all the Chiefs swear allegiance to the China market and called again at Ha- King. waii for their wood en route to China. 3. That the lands, which are now held by the the Consul Chiefs shall not be taken from them, but In a dispatch of 182711 shall descend to their legitimate children, gives the price of sandalwood as $7.00 except in case of rebellion, and then all the a picul. It was in this year that for the property shall be forfeited to the King. first time the common people were al- 4. That a tax be regularly paid to the King to keep up his dignity and establishment. lowed to cut and sell sandalwood on 5. That no man's life be taken away except their own account after each man had by consent of the King or Regent, for the paid a tax of half a picul of wood to time being, and of twelve Chiefs. the King for the payment of a debt he 6. That the King or Regent can grant pardons had contracted to the amount of 14,000 at all times. " See to the Foreign Office No. 7 of June 10, 1825. ing that William Pitt was the name of a great Premier See to the Foreign Office No. 5 of October 15, in England, he adopted the name and was much of- fended if not so addressed. 1827. 234 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

piculs of wood. Previously the sandal- who cultivated the land. Public works wood trade had been a perquisite of the were performed by the lower classes, King. who were generally employed three In July, 1826, the ship Meropei 2 of days in the week and were not paid for Calcutta touched at Hawaii on her pas- their labor. The consequence was that sage from the coast of Mexico to China, they were not able to attend to the having on board a small remnant of her cultivation of their lands and were ex- Bengal cargo, which was purchased by tremely wretched. the Governor of Oahu, Boki, at a good Of military force, there was none ex- profit to the merchant. The success of cept for a few naked followers of the this little speculation induced the firm King and Chiefs numbering in all the of Robertson, Allen and Company of islands about six hundred men armed Canton, jointly with Lieutenant George with muskets but not kept in a fit state Ward Cole, owner and commander of a for service. The Chiefs also had a few barque Teignmouth, to send her with a small vessels", mostly in a bad state cargo from Canton. She arrived on the and not armed. 7th of July, 1827, and immediately dis- The King 15 was about nineteen years posed of her cargo at a high price. The old. He was nominally the head of the Dhaulli, a brigantine, was also put into Government, but without the least au- the same trade, but the failure of Rob- thority, the islands being governed by ertson, Allen and Company of Canton, Kaahumanu, one of the widows of Ka- together with the low price of sandal- mehameha the First, who was entirely wood in China, put a stop to the trade under the control of the American mis- for some years. sionaries. In the opinion of the Consul, In subsequent letters in 1830 and the group of islands was capable of 1831 the Consul offered more hope for great improvement, being well situated British trade, reporting how the Hud- for the carrying trade between China 3 son Bay Companyl of Canada had and the ports of California, Mexico, sent vessels from England to collect Peru, and Chile. The climate was one furs on the northwest coast of Amer- of the finest in the world and the soil ica, a trade which for many years had very superior, all kinds of European been entirely in the hands of the Amer- vegetables being produced in the great- icans. In his opinion this trade in- est perfection. Wheat and barley had creased the importance of the islands been tried and found to thrive well. The as that Company's annual ship for mountains of Owyhee" abounded in England used to call and take cargo cattle, droves of from four to five thou- amounting to seventy or eighty thou- sand each often being met with. Yet, sand pounds. with all this, the laboring classes seldom In a report dated September 22, 1831, had a sufficiency of food owing to the the Consul mentions the internal econo- oppression of the Chiefs. my of the islands. The revenues were As a result of the trade carried on principally derived from tonnage dues there had grown up at Honolulu quite on shipping, a duty of 50 per cent on all a colony of traders, mostly Americans provisions sold in the market and from and British, with the former predom- sandalwood, which the people were al- inating. On account of the pecuniary lowed to collect upon bringing half to benefits brought by the presence of the Government. Expenditure was very these traders, this group was not with- little or none, as persons holding situa- out influence but its interests were more tions under government had no salary, or less opposed to those of the mission- but had usually a piece of land allotted aries. It is not surprising therefore that to them from which they took half the two parties grew up, a religious and a produce, the remainder after paying the secular. At the head of the missionaries market tax being allowed to the people 14 For list, see Annex No. 1. 11. To Admiral, September 23, 1842. 15 To Admiralty, September 22, 1831. The Regent 13 This Company established an office at Honolulu in Kalaimoku had died February 7, 1827, and had been 1834. The weather vane bearing its crest, a beaver, succeeded by Boki, who disappeared in 1829. To F. 0. is still to be seen over the building of F. W. Waldron February 27, 1827. and Co. 16 Hawaii, the largest island. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 235 were Mr. Binghamu and later Dr. G. interfere frequently. Thus on Decem- P. Judd and Mr. Richards; they had ber 10 and 11, 1825, we find the follow- established a great influence over the ing entries: Chiefs, especially over Kaahumanu. Bingham at Pitt's (Kalaimoku) with Kaahu- The leaders of the secular group were manu trying to have the laws of his country put Mr. John C. Jones, the American Con- into force. Boki opposed him, told him he would not let him have anything to say about the sul, and Captain Charlton, the Brit- laws. K. said she was a lone woman; of course, ish Consul, both of whom were trad- could do nothing. ing consuls, that is, they were not oc- December 11th. Bingham preached against cupied solely with official duties but Pitt and Boki for not putting his laws into bought and sold just as other merchants effect. and traders did. In 1832 Kaahumanu died and imme- The character of the British Consul diately we find a decline in the mission- was quite unsuited to the task in hand. ary influence and perhaps a correspond- He was of the hard-drinking, hard- ing increase in the influence of Charl- swearing squireen type of Englishman. ton. Kaahumanu was succeeded by Ki- The American Consul, too, was no nau, a daughter of Kamehameha the saint. The majority of the traders be- Great, but in March, 1833, the Consul lieved that the influence of the mission- reported that the Kingls had called the aries was used against them, thus cut- Chiefs together and informed them that ting down the opportunities of large it was his intention to take the reins of profits. Some information of the activi- Government into his own hands and ties of the missionary party is to be that he would give them such laws as found in the journal of a Mr. Stephen were best calculated for the good gov- Reynolds, the American Harbor Mas- ernment of the islands in their then ter, who kept a diary from 1823 on- state. The Consul thought that some wards. Despite the denial made before difficulties might arise as Kinau was un- Lord Byron by Mr. Bingham that the willing to relinquish authority, while the missionaries did not desire to rule, re- King seemed determined that she marks by this diarist prove that they did should. The Chiefs were said to be in his favor.

17 Bingham was dubbed "King Bingham" by his op- ponents, so great was his influence. is Kamehameha the III.

ANNEX 1-1831

Under Owner's Vessel's which Name of owner nat. name Tons. flag. In what trade. Louisa 221 Am: P. French & Co. Am: California Volunteer 256 Chenchilly 1471 Fiji Islands Sutten 285 China Chum 45 Among Isles Convoy 147 Z. C. Quin California Washington 52 Harriett 78 Fiji Islands Unity 67 S. Is. P. French & Co. Among Isles Dhaulti 182 G. White British Low Isles Gruff en 182 N. W. Coast of America Treves 29 Burnt at Low Is. Alphu 101 Chief Lawli Fiji Islands Neo 148 Kuakini San. Is. Among Isles Waverly 147 Kaahumanu Boston 22 Kuakini Keakea 20 Pikoi Paalua 54 Kaahumanu Pakii 64 Hoapeli Palalau 48 Kenopu Karamuku 119 Packet 39 Nahuna Papipi 38 Teanonni Byny 30 Nahi

•

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Apparently Kinaulo refused to sur- he was told a tax would be laid on all people render the Fort of Honolulu and the above a certain height, to be paid on January King left for the other side of Oahu. 1st, 1836. The Governess told Charlton Mr. Bingham had recommended the measure in order Before leaving he addressed to the to find out how many foreigners' children there English Consul the following letter: were on the island. Where are you 0 Consul, Love to you. Whether due to American influence This is my word to you. I am going from hence you will remain with all the foreigners or not, it is certain that instead of re- let all the British Subjects hear what I say maining good or getting better, the re- respecting our affairs. I say to you watch here- lations of Charlton with the Hawaiian after that which is entangled. All that also which is not right. Be you there and see who is King and his Chiefs grew worse and right according to your opinion. Also all my worse and the chance opened to him in affairs I give into your keeping. You under- 1833 seems to have been lost. In 1827 stand what I say, look to it until I return. I think of nothing more. Love to all the Brit- Catholic missionaries had also arrived ish subjects and to all the foreign ladies. and been allowed to land by Boki, the (Signed) I THE KING, Governor of Oahu, but not at the in- KAUIKEAOULI. stance of Charlton as claimed by mis- The contents of this letter appear to sionary writers. The archives of the show that the Consul was at this time Consulate are clear on that point. But on excellent terms with the King. If we the action of Boki was not approved by turn again to the journal of Mr. Reyn- the King who, urged by the American olds, we find this decline in missionary missionaries, ordered the deportation of influence exemplified by his remarks. the new arrivals. They left but returned On January 10, 1833, it is noted that again on the British Brig Clementine; kite-flying had been prohibited for force was used again to eject them, to years, along with all other games, and which Charlton, quite correctly, ob- it was allowed then for the first time jected but instead of acting judiciously in a long time past; in fact the year he engaged in all kinds of threats. In 1833 in the journal is full of notes re- 1836, as a result of repeated requests garding the revival of hula dancing, from Charlton for aid, Lord Edward maika ( stone rolling ) and festive par- Russell arrived on board H.M.S. Ac- ties, much to the satisfaction, says the teon and an attempt was made to force journalist, of the natives and traders, on Hawaii an unequal treaty, resulting but vigorously opposed by Mr. Bing- in the King of Hawaii addressing a let- ham, who wrote to the King and Kinau ter of complaint to King William IV saying that they must not dance. The asking for the recall of Charlton. A sec- missionaries worked hard to regain their ond request was sent in October, 1837, influence. On March 25, 1833, says the containing a long account of the Clem- diarist, Mr. Bingham gave a "brimstone entine affair. From then on the relations sermon" to the natives, and apparently of England, or rather of Charlton, with a steady diet of such sermons gained the Hawaii, went from bad to worse, each day, for in 1835 the King and Chiefs side trying to annoy the other. The Ha- signed again the pledge to abstain from waiians took up several legal cases in strong liquor. During the intervening which Charlton was interested, giving years sharp clashes took place, not only decisions which he claimed to be un- with the British Consul, but also with fair, while at the same time they began the American, for on January 23, 1835, to imprison British subjects often on we are informed that all the American frivolous complaints. None of these residents had requested their Consul to things done were very important in send for a ship-of-war "to settle the themselves but Charlton was not gifted affairs of this country." The inquisi- with patience or the ability to conciliate. tional attitude of the missionaries is He decided to take strong measures. shown in a curious entry dated Sep- He himself brought up a claim to a tract tember 25, 1835, as follows: of land which he said had been given to Mr. Richard Charlton received a letter from him in 1826 by Kalaimoku, and when Miriam Auhea (the big mouth Queen), Gov- the King refused not only to recognize erness of the Fort, to repair there. When there, the deed, but sent commissioners to 19 To Foreign Office No. 5 of October 12, 1833. England to complain of his conduct, he 238 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

posted off in hot haste to England to protest. The protest, together with a lay all the various causes of discontent letter20 from Mr. Simpson, was sent to before the British Government. Before Admiral Thomas, then in South Ameri- he left, he sent a long account to the can waters. The Admiral dispatched a British Admiral in the Pacific and ap- British man-of-war, H.M.S. Carysfort, pointed a Mr. Alexander Simpson act- under the command of Lord George ing Consul during his absence. Paulet21 to investigate and, if neces- Now the King of Hawaii, although sary, to restore British prestige. Ac- correctly informed of this appointment cording to Mr. Simpson, the property by Charlton, refused to recognize Mr. of British subjects had been taken from Simpson as British Consul. This cre- them by absurd and unjust decisions of

ated a feeling of insecurity in the Brit- 2° To Admiral Thomas October 29, 1842. ish Colony, which held a meeting of 21 See Annex No. II for copy of his instructions.

ANNEX II (January 17th, 1843.) (January 18th, 1843.) British Public Record Office Admiralty, 1/5531. By Richard Thomas, Esquire By Richard Thomas, Esquire Rear Admiral of the White, Rear Admiral of the White, and Commander in Chief of and Commander in Chief of Her Majesty's Ships and Her Majesty's Ships and Vessels employed, and to Vessels employed, and to be employed in the Pacific be employed in the Pacific With reference to my Order of the 17th Inst. You are hereby required and directed to put directing you to proceed to the Sandwich to Sea in Her Majesty's Ship Carysfort under Islands, I enclose the Copy of a letter addressed your command and proceed without delay in to Mr. Barron, Her Majesty's Consul at Tepic the first instance to Woahoo Sandwich Islands by Mr. Simpson, Her Majesty's Acting Consul where you will put yourself in communication at Woahoo, wherein it would appear that the with Her Majesty's Consul, for the purpose of Government has, in the absence of Her Maj- affording him support in case he should require the same, for the more effectual performance of esty's Consul, Mr. Charlton, upon a frivolous his duties, in watching over and protecting the pretext attached the property of that Gentle- interests of British Subjects. man, and expressed a determination to proceed You will take an opportunity during your to the sale of it; should you find such to be the stay at the Sandwich Islands, of having an in- case you will peremptorily demand of the Gov- terview with the King, and of assuring His ernment, that the property so unjustly seized Majesty that it was with pleasure I learnt His contrary to the Law of Nations (under whose Majesty had been advised to send one of His more especial protection Her Majesty's Consul Subjects to England on an Embassy, the result is placed) shall be forthwith restored and ac- of which will prove that the desire felt in that quaint them that the Government of Great Brit- Country to foster, and encourage mutual com- ain will hold that of the Sandwich Islands re- mercial intercourse with the Sandwich Islands, sponsible for the marked want of respect, which arises solely from a wish to communicate to has been shewn to the Queen of Great Britain young and rising communities the benefits which in taking advantage of the absence of Her Rep- an extensive commerce invariably carries with resentative to sequester his property, and annoy it. . . . (This is followed by instructions con- his unprotected Family on the plea of a trans- cerning the Society Islands, the alteration in the action which does not even appear to have Tahiti flag, etc.) transpired within the jurisdiction of those In the performance of these several duties Islands,—and which even if it had, not being you will be guided by the spirit of My General of a Criminal nature, the Office he holds ought Instructions, bearing in mind that the protection to have exempted him from or otherwise he of British Subjects in the lawful pursuit of their would not be at liberty to acquit himself of his Commercial Transactions is more particularly duties. an object of your care. You will not remain at Tahiti longer than will Given on board the "Dublin" leave you time sufficient to ensure your arrival at San Blas, this 18th day of at Valparaiso by the 31st May 1843. January 1843. Dated on board the "Dublin" at San Blas, this 17th day of RICHARD THOMAS January 1843. Rear Admiral. RICHARD THOMAS To To The Right Honorable The Right Honorable Lord George Paulet Lord George Paulet Captain of Her Majesty's Captain of Her Majesty's Ship Carysfort. Ship Carysfort.

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 239

the native Government, and their per- size of the Queen eliciting much com- sons subjected in several instances to ment from the sailors as she was shown imprisonment without any just cause; over the vessel. his interference on their behalf was dis- The strong character of Dr. Judd, regarded and even his right to perform however, was not to be denied and he the functions delegated to him by drew Lord Paulet into negotiations vig- H.B.M. Consul denied; even the con- orously defending the actions of the sular premises had been invaded and King. Believing too much, perhaps, in the property of the Consul himself at- all the statements of the British subjects tached. This had not, he said, been the on the spot, Lord Paulet also showed action of the King and Chiefs them- considerable obstinacy. The King felt selves but they had been counselled and quite unable to face the situation; har- impelled thereto by American citizens, rassed and worn out by argument, he who held offices nominally subordinate, longed for ease and quiet, and on the but who really exercised the whole advice of Dr. Judd, who was confident sway in the islands. that England would not accept, he Lord George Paulet took immediate ceded the islands provisionally to Queen action. He refused to deal with Dr. Victoria until such time as word could Judd, the leading American in the em- be heard from London, whither he sent ploy of the King, but demanded the secretly an envoy to lay his case before immediate recognition of Mr. Simpson the British Government. as Consul and the restoration of the The act of provisional cession was Consul's property. To this the King dated February 25, 1843, and from that perforce acceded and relations showed date until July 31, 1843, Hawaii was signs of improvement. The King and ruled by a British commission. The Queen visited H.M.S. Carysfort, the members were four in number, being

ANNEX III October 4th. Viscount Canning, treat their rulers with great forbearance and 1842. Under Secretary of State courtesy, and, at the same time, that those offi- F. 0. 58/3. for Foreign Affairs. cers afford efficient protection to aggrieved Considering the increasing importance to British Subjects, not to interfere harshly or un- Great Britain of many of the islands in the Pa- necessarily with the laws and customs of the cific, and especially of the Sandwich and Soci- respective Governments. ety Islands, both in a naval and commercial The object of Her Majesty's Government in point of view, Lord Aberdeen* is desirous of increasing their connexion with the chiefs of impressing on the Lords Commissioners of the those islands, ought, in the opinion of Lord Admiralty, the expediency of a more frequent Aberdeen, to be rather to strengthen those au- intercourse between Great Britain and those thorities and to give them a sense of their own Islands, by the visits of ships of war, than has independence, by leaving the administration of hitherto been maintained. justice in their own hands, than to make them (It appears from Captain Jones' letter to Ad- feel their dependence on Foreign Powers, by miral Thomas that British trade in the Sandwich interfering unnecessarily in every matter in Islands had increased in the last three years which a foreign subject is concerned, and to from $20,000 to $150,000 annually, and that at compel those rulers by peremptory menace, or the time of his arrival there, two years had a show of physical force, to render to foreign elapsed since a British Ship of War had visited subjects that measure of justice which may ap- those Islands.) pear to the aggrieved person, or to the officer Lord Aberdeen is of the opinion that such an who steps forward in his behalf, to be his due. increase of trade alone would justify the more This general forbearance would not, how- frequent appearance of British ships of war in ever, preclude British officers from making firm those parts. It would also tend to maintain the and energetic efforts to obtain redress in cases just influence of Great Britain, and to counter of real grievance. balance the efforts which are now making by I am further to observe that Lord Aberdeen other Powers, to establish a dominant authority does not think it advantageous or politic, to in the islands of the Pacific. seek to establish a paramount influence for Should the Lords Commissioners of the Ad- Great Britain in those Islands, at the expense of miralty concur in opinion with Lord Aberdeen that enjoyed by other Powers. All that appears on this point, I am directed further to suggest, to his Lordship to be required, is, that no other that the Admiral or officer in command on the Power should exercise a greater degree of in- Pacific station, should be instructed to direct all fluence than that possessed by Great Britain. commanders of Her Majesty's Ships of War To who might be ordered to visit those islands, to Sir John Barrow, Second Secretary of the Admiralty. * Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. 240 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Lord Paulet himself; a local resident, emerging, so to speak, from obscurity. Mr. D. F. Mackay; Lt. Frere of H.M.S. Out of five points in dispute a deci- Carysfort and Dr. G. P. Judd as deputy sion in three was given in favor of Ha- for the King of Hawaii. The Chief waii, one was declared to have already Commissioner issued a proclamation been settled satisfactorily by the pay- that existing laws were to remain in ment of a sum of money to the British force, and that the government of the subject injured, while on the fifth point, natives would be entrusted to the King. that of the land claim of Charlton, his The Commission seems to have accom- claim was supported provided his title plished little of note. Much time was deed could be shown to be genuine. devoted to the hearing of land claims The question of Charlton's land has by British subjects. A native regiment occupied a place in the early relations was formed, known as the "Queen's of Hawaii out of proportion to its im- Own" and drilled by the drill sergeant portance. This was because pro-mis- of H.M.S. Carysfort. In contravention sionary writers in order to discredit the of the agreement made with the King British party have exaggerated the the Commission annulled the blue law question and even accused the Consul prescribing penalties for fornication, of forging his title deed! The deed to and another forbidding hard riding, the land was dated December 9, 1826, with the result that Dr. Judd resigned and was countersigned by Boki, the and the King had no representative Governor of Oahu, and Marin24, the during the remainder of the period of Spaniard, high in favor with the Ha- British rule. waiian Chiefs. The King of Hawaii did In April, 1843, Admiral Thomas re- not apparently deny the whole grant of ceived through the Admiralty a state- land; he admitted that the residential ment22 of British policy enjoining on portion known as "Beretania" was a British officers in the Pacific the great- grant made, he said, verbally, to pro- est forbearance and courtesy towards vide the British Consul with a resi- the native rulers of all the islands in the dence; he also allowed that a portion of Pacific, and especially of the Sandwich the land covered by the deed, on the and Society Islands. As a consequence waterside, was also a verbal grant for

he decided to visit Honolulu himself. ,9 Don Francisco de Paula Marin came to Hawaii in He arrived there in July and after a 1790 and became a close adviser of Kamehameha I. From California he introduced plants and seeds, seek- short investigation concluded that there ing to establish agricultural pursuits; he died on had been no valid reason for the ces- October 30, 1837. sion. He immediately informed the King that it was his intention to restore the ANNEX IV Hawaiian flag. Articles were drawn up British Consulate, by which Hawaii guaranteed in future Honolulu. September 26th, 1843 fair treatment to British subjects, and Sir: in cases of trials23 that the jury should I herewith forward you, as below, a List of be composed in half of British subjects. British subjects residing on this Island, whom I The Act of restoration took place on consider eligible to sit as jurymen, in accord- ance with a letter received on the 21st instant July 31, 1843, a day ever after cele- from Dr. Judd, stating that Your Excellency brated by Hawaiians as a holiday. required to be furnished with a list of such re- In London the representatives of Ha- spectable British subjects as I might approve waii, Messrs. Richards and Haalilio, of as Jurymen. I have the honour to be, Sir, etc., etc. were in conference at the Foreign Of- (Signed) H. SEA. fice, where also Captain Charlton was Acting Consul. in attendance. The whole ground was To His Excellency gone over carefully, more care perhaps Governor Kekuanaoa. Henry Skinner, John Robson, George Pelly, being given to it than the importance of I. C, B. Rooke, George Allen, James Robinson, the cases deserved, but the Government George Wilkinson, Isaac Montgomery, James was actuated by a great desire to be Austen, G. H. Bush, Andrew Auld, Wm. Horn- just and liberal to a small nation just blower, Robert Lawrence, F. D. Greenway, A. Johnson, H. S. Swinton, Joseph Booth, A. "2 See Annex No. III. Adams, W. Sumner, Sr., I. Mitchener, William eaSee Annex No. IV for list of Jurymen recom- Wond, E. Dennis, George Anttenden, John mended in 1843. Robinson. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 241

space to build an office but he denied day. The successor of Captain Charl- that the rest, the part back from the ton, a General William Miller, was in- waterfront, was included2o. structed to verify the deed on his ar- In the presence of Lord Paulet, Mr. rival. He arrived in February, 1844, Simpson and Dr. Judd, the King exam- obtained the deed from Mrs. Charlton ined the deed and acknowledged it by and showed it to various persons known countersigning it. Neither he nor Dr. to be familiar with the signatures, all of Judd even suggested to Lord Paulet whom declared them to be genuine. At that the signature might have been the first interview early in March with forged, as was alleged subsequently in Dr. Judd, the deed was produced but 1844. again no suggestion was made to Gen- The origin of the charge of forgery eral Miller that the deed was a forgery, seems to have been a letter from Mr. obviously because at that time the letter Richards, the ex-missionary, appointed from Mr. Richards had not arrived; it as the King's representative in London. was not in fact received until April, On hearing the decision of the British when the first efforts were begun on the Government, he had made further rep- Hawaiian side to prove the signatures resentations based on the claim that Ka- false. General Miller stuck to his guns, laimoku had never had the power to certain that the signatures were genu- give away the land claimed, which be- ine. In the diary of Mr. Reynolds27 is longed to the Dowager Queen, so he the statement that he was of the opin- said. Not even then did he put forward ion that the deed bore evidences of gen- to the Foreign Office the idea that the uineness and it must be remembered signatures had been forged26. Once that he was a living witness of the more the British Government in concert events. with their legal advisers, reopened the The Hawaiian Ministers attempted case, but again decided in favor of to bring up all sorts of extraneous Charlton. points regarding the former ownership Mr. Richards, thus defeated, had to of the land and the right of Kalaimoku make his report of failure to the King. to make such grants, alleging that he Although successful in obtaining the never was Regent of Hawaii. The best restoration of the country's independ- answer to the last point would have ence, he seems to have been much dis- been the marriage certificate signed be- appointed at losing his point regarding fore Mr. Bingham on July 28, 1825, by Charlton's land. In his letter to the Kalaimoku and Akahi, his wife, specifi- King, dated September 30, 1843, he cally describing himself as Regent, for mitigates the failure to succeed in that surely no better authority could have matter and raises the hopes of the King existed, but other documents were by saying: found and used28. The case dragged on It will be necessary for your Majesty to show, until August, 1846, when the Govern- if possible, that the lease was not signed by ment of Hawaii definitely abandoned Kalaimoku and Boki. their last caveat against the tenure of In this way he laid the ground for a the land, which had been handed over charge of forgery to be brought against to Charlton in August, 1845, on the de- Charlton, which has persisted in all mand of General Miller. At this last writers on the missionary side to this investigation, made in August, 1846, in the presence of Admiral Sir George '" See plan (page 204) an interesting sketch of Ilonolulu in 1843. Seymour, the King of Hawaii definitely See decision of law officers of the Crown, dated absolved Captain Charlton from the L,ondon, September 7th, 1843: "The first point which suggests itself for consideration is the authenticity of charge of forging29 the signature to the the document on which the claim is founded. I do title deed, and it is ungracious and un- not find that the genuineness of the deed by which the land purports to be granted, is at all disputed by generous of subsequent writers to ig- the King of the Sandwich Islands, or by the persons now acting as commissioners on his behalf. It is not nore this fact. denied by them that the name Kalaimoku subscribed to the grant is the real signature of the person by 27 See Reynold's Journal, 1844. whom it purports to have been executed, nor is it pre- tended that fraud or imposition was practiced upon 28 See to F. 0. January 21, 1847; subsequently a Kalaimoku by the substitution of one paper for another witness was found who heard Kalaimoku inform Ka- or that he was ignorant of the contents of the instru- hamanu that he had given this land to Charlton. ment or constrained to sign it against his own wish or 29 See the opinion of the King dated September 1, inclination." 1846. 242 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

General William Miller, British consul-general for the Pacific Islands, 1843-61, from the frontispiece of The Memoirs of General William Miller In the Services of the Republic of Peru, edited by John Miller, London, 1829. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 243

Beretania Cottages, the residence and office of Gen. Wil- liam Miller.—Reproduced by courtesy of Clarence H. Cooke

Moreover, despite the abuse heaped Pelly of the Hudson Bay Co., is clear on Charlton by pro-missionary histori- because on occasions when the commu- ans, there is much evidence to show nity met as a whole, he was nearly al- that by a large number of chiefs Charl- ways elected to the Chair. He was, for ton was not disliked. In 1838 Captain instance, chairman of the meeting Elliot of H.M.S. Fly had been asked to which decided in August, 1832, to make a report on him, and described found the Oahu Charity School for the him as of a frank, open and generous education of the children of residents. disposition, but as indulging in the im- An Englishman, Mr. Johnstone, was prudence of expressing violent opinions. the master of this school. He had a perfect knowledge of consul- It is probable, too, that the enmity of ate duties and great zeal but, owing to the Hudson Bay Company was partly American influence, had no power responsible for Charlton's loss of influ- though he had an intimate knowledge ence with the King of Hawaii. On his of the natives and a deep acquaintance first arrival the Consul had been agent with the language. for this company, but after the visit of Miller also reported in a letter dated Sir George Simpson, the London direc- September 5, 1846, that he had re- tor, the company opened its own office. minded the Government of the Sand- Its agents seem to have opposed Charl- wich Islands that Captain Charlton was ton in the community and, in 1843, always a generous and kind-hearted even refused to sign with other British man, and although he might not have traders the general petition to the For- been on good terms with a party of re- eign Office asking for aid and protec- spectable individuals of the islands, be- tion. Quoting from the letter covering cause he considered that they exercised its transmission, just before the arrival undue political influence or from other of Lord George Paulet, signed by all causes, he was, notwithstanding, highly British traders except two, viz: the esteemed by the Chiefs and natives in agents of the Hudson Bay Company, general. the reason for their abstention was That Charlton3° was also popular "that that . . . body had cast its longing with the trading classes except for one eyes on the beautiful archipelago, and or two personal enemies, such as George by making large advances of money to

30 See Reynold's Journal, August 20, 1832. the King and Chiefs, had endeavoured 244 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 to obtain an influence and control over British Government recognized that them." The company had indeed loaned Captain Charlton33 was not a fit person the King £10,000 at 12 per cent. to continue to represent them, and ac- To end the story of Charlton's land, cordingly they made the new appoint- after it was restored to him, he sold the ment. At the same time they made it portion on the waterfront to Mr. R. C. clear that they were not entirely satis- Janion who, with another Englishman, fied that British subjects had always Mr. James Starkey of Bold Es Starkey, received just treatment at the hands of Liverpool, founded the firm of Starkey, the Hawaiian Government by stating Janion and Company in 1845, which clearly in their letter to that Govern- later became Janion, Green and Com- ment's representatives in London that pany. In 1868 Mr. Theo. Davies31, one the new Consul-General must have ac- of their employees, was admitted as a cess to the King at all times and that partner and the name of the firm was British subjects were to be treated in changed to Theo. H. Davies and Com- future as well as other nationals. pany. Mr. Starkey was originally a The commission of Captain Charlton supercargo on a sailing vessel trading to had covered not only the Hawaiian Hawaii and was present when Captain Islands but also the Friendly and So- Charlton attempted to horsewhip Mr. ciety Islands. In 1837 his district had James J. jarves32, the editor of the Gov- been reduced to include only the Ha- ernment newspaper, The Polynesian, waiian Islands, an independent Consul who attacked the Consul in his columns. having in that year been appointed to This occurrence might well account for reside at Tahiti. The growing impor- the venom with which Jarves, as a his- tance of British interests in the Pacific torian, has dealt with Charlton. now demanded more attention and, ac- Another portion of Charlton's land cordingly, it was decided to name a came into possession of Captain Domi- Consul-General with jurisdiction over nis, the famous American resident, all the Pacific Islands. For this impor- whose son married Lydia, later Queen tant appointment the British Govern- Liliuokalani, and who built the present ment chose General William Miller. Washington Place on Beretania Street, General Miller had been at one time in now the residence of the governors of the service of Peru and fought in the wars of liberation of that country from Hawaii. The same Captain Dominis, acting for the Government, also bought the yoke of Spain; he had risen to the rank of Grand Marshal of Peru and the house of Charlton but it was resold to General Miller on his protesting that took a prominent part in the victories of its purchase over his head was an un- Junin and Ayacucho. He was not un- friendly act. General Miller much im- familiar with the Hawaiian Islands, proved the property, which he used having visited them in 1831 when he both for house and office, calling it had made a tour of the Pacific. "Beretania Cottage," from which the General Miller was the first Consul street takes its name. On his death in de carriere to be appointed to Hawaii, 1861 it was let by his niece, who in- Captain Charlton having been, as al- herited it, to Mr. Samuel Dowsett, a ready stated, a trading Consul with a British subject, who had come to Ha- limited salary. The salary of General waii in 1828. Subsequently it was sold Miller was fixed at £800 a year and he and the site now forms part of the was restricted from trading. His dis- grounds of Washington Place at the trict included the Sandwich Islands, So- corner of Miller Street, that street, of ciety, Friendly, and other Islands in the course, taking its name from General Pacific. Miller. The instructions issued to General When making their decision to re- Miller34 before his departure are highly store Hawaii to its King in 1843, the interesting as containing the considered

31 Mr. Davies was for many years British Vice Con- as Charlton returned to Hawaii in 1844 to settle up sul in which office he was succeeded by his partners, his affairs and departed in 1846 for England, where he Thomas Rain Walker and Francis Mills Swanzy and lived at Falmouth; he died on December 5, 1852. by his sons Mr. Clive Davies and Mr. George Davies. 34 To Consul General Miller No. 7, of September 28, as See Polynesian, March 1, 1841. 1843. Consul-General Richard Charlton sold a por- tion of his property to Robert C. Janion, above, who, with James Starkey, right, founded Star- key, Janion & Co., 1845. 1868, Theophilus H. Davies, below, an employee, was admitted as a partner, and the firm name changed to Theo. H. Davies & Co., today one of the largest mercantile houses in Hawaii.

views of the British Government on the state of affairs in the islands, based on reports from Captain Charlton and vis- iting British Naval officers. The Sand- wich Islands, said Lord Aberdeen, then British Minister for Foreign Affairs, were scarcely more than nominally gov- erned by a native sovereign and native chiefs. Citizens of the United States were in fact the virtual rulers and direc- tors of the Government. The constitu- tion and the laws were framed and ad- ministered by Americans, and Ameri- can missionaries in like manner directed the affairs of the Church and kept, as it were, the consciences of the King, the Chiefs and the native subjects. It was obvious that the King and his native counsellors could of themselves have possessed little capacity for devis- ing a constitution or code of laws like those of the Sandwich Islands, and pious and unwearied labors, first intro- could have as little practical ability for duced the lights of Christianity and administering them. civilization into the Islands. Nor ought It had, however, fairly to be admit- an equal share of credit to be withheld ted that great credit was due to those from those who, following up the ad- American missionaries who, by their vantages thus originally conferred by 246 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 the missionaries, had brought the is- obtained, without the necessity of offi- landers, however imperfectly as yet, un- cial representation, the correction of der subjection to a regular administra- many an act which, if not at once tive system. stopped, might lead to altercation and The English had no right to enter- a disturbance of friendly relations. tain jealousy of the influence thus hon- When the British residents saw that orably acquired by the Americans the principal British authority assumed amongst the Hawaiians, but it had been a temperate and courteous tone and sufficiently evident that a great jealousy bearing towards the Sovereign and his had prevailed between the English and advisers, they would not be long in Americans established in the islands. It following his lead. In due time a kindly was difficult to say on which side the feeling and a spirit of good fellowship most embittered feelings had been ex- would be substituted for the acrimon- hibited. It had to be confessed that if ious and unconciliating sentiments and on the side of the Americans a tendency demeanor which had so long prevailed to domineer and to avail themselves un- on both sides, and to which in great fairly of their influence with the native part, if not entirely, was to be attributed Government had been not infrequently the differences which had arisen be- visible, the conduct of the English resi- tween the two countries. dents had certainly not been marked General Miller arrived at Oahu on either by prudence or by a spirit of con- February 3, 1844, on board H. M. S. ciliation. In fact it had been as nearly Hazard. He found that the British ad- as possible the reverse of what good miral in the Pacific, Admiral Thomas, sense and good policy would have dic- had, as already related, forestalled him tated. and, acting on his standing general in- Such, in the opinion of the British structions to encourage the indepen- Government, was the situation. General dence of all Pacific Islands, restored the Miller was advised not to strive openly independence of Hawaii to its King in against the American domination but to a simple ceremony on the site of seek to conciliate them, not by any un- Thomas Square in modern Honolulu, becoming subserviency but simply by named by the Hawaiians after their observing towards them a proper cour- benefactor. Nevertheless much detail tesy of demeanor and by giving them remained to be settled besides the ques- a fair credit for the good which they tion of Charlton's land, which has al- were doing. At the same time, Eng- ready been related. lish residents should seek, by propriety When England settled its differences of conduct, fair dealing and steady ob- with Hawaii, she proposed to the Gov- servance of the laws, when justly ad- ernments of France and the United ministered, to inspire all persons, States a mutual pledge never on any whether native or foreign, with con- grounds, or pretext, to take possession fidence and respect. Should a palpable of the Islands. The former agreed but injustice be done to a British subject, the latter refused to acquiesce, prefer- that injustice would have to be repaired ring to give her own assurance in an- without delay or subterfuge. Care was, other form to Hawaii. With him, Gen- therefore, to be taken to impress this eral Miller brought a new treaty to sub- necessity constantly on the minds of the mit for the perusal and approval of the sovereign and Chiefs as well as on King of Hawaii. The terms of this those persons in whose hands the Gov- Treaty were more or less the same as ernment was practically placed. one that the Kingdom of Hawaii had But on no occasion was intemperate signed with France in 1839, which was language or disrespectful demeanor to rather one sided, containing a provision be indulged in either towards the Chiefs that French subjects could only be tried or towards the subordinate officers of in criminal courts before a jury selected the Government. By every honorable by the French Consul. means the Consul General was to gain As soon as he had completed the the ear and confidence of the sovereign negotiations for this Treaty, General of the country and of his most influen- Miller found it necessary to leave for tial advisers. By this course would be Tahiti, where his presence was needed MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 247

owing to the situation created by the small matter of difference arose be- seizure of the Society Islands by France. tween Hawaii and England over a Code He left Honolulu in July 1844 and re- of Etiquette promulgated by the King turned in April 1845. During his ab- of Hawaii on the advice of his Ameri- sence, he left a Scotchman, Mr. R. C. can Ministers. Under this code the Wyllie, in charge of British interests as representative of Great Britain was to Pro-Consul. be placed permanently after that of the According to a note in the Consular United States of America on the Archives, General Miller first met Mr. grounds that the latter country had Wyllie in Chile in 1818 where, after been the first to recognize the indepen- ceasing to exercise the medical profes- dence of Hawaii. Apart from the fact sion to which he belonged, Mr. Wyllie itself being wrong, precedence among had entered into mercantile pursuits. diplomats is governed by rank or date From then until 1840 the two scarcely of presentation of credentials. Instruc- met, but in that year Mr. Wyllie, hav- tions were received from London to de- ing returned to England a rich man, mand the withdrawal of this code. The called on General Miller in Welbeck demand was made by General Miller in street and finding him ill, fetched a August 1845 at the same time that he specialist, Sir James Clarke, who saved demanded the restitution of Charlton's the General's life, This event gave rise land. Strange to say, Mr. Wyllie, then to a friendly feeling towards Mr. Minister for Foreign Affairs, vigorous- Wyllie, whom General Miller termed to ly opposed what he had formerly pro- be a kind and obliging man. The next tested against when Pro-Consul and meeting took place in Mexico in 1843, gave his acquiescence in what General when General Miller was on his way to Miller termed highly disrespectful the Hawaiian Islands to take up his terms. appointment as British Consul General The result of these two demands was in the Pacific. Mr. Wyllie joined him a sudden outbreak of several petty and acted as his secretary; he was, said cases against British subjects in the Miller, of great service despite his love matter of their lands, which necessi- of prolixity. tated once more the intervention of a During the absence of the Consul British Admiral to secure redress and General, Mr. Wyllie conducted a vol- a proper attention to the remonstrances uminous correspondence with Dr. G. P. of the British Consul General. Judd, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, General Miller seems to have recog- mainly on the subject of Charlton's nized immediately that the question of land, which had not been settled. He lands was to be a predominating influ- ence in the fate of the Hawaiian race35, also used to publish trade and statistical which had been dwindling in numbers notes in The Friend, a quasi-mission- for years. Accordingly having settled ary publication, and used to urge the the question of Charlton's land and the necessity of indentured labor to culti- new Treaty, he made certain recommen- vate and develop vacant lands. He be- dations direct to the King. A perusal came very much persona grata with the of these recommendations shows that, missionary leaders and, on Miller's re- however acceptable to the King, they turn, the post of Minister of Foreign could not have been so to his Minis- Affairs was offered to and accepted by ters and their presentation, so Miller him. Dr. Judd, who instigated the tells us, was the main reason" for the change, became himself Minister of the official rancour, which existed for years Interior. The acceptance of this post between himself and the foreign Cabi- by Mr. Wyllie must have meant a great net of the King. change in his plans, because when writ- The proposals of General Miller ing on December 25, 1844, to the Con- were: sul General at Guatemala, he mentioned that he expected to eat his Christmas " Captain King, who was with Captain Cook, esti- mated the population in 1778 at 400,000, but most dinner in 1845 in London. Yet he never writers consider this an overestimate by 100,000. In any case in 1832, the first census, the number had again saw his native land. dwindled to 130,000, and in 1853 to 70,000. During General Miller's absence a " See to Lord Palmerston. April 30, 1847. 248 Lu Z 41 < X `c5 > Z

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10 *These figures give t he Number of Custom House Entries of Whalers at ou, ports—some of the vessels en tering several Cl

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 249

1. That every native who has, and brings fill the gap left by dying industries. up one legitimate child, shall be exempt from Incidentally, the advent of whalers the onerous tax of personal labor, which is now performed gratis for the chiefs and the State. from which seamen were being con- tinually discharged, sick or injured, 2. That every native that has two such chil- dren and brings them up, shall at once be put made necessary adequate provision for in possession of a piece of land amply sufficient their care. A mission to seamen was for their sustenance to be held by them or their commenced in 1833 by an American heirs for ever, under a transferable title with parson named Rev. John Diell, who was the sanction of your Government. succeeded later in 1841 by the Rev. 3. That in proportion as the numbers of these children should increase, so should the grant of S. C. Damon, known as Father Damon. land to the parents be augmented. In 1833 Captain Charlton proposed to the British Admiralty, which then had The object of this proposal was to supervision over all seamen, to estab- create a middle class of people, good lish in Honolulu a hospital for British and loyal subjects, who would ever be seamen, but this was not done until grateful and faithful to the King, ad- 1845 when a British subject, encouraged ding to his wealth and power. It is by General Miller, built a hospital in clear from the above that General Mil- Pauoa Valley, which received the name ler recognized the danger that would of "Little Greenwich". A few years arise unless some means were devised later General Miller himself bought 30 by which the people could make a rea- acres of land at Pawaa, near Waikiki, sonable livelihood and at the same time where he constructed another hospital be protected against the loss of land for seamen and a cottage for himself. once obtained. For this reason he sug- Every day he used to take his daily gested the condition the land be trans- ride out to this site, which he named ferable only with the sanction of the "Little Britain". In the work of the Government. It is such a provision as Seaman's Chapel in Bethel street, the this by which the lands of the Maoris British Government also used to con- and Fijians have been preserved intact tribute twenty dollars a quarter in rec- to some extent. The idea did not appeal ognition of the useful work done among to the foreign advisers and no safeguard British sailors by the chaplain. was ever inserted in the land laws, General Miller gave generous praise with the result that when the Great to the work being accomplished by Mr. Mahele ( land division) did take place, and Mrs. A. S. Cooke, the American and the Chiefs and people did obtain missionary couple in charge of the ownership of lands, they often sold school for young Chiefs and Chief esses. them and lost their means of sustenance. It was, he said, equal to the best coun- Hawaii has had extraordinary good try academy in England, and the in- fortune in the rotation of its commerce. teresting pupils made great progress in First it was the fur trade, then the san- almost every branch of education, and dalwood export and, when the latter their manners and morals were good. was near exhaustion, the discovery of The great possibilities of the sugar large whale fisheries in the north Pa- trade had been seen very early. Cap- cific made the Islands a base of sup- tain Charlton made some effort to start plies for the American and English in Kauai or Atooi, as he called that whaling fleets, thus providing work and opportunity to the people. A compara- island. In 1835 the American firm of Company actually did so, and tive statement37 is annexed showing the Ladd & importance of the whalers to Hawaii in 1841 the partners of that firm made between 1846 and 1865 when, due to a great effort to obtain control of un- the discovery of petroleum, the use of limited tracts of land. An agreement whale oil for lighting purposes was was signed with the King by which he abandoned. But when the business in bound himself to lease, at suitable supplying the whalers began to wane, places, fifteen acres of land for factory the sugar industry was beginning to get sites together with two hundred acres on its feet, so that on each occasion of agricultural land surrounding each new sources of income were found to site. The King also undertook himself to cultivate an additional fifty acres 37 Annex V. •

▪

250 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 VI EX ANN

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Original of this self-ex- planatory cartoon is in the Honolulu Academy of Arts. nearby. No limit was placed on the Mr. Ricord, the Attorney-General, number of factory sites to be chosen, so showed any strong national bias in that had the plan been successful, the favor of the United States of America. lessors could have occupied at the rate At all events Americans who had not of half a dollar per annum per acre all taken the oath of allegiance, with hard- the most desirable land of the islands. ly an exception, were much irritated, But Mr. Richards, who had at first he said, against the Government. supported this scheme, withdrew his The pity of it was that all these men, support when he was in London and, the foreign advisers, Judd, Ricord, Lee, partly on this account and partly due Wyllie, Miller, and Ten Eyck, the Brit- to the failure of Mr. Brinsmade, one ish and American commissioners, were, of the partners, to raise the capital so far as one can judge, all very sin- either in London or Belgium, the pro- cere and earnest in their desire to help posal fell through. It became indeed a the weak Kingdom of Hawaii on to its source of long litigation between the feet, but their temperaments were all Government and Ladd Ei Company, so crotchety and obstinate that none who were finally declared insolvent. could give way to the other, each be- According to Mr. Wyllie38, the news lieving his own plans to be the only of the seizure of Hawaii by Lord Paulet ones worth following. Miller consid- was the cause for the withdrawal of ered Judd to be exceedingly narrow the Belgian capitalists. He also suggests minded but able, with a high sense of that the Protestant missionaries were duty. It was, he wrote, only his much opposed, fearing that if Belgians ( Judd's ) influence that kept the King came out to supervise the work, many and Chiefs faithful to the temperance Roman Catholics would be introduced pledge, and that was of primary im- with a corresponding increase in Catho- portance. Mr. Richards was too pli- lic influences. able, he thought. Mr. Ricord was a It is as well to note that, despite ac- young American lawyer who came to cepted opinions, the American advisers the islands in 1844 and was made At- to the King of Hawaii were not so pro- torney-General by Dr. Judd; he drew American as has generally been be- up the first code of laws to be issued. lieved. We have this on the testimony Of Mr. Lee, Miller has nothing but the of General Miller himself for, writing highest praise. Mr. Wyllie was an to the British Foreign Office in 1845, honest man but inclined to indulge his he remarked that neither Dr. Judd nor pen and engage in long acrimonious correspondence over unimportant de- 38 See to Foreign Office No. 25 of September 23, 1844. tails. 252 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

But if General Miller gives Wyllie The only guide to this is an investiga- but meager praise39 his successor, a tion made under the chairmanship of fairer judge, reported that, though ec- Mr. Wyllie in that very year, August centric in manner, Mr. Wyllie was a 1849. The net result of his inquiry was shrewd and clever man, thoroughly that an amount of ten thousand acres, honest and upright, who had devoted more or less, had been sold to mission- for many years his time, talents, and aries at about ninety cents per acre fortune to the service of the Hawaii under the market price. Truly a small Government and to the furtherance of reward, as Mr. Wyllie remarks, for the the political and material well-being of sacrifices made and the work done for those islands. In him, the King had a Hawaii. This seems to be the sum total zealous and disinterested servant and in of the land which fell into the hands of the main a wise and judicious adviser missionaries prior to the Great Mahele though at times he had shown himself or division of lands carried out in 1848. timid and unduly suspicious of foreign If, after that date, when every Hawai- governments. ian who had lands was able and willing On the land question Dr. Judd him- to sell, they bought more, we must self kept a firm control and by so doing blame the lack of protection, not the he certainly saved large tracts from missionaries or, rather, their families going into the hungry maw of foreign- who had every right to engage in such ers. He it was that engineered the legitimate pursuits to safeguard their Great Mahele4° by which ample lands were set aside to provide for the sup- children, of whom they had not a few port of the infant government and for as may be seen from the following ex- the needs of the King. Of course, over tract of a letter from Miller in 1849: the balance which was divided up The 35 American resident missionaries with among the chiefs and the people, he their wives, have 134 children, many of them was able to exercise little control, hav- adults, now in the islands. Dr. Judd, the Rev. Armstrong, the Rev. Judge Andrews and the ing unfortunately failed to adopt the Rev. Mr. Green have ceased to be missionaries idea of Miller that the land should not and have of their own living with them 26 sons be transferable except by government and daughters besides. sanction. If the Hawaiians have lost the bulk There can be no dispute that certain tracts of land came into the possession of the lands41, the real cause for com- of some missionary families and from plaint is therefore against the failure time to time much criticism has been of the early advisers of their King, directed at the officials in charge ac- among whom were Wyllie, Ricord, and cusing them of favoritism in granting Lee, all non-missionaries, to provide the permits for purchase. In 1849 ( No. 19 necessary safeguards. This point was, to the F. O.) General Miller reports as already stated, the continual battle that he reminded Mr. Wyllie that the of General Miller. He brought it up re- system now pursued in disposing of peatedly but without success. Crown lands, not at public auction or at The British Consul General also fixed regulated price, but through the wrote often opposing the system of un- partial intervention and agency of a paid compulsory labor42 which he ter- member of the Cabinet or members of med "all demoralizing and exterminat- the Privy Council, could not be satis- ing, the continuance of which," he factory to the British Government. prophesied, "would suffice to sweep The real question is whether these from the face of the delightful islands, missionaries got the lands cheaper than the extremely interesting and kind- anyone else or below the market value hearted natives." Besides, unpaid labor, at the time and, if so, how great was General Miller considered that the mis- the acreage thus sold cheaply to them.

41 An interesting tax survey is presented (Annex as To F. 0. October 13, 1862. VI) showing the distribution of taxes and property in 40 Division of all lands, then wholly the King's 1881, which makes it clear that at that date consider- property, among the people with right to acquire fee able property was still in the hands of the Hawaiians. simple title to lands then occupied, used, or held by 42 See Annex VII, which contains besides an ac- Royal sufferance. count of trade in 1845, a reference to this question. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 253 sionary laws on morality43 were another In 1849 a great change came over the contributing factor in the rapid decline relations between General Miller and in the native population which was, he the foreign advisers. In 1847 they had said, never due, as claimed by the mis- persuaded the King to ask the British sionaries, to the introduction of venereal Government for his recall. As a matter disease by contact with the whites. of fact there was hardly a foreign rep- Many Hawaiians were in fact much resentative for whose recall at some discontented with the blue laws and time or other they did not ask. Quar- land laws enforced against them, and rels occurred not only with Miller but in 1851 this discontent burst into flame. also with Mr. Brown and Mr. Ten The report of Miller on the incident Eyck, the two successive American serves to show the danger of repres- Commissioners and also with Mr. Dil- sion: lon, the French Consul. In each case On the night of the 22nd instant (October) their Governments were requested to about eighty Kanakas condemned to hard la- replace them with other men. In the bour, some for months, some for years, in de- fault of payment of heavy fines imposed upon case of Miller, they met with a strong them for Moe Kolohe (illicit intercourse) pun- rebuff from Lord Palmerston who wrote ishable by law in this Kingdom, took possession that, after considering all the corre- of the Battery and powder magazine on Punch spondence very carefully, His Maj- Bowl Hill, which commands the town, their plan being, it appears, to have set fire to two mis- esty's Government saw no reason what- sionary Churches and then to have hanged Dr. ever to recall him; and that they had Judd and the Rev. Armstrong. only to express their just expectation The law respecting Moe Kolohe, the often that a proper feeling of respect for cruel and very partial manner in which it is carried out is a constant source of additional Great Britain and a due sense of the income to the native judges and foreign police importance to the Sandwich Islands of officers, who are entitled to half the fines, which maintaining unimpaired its friendly re- are enormous, whilst it increases the evils it is lations with Great Britain, would lead intended to abolish. A few days ago a Kanaka on the island of Hawaii was put in irons and the Hawaiian Government to see the condemned to hard labour because his wife, it expediency of so shaping in future its was discovered, had given birth to a child only conduct towards the representative of two months after their marriage. But this is by the British Crown as not to place in no means one of the worst instances, which occur daily in the islands as the result of mis- jeopardy the continuance of friendly in- sionary legislation." tercourse between the two States. Incidentally, a writer opposed to the While the above rebuke might well missionaries has claimed that the de- have led the foreign advisers to alter struction of the supplies of pili grass by outwardly their attitude towards Gen- the herds of cattle owned by foreigners eral Miller, an unexpected event oc- was another factor in the decline of the curred to convince them of his sincerity. population. According to him, the lack This was the attack on Honolulu of adequate supplies of this thatching made by the French on account of the material, used from time immemorial by refusal of the Government of Hawaii the Hawaiians to build their grass huts, to make certain tariff adjustments to let made their houses insanitary and damp in French brandy and wine at low because they were unable to change the rates. A force was landed, which seized thatching as often as health conditions the Customs House and destroyed parts required. The loss of population can- of the Old Fort. In accordance with his not, however, be laid at any one door. standing instructions, Miller protested It was just the march of civilisation and to the French Admiral, reminding him the inability of the Hawaiians to adjust of the Anglo-French Agreement of 1843 themselves to its demands. to respect the independence of Hawaii.

43 To Wyllie, July 2, 1850. Noticing that seamen At the same time he offered an asylum were being fined for fornication, Miller observed that the law respecting fornication, as it stood, was un- at the British Consulate-General to the supported by scripture or the usage of most Chris- King of Hawaii, if pressed. There he tian nations, and complained that because the police- men got half the fines, their wives, sisters or other was to take refuge, should the French female friends used to entrap the sailors. Except in attempt to seize him, making the follow- the case of Royalty, the ancient form of legitimate or recognized marriage was no more than cohabitation, ing declaration: while divorce was equally simple; the injustice of this law is therefore obvious. The King of the Sandwich Islands, hostilised Letter from Miller, October 25, 1851. in his Kingdom contrary to the law of nations 254 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 and contrary to Treaty without possessing the of Miller were vindicated and put his means of making any resistance comes, without relations with the King of Hawaii on a renouncing any of his rights as an independent sovereign, to seek personal safety under the flag high plane. Assured that Miller had his of his special friend and protector the Queen best interests at heart, the King from of Great Britain. thenceforward listened to his advice. The French withdrew and the actions The French attack on Honolulu

ANNEX VII Letter to Earl of Aberdeen besides, of two dollars for buoys which are laid Honolulu, December 31st 1845. down at its entrance. My Lord, A dollar is paid for every Certificate of I have the honour to transmit herewith to clearance by every Foreign Merchant Vessel Your Lordship, a return of the Trade within the upon its departure. Consulate of the Sandwich Islands, during the Vessels having Sandwich Islands Registers, year 1845, according to which, the Gross In- which are now only granted to Natives and voice value of Foreign Merchandise landed at Naturalised Subjects, are exempt from all Port Honolulu, and consumed on the Sandwich charges. Islands, amounts to one hundred and two thou- The ports of entry* for Foreign Vessels, are sand, and seventy-two pounds. Honolulu on the Island of Woahoo, Hanalei on Of these imports as near as I have been able the Island of Atooi, Hilo or Byron's Bay on to ascertain there were, the Island of A'Whyee or Lahaina on the British Valued at £ 31,367 Island of Mowee, which latter place having American 36,603 Chinese 17,700 only a Roadstead, requires no Pilot. At present From Germany, Russia, and Honolulu is the only Port which has a Custom other Northern Nations 6,250 House, but Custom House Officials are to be From California 5,000 From Americans in Oregon 2,652 stationed at the other three mentioned Ports, From Peru, Guayaquil, and Chile 2,500 according to recent regulations. It is roughly estimated, for it cannot be as- £102,072 certained with accuracy that the 34 Merchant In addition to the foregoing amount of goods and 575 Whale Ships, which touched at the imported, it is computed that, about £8,000 Sandwich Islands during the year 1845 ex- worth were landed at Lahaina, Byron's Bay, pended for Provisions and Refreshments, from the Whale ships which touched at those Recreations for Officers and Men £150,000 Ports. Indeed from the best information which For Repairs of the vessels 18,000 I can obtain I have reason to believe that, in- And that Ships of War did not leave less than 60,000 cluding many articles introduced clandestinely, the total amount of Foreign Merchandise ac- Owing chiefly to the large size, unusual num- tually landed and consumed on the Sandwich ber of Ships of War which have visited the Islands in 1845 does not fall short of £115,000. Sandwich Islands this year, there has been an Until lately the Merchants and Traders here increase of £40,956 in Imports over last year. usually obtained from one hundred to two or As the White Regulation of Oregon and three hundred per cent above the invoice value, California increases there is every probability for their Goods, but as competition is rapidly that the Trade of the Sandwich Islands will increasing, they are already often glad to sell augment, and if Three English Commercial at a reduction of thirty or forty per cent. Houses at Honolulu viz., the Agents of the Although according to a Custom House re- Hudson Bay Company; Messrs. Starkey, Janion turn, the value of Native products exported Fa Co. and Messrs. Skinner and Co., would be from Honolulu, amounts to only £6,789, it is satisfied with moderate profits, I have reason to supposed that double that amount, or upwards believe that they would soon have the largest of £13,000 worth, were, in reality, exported portion of the Business as far as the importa- from the Sandwich Islands for Foreign Markets. tion and sale of Foreign Goods went. The Net duties upon Merchandise Imported About 500 tons of sugar have been made at Honolulu amounts to £4,055 from cane grown principally on the Island of Ditto ditto for Transit Duties 95 Atooi. It can be grown and manufactured, I Ditto ditto for tonnage dues 1,018 am assured by the parties interested, at a frac- tion above two cents per pound, including Making a total of £5,018 amongst the outlays an interest of twelve cents received at Honolulu for Custom House Duties per annum upon the Capital invested. Its qual- and Tonnage Dues. ity is very superior, and fetches at Sydney £4 The duty upon Foreign Goods at invoice per ton more than Manila sugar. valuation, was last May increased from three There are also about 5,000,000 Trees of to five per cent. The Transit Duty is half per Coffee cultivated upon the Islands, each of cent. which trees will, it is said, in another year or Each Whale Ship is permitted to introduce two, produce from three to five pounds of $200 worth of Merchandise duty free. Coffee annually. The quality of the Coffee is The Tonnage Duties upon Foreign Merchant likewise superior to that of Manila. Ships are 20 cents per ton. Three of our enterprising Americans a few The Pilotage is a Dollar per foot coming years ago, planted a great number of Mulberry into, another Dollar per foot going out of, the * Modern spelling of the islands named, in their Harbour of Honolulu and there is a charge order: Oahu; Kauai; Hawaii; Maui. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 255 caused the United States to issue a by any European power. The cession warning, 45 directed at France, that they to America of California by Mexico could not consent to see the Ha- had, of course, much changed the out- waiian Islands taken possession of look at Washington, and while pre- viously America was inclined to take To Mr. Addington of the F. 0. October 16, 1851. merely a passive interest in the fate of trees at Atooi, and with Silk-worms which they an exception have by their husbands Large afterwards obtained produced a quantity of ex- Families. And yet a Foreigner must now lower cellent silk every six weeks; 200 pounds weight himself in his own and other people's opinion of which were sold in Mexico for seven dollars in order to wed a dusky Nymph. per pound. But, as to feed and attend upon the Ninety-one British subjects, about two hun- worms it required the daily attendance of sev- dred Americans, and fifty foreigners of other eral Natives, whose constant services could not nations, have taken the Oath of Allegiance. be secured, in consequence of the compulsory Although amongst them there are a few persons labour system, and because the Natives consid- of respectability, many others are of very du- ered, that to be thus employed on Sundays was bious character, and some of them well known breaking the Sabbath, this important undertak- delinquents. The present objectionable form of ing was broken up and a considerable capital the Oath of Allegiance, prevents many well be- employed in it entirely sacrificed. haved industrious Foreigners from settling in Cotton grows spontaneously on the Leeward the Country, whilst it operates as an induce- or South side of the Island of O'Whyee, where ment for men of bad character to seek refuge I am assured it might be cultivated to a very on these remote Islands, to the great detriment considerable extent. of their peaceable inhabitants. To this may be There may be about 25,000 head of horned attributed the numerous robberies and great in- cattle on the Islands, and the yearly consump- crease of intemperance which has been of late tion may be reckoned at about 2,500 head. At so painful to observe at Honolulu. O'Whyee and Atooi good salt beef is made, al- Several new houses and buildings have been though in small quantities, on account of the erected this year at Honolulu and its environs. hitherto small demands for it. Amongst them the most useful, as well as orna- There are at O'Whyee about six hundred mental of them is the British Consulate Hos- half bred Merino sheep thriving well, there pital, recently constructed at the expense of having as yet been no disease amongst them; Mr. Booth, on a piece of ground of his own, and their wool is of good staple. The two Me- now called Little Greenwich, situated rather rino lambs sent out by Sir Henry Pelly in 1841, more than a mile from the town, in a most are still alive on that Island which contains ex- healthy and picturesque valley. The Edifice is tensive table land, and sloping sides of moun- of wood, raised upon stone piles a foot or two tains with pasturage capable of maintaining from the ground, and consists of airy, dry and innumerable flocks. comfortable adjoining rooms, one of which is Amidst such advantages and with one of the large enough to contain ten or twelve bedsteads most delicious and healthy climates in the for as many Patients, and the other is used for World, I regret to say that the kindhearted and those who are well enough to sit table to singularly well disposed Sandwich Islanders, dine in. continue to draw rapidly towards extinction, The hospital has a veranda with a boarded the deaths among them being at the very least, floor, all around its four sides, an excellent de- two every birth. This sad falling off of the tached kitchen and storeroom, made of stone Aboriginal race, I attribute mainly to the im- and mortar, sand wall, with a garden and lawn, moral and exterminating effects produced by are enclosed by a substantial stone wall. Neither compulsory unpaid labour, which galling system paint nor lime have been spared. prevents the Kanakas even from aspiring to The Valley in which Little Greenwich lies accumulate property, for which they have no has hitherto been almost secluded from public permanent security, whilst, it renders them cal- view or notice, on account of some intervening lous, and in most cases averse to marry, and to hills and very rugged path which led to it, but have children. Although my repeated attempts I am happy to say that in a few weeks, an ex- have been in vain to persuade this Government cellent carriage road leading to it and now mak- to pass a new law exempting married Kanakas ing, will be finished. who have a legitimate child from this vexatious Dr. Judd, much to his credit, has made a road tax-labour, I do not entirely despair that, ere several miles in extent, leading from Honolulu very long the proposed first step towards so to the Eastern part of the Island, which for desirable an object will be adopted, since even some distance runs down along the side of a the Chiefs, and other Rulers, who are now ap- steep and rocky mountain called the Pali. parently benefited by the continuation of the Too much cannot be said in praise of the evil in question, would in reality as well as school for young Chiefs and Chiefesses con- everybody else, be greater gainers by its abo- ducted by Mr. and Mrs. Cooke. It appears to lition. me to equal the best Country Academies in Amongst the Nations who have made the England, and the interesting Pupils make great greatest advancements towards well regulated progress in almost every branch of education, Domestic Habits and civilization, must be reck- and their manners, and as far as I may be able oned those Kanaka women, who are marreid to to learn, their morals are good. well-behaved Foreigners, and who with scarcely WII.LIAM MILLER. 256 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Hawaii, their proximity to the islands On January 9, 1854, the attempt of in California made them anxious to the annexation party" was renewed keep the Islands at least independent. and a memorial presented to the King In 1853 a new administration came into signed by 56 persons including Dr. power at Washington, which was prone G. P. Judd himself. to flirt with the idea of annexation. The The King was much shaken but American colony in Hawaii, both mis- eventually on the advice of Prince Alex- sionary and business, began about this ander, Mr. Wyllie, and General Miller, time to exert pressure to persuade the the proposal was rejected. The death King to petition the U. S. A. for an- of Kamehameha III in 1854 relieved the nexation, which would have greatly en- danger, since he was succeeded by hanced the value of the sugar trade, Prince Alexander, who was opposed to then beginning to expand. It was rep- annexation and rather pro-British in resented to Washington, untruly, that his sentiments, which he clinched by his the King and Chiefs desired annexa- marriage to Queen Emma, a Hawaiian tion. This action was fought strenu- Princess with much English blood in ously by Miller,46 Wyllie and Prince her veins, being the granddaughter of Alexander. Miller went even so far as John Young. to promise the protection of the British General Miller, who had played such flag, should American filibusters from an important part in maintaining the California attempt a coup d'etat as was independence policy of the British Gov- feared. In September a memorandum ernment, was rewarded for his work in was sent to the King urging him to seek 1855 by being raised in rank to H. M. annexation, signed by nineteen Ameri- Commissioner and Consul-General. cans47; it was presented by Dr. Judd, No further crisis occurred during his who added to it a proposal that the term of office. In 1859 he asked for and King should seek a loan from the U.S.A. received leave of absence to go to South at the same time, knowing, so Miller America to fight his cause for sums due him from the Government of Peru for reported, that if the loan were not paid his services during the war of independ- back, annexation was bound to follow. ence. He died on board H.M.S. Naiad This proposal was vigorously at- at Lima on October 31, 1861, when tacked by some of the Chiefs and ended about to return to his post. in Dr. Judd's resignation, thus ending The opinion of General Miller re- the official connection of this remark- garding the capacity and character of able man with the Government, which the Hawaiians was very favourable. In had lasted for twelve years. 1851 he wrote as follows: The British F. 0. instructed Miller to impress on the King and Prince Alexander, the importance of The Hawaiian House of Commons now in maintaining their present independent position; he was session at this place is composed of twenty- to point out to them that their sound position and fu- three members, three English, three Americans, ture prospects must be harmed in the event of a sui- cidal policy being carried out. From F. 0. Nov. 29, one German and the rest natives. The debates 1853. are admirably conducted in the Hawaiian and 47 The names were: R. Coady; Thos. H. Marshall; English languages and the bearing, deportment W. B. Rice; B. F. Snow; Alex. J. Cartwright; G. and good sense of those who have spoken are Foster Ford; Amos S. Cooke; W. H. Rice; J. C. as surprising as pleasing. I am more convinced Spalding; Stephen Reynolds; Benjamin F. Hardy; Thomas Spencer; A. P. Everett; Charles R. Bishop; than ever that the Kanakian race possess a Jno. C. Bullions; Julius A. Author; Sarni N. Castle; vast deal of innate good breeding; indeed the IE. Hoffman; M. C. Monsarrat. naked little urchins in the streets and the brown ss The 56 names were: B. F. Snow; R. Coady; nymphs, as well as the members of Parliament Alex. J. Cartwright, Jr.; Chas. R. Bishop; W. A. all manifest convincing proofs of the fact. Aldrich; J. C. Spalding; C. Hoffman; Benjm. F. Hardy; Thomas Schell; Wm. Besse; M. C. Mon- sarrat; J. R. Williams; R. S. Barker; R. A. S. Wood; Abel Harris; C. G. Clifford; J. J. Anthon; Benson On the departure of General Miller, Behn; G. P. Judd; Wm. A. Daly; H. N. Crabbe; Mr. Toup Nicolas, Consul at Tahiti, Thomas Spencer; J. W. Riddel; M. Brown; Fredk. Hanks; J. W. Fitch; A. B. Tunall; Sand. C. Allen; came up to act, but a few months after Geo. G. Howe; Stephen Bailey; Barum A. Field; Sml. Rawson; Henry Dimond; Chas. W. Vincent; his arrival he was taken sick mentally Wm. K. Snodgrass; Henry Howe; J. Dudoit; Isaac and had to be shipped home. Mr. W. L. Montgomery; James H. Force; John W. Brown; Wm. B. Rice; Thos. H. Everett; Sand. H. Dowsett; John Green, a local British merchant and a G. Collinson; A. V. Everett; Edward Kent; B. F. Caulesbury; J. Boileau; D. W. Crabb; John Brash; partner in the British firm of Starkey John Brannigan; G. Vorted Jones; W. H. Folveg; Francis A. Rowe; Wm. Combs. " A photo of the Hawaiian Exequatur is opposite this page, showing the signature of Kamehameha IV. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 257

Hawaiian Exequatur signed by Kamehameha IV (footnote 49, opp. p.) original of which is in The Foreign Office, London.

and Company, took charge until the ar- late. With Mrs. Synge acting as proxy rival of Mr. Synge, the new Commis- for the Queen, and Mr. Synge for the sioner appointed on the death of Miller. Prince of Wales as godfather, the child Mr. Synge arrived at Honolulu in was baptised according to the rites of 1862 at a sad moment. A young prince the Church of England. had been born to King Kamehameha IV In October 1862 Bishop Staley, the and Queen Emma in 1858, and the Anglican Bishop, arrived. His coming happy couple had been eagerly awaiting had been much opposed by the Ameri- the arrival of the new British Commis- can missionaries, much to the surprise sioner, who was bearing a letter from of the King, who remarked on it to Mr. Queen Victoria accepting the position Synge, saying that for seventy years he of godmother to the infant prince. But and his ancestors had been trying to the prince had been taken seriously ill bring about the establishment of a and was not expected to live. Mr. Wyl- Church of England mission—a fact lie boarded the vessel as soon as she well known to the American mission- had cast anchor, requesting the imme- aries. Indeed the first petition made to diate attendance of Mr. and Mrs. England for the despatch of a Church Synge so that the ceremony of baptism of England clergyman was sent to the could be performed before it was too Foreign Office in 1838 signed by all the 258 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

British subjects resident in Honolulu. A nexation, instructing her representative, photo of this petition is opposite this in case the United States should take page. steps to seize the Islands,52 to urge the In November 1862 followed the bap- King to place his country under the tism of Queen Emma herself, who had joint protection of Great Britain, France had to wait so long because the Ameri- and the United States. can missionaries had ref used5° to do it Against reciprocity, however, Eng- unless a guarantee were given that the land showed less hostility,53 recognis- Queen, then a girl, would not be brought ing that, with a weak state struggling up in the English Church, a guarantee under many difficulties, it was necessary which was always refused. In the same to be considerate and under the pecu- month the King and Queen were con- liar circumstances of Hawaii's trade, firmed by the English Bishop. better to allow reciprocity with the The reign of King Kamehameha IV United States provided the duties on and Queen Emma marks a period when British goods were kept at existing the influence of the English in Hawaii rates. was as great as in the times of Vancou- Reciprocity came and its success ver.51 To counteract this ascendency changed the course of events. The Brit- the United States of America raised the ish party equally with the American rank of their representative to that of was benefited by the rapid development Minister Resident but English influence of the sugar industry. Exports of that predominated until the end of the Ka- commodity rose to undreamed of quan- mehameha dynasty with the death of tities, making the ultimate annexation Kamehameha V in 1873. In 1865 Queen Emma, who had lost her husband in of Hawaii to the U.S.A. a definite cer- 1863, made a journey to England, tainty. where she stayed for a time with Queen The establishment of the sugar in- Victoria. The Queen of England, fear- dustry caused the system of land ful lest the fate of Queen Kamamalu tenure in Hawaii to be changed so as to should overtake her guest, had tried to provide ownership or tenancy long persuade Queen Emma to forbear, but enough to justify the employment of so great was the Hawaiian Queen's large capital without which its develop- eagerness to see the land of her fore- ment would have been impossible. Its father that she was not to be denied. future also depended (and still does ) Queen Victoria then ordered Mr. and on an adequate supply of labour, which Mrs. Synge to accompany the Queen was woefully lacking in early Hawaii. home. During the absence of the Brit- The champion of the import of inden- ish Minister the acting post was again tured labour seems to have been Mr. confided to Mr. W. L. Green. Wyllie. From the utilitarian point of With the accession of King Lunalilo, view he was right, but whether he was and a year later of King Kalakaua, the from a human point of view is debat- able. In any case, the King was won American party regained its former over to the project and a start was made prestige. In fact there is little doubt that with Chinese from Hongkong. But after its members did every possible thing to their arrival doubt seems to have en- secure the latter's election instead of tered the head of the King, and he at- Queen Emma, who was the candidate tempted to make a change and bring in favoured by the masses. Immediate at- fellow Polynesians from the South Seas tempts were made to secure annexation who, he thought, would serve a double and when such a treaty was opposed in purpose, namely, form a supply of la- Washington, the next best solution was bour and, by bringing their wives, serve adopted to secure a Treaty of Trade to repopulate the Islands with a people Reciprocity. England again resisted an- allied to the Hawaiians. Accordingly a 50 To F. 0. November 14, 1862: it is interesting to number of natives from the Gilbert read the first petition from British subjects, dated Islands were brought, mainly by the 1838, for an English clergyman to be sent out. Annex VIII. method of "blackbirding"; the most 5 An Englishman, Mr. W. L. Green, was the first President of the Chamber of Commerce, which existed From F. 0. No. 12, 1874. as early as 1865. 53 From F. 0. No. 10 of 1875. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 259

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ANNEX VIII 260 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

famous ship engaged therein being the and, finding conditions not as they S.S. Stormbird. The experiment was a wished, demanded better treatment, failure, since the men showed no more which was accorded. Indeed today it inclination to work than the Hawaiians. would be difficult to find a place where Moreover rumours of ill treatment greater care is given to the employment reached the British Government, from of labour. Conditions are, of course, not whose Protectorates the men came, and claimed to be perfect but, in general, the they ordered Mr. Wodehouse, the Brit- sugar labourers of Hawaii are well fed ish Commissioner to succeed Mr. Synge, and well housed and many are able to to make an investigation. The report54 put by substantial sums with which to was as follows: return to their homes. The house accommodation is invariably in- But if the sugar industry thus brought sufficient for health, comfort, and cleanliness; prosperity in its train it again raised for medical attendance was unattainable. The la- the Hawaiians the bogey of annexation. bourers were, however, well fed. There was no systematic method of registration so that the King Kalakaua had been elected by the natives had no means of knowing when their American or annexationist party but it contract was over. The immigrants were igno- was not long before he gave signs of a rant people who had come mainly because they desire to emancipate himself from con- had been told that King Kalakaua needed them. trol. His efforts to do so brought on a With the failure of Polynesian la- new crisis and union with America bour, the Minister for Foreign Affairs again became imminent; but the time tried to negotiate with the Government was not ripe in the United States. The of India for a supply of East Indians Reciprocity Treaty was, however, again but without success, which is no matter renewed with an additional clause for surprise because the Minister when granting to America the use of Pearl discussing the matter with the British Harbor as a naval base. England im- Commissioner remarked that: mediately claimed the right to use it It is natural that our planters should look also, under the most favoured nation upon a well-regulated supply of the cheapest clause of her treaty with Hawaii of class of labour with favourable eyes, especially 1851. Once more doubt as to the re- as having the advantage of a reciprocity treaty with the United States of America" which gives spective intentions of the two Powers them an enhanced price for their main product arose. "At the present moment" (1888 ) over what they could obtain in the markets of remarked the British representative, the world, the two combined: that is the high- est price for their product and the cheapest sys- "neither the United States of America tem of labour to be got, would be very profit- or Great Britain has entire confidence able. in the sincerity of the other's intentions Truly an unctuous statement but towards Hawaii notwithstanding Mr. hardly one likely to appeal to a Govern- Bayard's:Yr declaration that the United ment desirous of protecting its people States had no intention of declaring a from exploitation. protectorate and that Great Britain had Unable to secure Indians, the Gov- signed a treaty of non-annexation." ernment turned in succession to Portu- The position of the United States gal, Spain, and even Scandinavia, and had been communicated to Great Brit- later to Japan from where they had im- ain in 1881 at an interview between Mr. ported a few Japanese in 1868 and had Blaine, Secretary of State, and Sir Ed- found them to be excellent workers. Be- ward Thornton, British Minister in tween 1887 and 1907 several thousand Washington.58 Mr. Blaine stated that arrived and fully justified themselves. the Chinese labourers then being im- The Japanese Government, ever jealous ported in great numbers into Hawaii of the treatment of its nationals, sent a were an objectionable class of immigra- commission of investigation56 in 1889 tion. When the British Minister sug- gested that it would be an interference sa To F. 0. No. 9, December 1880. 55 From Hawaiian F. 0: January 17, 1881. with the independence of the islands to ea No 19 to F. 0. June 1, 1889. The report of the attempt to prevent Chinese immigration Japanese Consul-General was: 1. The food was insuf- ficient. 2. Constant deductions were made from the labourers by the planter, who constituted himself the 57 Secretary of State. sole judge. 3. District judges, who were to decide 68 From Sir E. Thornton to Earl Granville, April disputes, were unfit for their positions. 25, 1881. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 261 by force Mr. Blaine replied that influ- the Republic. He had been a naval ence would be brought to bear upon officer and, previous to entering the citizens of the United States residing Consular service, had been in the em- there, who were the principal owners of ploy of Japan, where he assisted to or- the real property in the islands; he ganise her merchant marine. added that the position of the Sandwich The Islands are today half play- Islands was of such importance to the ground, half workshop. The serious safety of the United States that they half is devoted to the cultivation of would never allow any other nation but sugar, pineapples and coffee, to the up- themselves to control them. The United lifting and education of the people, in- States would never raise any objection cluding social and religious centres for to Great Britain securing the dominion the use and benefit of all races and of any other islands which might be ad- classes. One institution in particular, jacent to British possessions, but on the founded by the energy of the sons of other hand its Government held that it Hawaii, deserves more than special would also be justified in maintaining mention, that is, the Institute of Pa- that no nation but the United States cific Relations, which has its headquar- should exercise control over the Sand- ters at Honolulu. Acting unofficially, wich Islands, which by their position this Institute is engaged in studies, so- almost belonged to this country. Mr. cial and economic in all countries bor- Blaine's last observation was that soon- dering the Pacific, with a view to pro- er or later the islands had to come under viding adequate information regarding the protection of America. the ideas and habits of the different Obviously such an attitude only peoples. Every two years is held, under needed the opportunity. Mr. Wode- its auspices, a conference attended by house, the British Commissioner com- unofficial representatives of each coun- municated copies of Sir Edward Thorn- try interested in Pacific problems in the ton's report to members of the Hawai- hope that by personal exchange of ian Royal family in the hope of check- opinions a better understanding of each ing the trend of events, but in vain, for other's problems may result. A similar the interests of Hawaii had become too work is also being conducted by the bound up with those of America. The Pan-Pacific Union. death of King Kalakaua postponed the The other half is occupied in amuse- inevitable because his successor, his sis- ter, Queen Liliuokalani, was bitterly op- ments linked with an ever-growing posed to it, but in 1893 her attempts to tourist trade. It is the half of which the recover some of the Royal rights sur- world hears most, Hawaiian skies, Ha- rendered by her brother brought on a waiian nights, Hawaiian music, Hawai- fresh state of crisis, which ended in the ian dancing. Of these the poets have formation of a Hawaiian Republic. sung and sing, for they are part of the This was the opportunity but it found country, innate to the carefree character Washington lukewarm and it was not of the people. The ancient hula still at- until the needs of the Spanish American tracts. The music which accompanies it War called for a point clappui in the has been modernised and is dispensed Pacific that annexation was completed by ukuleles and guitars, which were im- on August 12, 1898. ported into the islands by Portuguese The last British Commissioner ac- immigrants. The songs describe in credited to the throne of Hawaii, Mr. words, aided by the movements of the Wodehouse, had been a warm friend of hands and body, the glories of the land, the dynasty and preferred to retire on of the sea, and the stars, the beauty of the proclamation of a Republic. He was friendship and the pleasures and pangs succeeded by Mr. A. G. Hawes, Consul of love. The girls wear grass skirts, at Tahiti. On Mr. Hawes fell the bur- their heads and shoulders decked with den of defending the rights of the sev- leis, or chaplets of flowers as in the days eral British subjects who were accused, when Lord Byron saw and described some correctly, some unjustly, of tak- them. Some dance in holokus or ing part in the insurrection to overthrow -Mother Hubbards," the one-piece 262 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 garment devised by the missionaries to ing and when I sit watching the grace- replace their former scanty attire. The ful curves of the hula girls undulating time has become quicker and the dance to the softness of the old songs, I won- more brisk in accordance with the de- der how the British sailors brought mands of modern youth but the allure themselves to return the islands to the of the swaying figures is still bewitch- Hawaiians and sail away.

PART II. Other Pacific Islands

NCLUDED in the consular district laws being framed by the missionaries, of Captain Richard Charlton in 1824 of whom several were English, and ap- I were the Society, Friendly and Navi- proved by the Chiefs. The laws were gators Islands. The Society Islands mild but badly administered. Murder now belong to France, but until 1841 was punishable by banishment for life, they had maintained their independence and theft by paying four times the value under a Chief, with the title of Pomare. of the article stolen, half of which went Captain Charlton paid his first visit to to the King and half to the owner of the Tahiti, the capital of the islands, in stolen property. The taxes were incon- 1825. It was a favourite spot for sailors siderable, each man and married woman to desert their ships, take unto them- paying four bamboos," about three gal- selves a dusky nymph and wile away lons, of coconut oil annually, of which life in tropical ease, and the object of half belonged to the King and half to the consul's journey was to secure as- the governors of the district in which sistance from the chief to prevent de- the taxpayers resided. The islands sub- sertions. ject to Pomare were Tahiti, Eimeo, The trade of the Society Islands was Chain Island, Tetearon and Maratea. principally with the colony of New The leeward islands were governed by South Wales," the natives bartering their own chiefs and were not depend- salted pork, coconut oil and arrowroot ent on Tahiti. Huahine was ruled by a for coarse British and Indian calicos, female called Teritivea; Mitea by Ta- firearms, ironmongery and wearing ap- matoa; Osahoa by Tenua-Peho; Mania parel. Vessels from New South Wales by Taero and Borabora by two chiefs also used to carry on a trade with the of equal rank, one called Mai and the low islands in the vicinity for pearls, other Pareema. mother of pearl shell and beche de mer, The people were very indolent and an article which was in great demand in much addicted to theft. Their religion China. The islands produced, in addi- was Protestant, according to the form tion, several articles useful for dyes of the independent dissenters in Eng- which were expected to be exported in land. The population of all the islands considerable quantities. Between Octo- was about twenty thousand and had in- ber 1823 and August 1825, twelve Brit- creased since the natives had embraced ish vessels with a tonnage of 1,330 tons Christianity. had arrived. There were no duties on In the same month Captain Charlton imports or exports nor tonnage dues in appointed Mr. Thomas Elley to be ships frequenting the harbours. Provi- Vice-Consul for the Society Islands sions being reasonable in price, a num- and, shortly afterwards, returned to ber of whaling ships were in the habit Hawaii; but in 1827 Mr. Elley resigned of frequenting Tahiti, where there was and went home to England. No further a safe and capacious anchorage. appointment was made until 1837 when In May 1826 the Consul reported to a consulship for the islands was created the Foreign Office on the internal state and the post withdrawn from the super- of the islands. The King or Pomare, the vision of Honolulu or Oahu. In 1827 third of that name, was only seven Pomare III died and was succeeded by years of age, his mother's sister having his sister Amata, who took the title of been appointed Regent. The govern- Pomare IV, according to custom. ment was a very limited monarchy, the 60 Bamboo containers to carry liquids were common 69 To F. 0. from Tahiti, No. 10 of October 18, 1825. throughout the Pacific Islands. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 263

During the tenancy of his office Cap- travelled from Honolulu. In accordance tain Charlton did not visit Tahiti again. with his instructions the Consul-Gen- The next visit was made by General eral exerted himself to allay the fears William Miller, Consul-General for the of the Queen and her Chiefs, counsel- Pacific Islands, to whose jurisdiction ling them to remain quiet until the deci- the Society Islands had been restored sion of the French Government was re- in 1843 owing to a series of events ceived from Paris. which had culminated in the establish- To THE CHIEFS AND GOVERNORS AT PAPENOO. ment of a French Protectorate in 1841. H.B.M. Consulate General on board the -Salamander-. Papeiti, Sept. 4th, 1844. The French Admiral du Petit Thouars A letter signed "The Governor of Papenoo- had seized the islands in the name of and addressed to "The two British officers" was France but his action was not approved put into my hands yesterday. in Paris, where the French cabinet pre- If this letter be intended for me I have only to say in reply, that, the French King and the ferred to control them through their French Government have disavowed the con- Queen Pomare who had been induced duct of Admiral Du Petit Thouars in depriving to sign a petition asking for French pro- Queen Pomare of her sovereignty and have de- tection. Mr. George Pritchard, the Eng- clared, and published to the world, that the Queen Pomare shall be restored. lish Consul, and Captain Nicolas, in Respecting the manner in which this is to be command of an English ship of war at done, Governor Bruat expects almost daily to Tahiti at the time, had taken very active receive orders from his Government, as I do steps to resist French penetration. The to learn from the British Government. Until, therefore, further orders and informa- former had been arrested and deported, tion be received from Europe I advise you, as for which action, however, the French I did the other day when at your Encampment, subsequently made suitable amends, but to remain perfectly quiet. This is the wish of Queen Pomare and of all the Foreign Office decided to move him her true friends. to another post at the Navigators (Signed) WM. MILLER Islands, now Samoa. H.B.M. Consul for the Sandwich News of the critical position at Tahiti Islands and Society and other Islands in the Pacific. in 1844 caused General Miller to visit that place. He found that the Queen In due course an answer from Paris Pomare, alleging that her petition for a came, instructing the Governor to do no protectorate had been signed by her in more than establish a French Protecto- ignorance of its contents, had fled to the rate and not to hoist the French flag. Leeward Islands and had refused to The Queen, however, refused to submit recognise the French Protectorate. and after vain efforts to persuade her to Since Miller had no exequator from the return, the French took military action French Government, Mr. Bruat, the in 1846, but this was after General French Governor, would not permit him Miller's return to Honolulu. On his de- to open an office on shore, and so the parture from the Society Islands, he Consul-General had to remain on board placed his son, Mr. George Miller, at H.M.S. Salamander on which he had Tahiti as British Vice-Consul.

The Fiji Islands Fiji is now a British possession but in Chiefs, calling on them to give up their 1844 these islands were independent murderous ways. In the second letter and formed part of the consular district the Consul-General implores them to of H. M. Consul-General at Honolulu. stop dining off missionaries. The pas- General Miller never visited them al- sage calls to mind the fearless manner though he appointed Mr. Sea, who had in which these men of God used to go been Acting Consul at Honolulu before unprotected among savage cannibals of his arrival, to be Vice-Consul for the former days: Fiji Islands and the Tonga or Friendly HER BRITISH MAJESTY'S CONSUL-GENERAL FOR Islands. Mr. Sea did not take up his ALL THE ISLANDS. IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN, TO post but remained in Hawaii as Secre- THE CHEF SERU OF BAW, AND OTHER CHIEFS OF THE FEIGEE ISLANDS. tary to the Consul-General. In the Con- It having come to my knowledge that several sular archives are the following inter- British subjects have been inhumanly murdered esting letters addressed to the Fijian in the Feigee Islands, and that those still resid- 264 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 ing there are in danger of sharing the same you cannot allege ignorance in palliation of fate, I do hereby declare that I shall hold you your misdeeds, and it will be well for you al- responsible for such murders, or other acts of ways to bear in mind that England, which has barbarity or injustice, that may be committed sent Missionaries to teach you the Divine Pre- towards Englishmen. cepts and the way to obtain everlasting Happi- It is your duty to afford protection to all for- ness in the World to come, will never fail to eigners who have been permitted, or may be protect her own subjects and to punish in a permitted to reside upon or who may touch at most exemplary manner, those who murder or your islands and therefore I trust and require ill-treat them. in the name of my sovereign, that, for the fu- In conclusion I assure you that it will offer ture no more such assassinations and outrages me infinite satisfaction when I may, some day, as those complained of will be permitted or tol- not very distant, visit your Islands, to have it erated; for if otherwise, I now warn you that in my power to approve of your conduct, than most ample punishment will be inflicted upon to be under any necessity of resorting to those the guilty, and more particularly upon the severe measures, which any further misdeeds Chiefs culpably concerned. would most certainly bring down on you. I have also been informed that the leniency Given under my hand and Seal, etc., etc., this hitherto shown by the British Ships of War 4th, October 1844. which have occasionally touched at your Ports, (Signed) WM. MILLER. arising from their Commanders not being able To KING SERU, OR PRINCIPAL CHIEF OF THE to ascertain precisely, who were the individual FEIGEE ISLANDS. delinquents, and from the humane desire not to I am very glad to learn from the Bearer, Mr. punish the innocent for the guilty, has only em- Scott, and from other Persons, that you are a boldened you in a continuance of your criminal straightforward and well meaning man, and that proceedings, and that you have mistaken the you have never permitted nor tolerated as far as humanity of a great nation for weakness, and I your power extended, the murder of any British therefore further declare to you that hencefor- Subjects; such conduct must meet its reward. ward no such leniency shall be shown, and that But I have a piece of advice to offer you, for every British subject massacred, I shall in- which is, for you to continue to protect White sist upon the death of a Principal Chief, as well men, I mean such as behave perfectly correct as all other natives concerned in the massacre. in the opinion of the Reverend Mr. Hunt, or And I therefore make known to you, that if other Missionaries, and to become yourself a any of the Missionaries, whose object is to in- Christian. troduce amongst you the lights of Christianity Then you can hardly fail to be soon more and civilisation, and thus render your happiness, powerful, and certainly you will be more happy should not be respected, and fully protected un- than it is possible for you to be at present. der your every circumstance, the punishment Above all avoid Ava, and all other intoxicating that will fall upon you will be still greater, and liquors which are invented by the Devil, and as I shall be guided in a great measure in my bear- for eating Human Flesh, I am sure you will, if ing towards you by the reports which these you have not already done so, abolish it for praiseworthy Teachers of the Gospel may make ever. to me. This advice is given to you by the Represen- At the same time I enjoin all British subjects tative in these Seas, of Her Majesty Queen scrupulously to avoid taking any part in your Victoria and he may perhaps some day not wars and disturbances amongst yourselves, and very distant pay a visit to you and the Mission- if any should act to the contrary of what I thus aries. enjoin, you will do perfectly right in banishing God protect you. them from your Islands. You know what I as the Representative of (Signed) WM. MILLER, H.B.M. Government on the Islands in these seas Consul General, etc., etc. require and demand of you, and for the future Papeiti, October 4th, 1844.

Pitcairn Island The small Island of Pitcairn now has ( Extract of a letter from Baron de a population of some two hundred souls, Thierry to Consul-General Miller, dated the descendants of the mutineers of at Honolulu, May 18, 1850.) H.M.S. Bounty. The story of this mu- In consequence of the questions which you tiny, which took place in the South Seas put to me yesterday relative to the Islanders on in 1789, has been told recently in en- Pitcairn's Island, I beg you will permit me to chanting form by Messrs. Charles lay before you a statement of their present con- dition, having had an opportunity to come to Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The the truest conclusions during a residence of four island was never visited by the Consul weeks amongst them, in consequence of being from Honolulu, but in 1850 the distress deserted on the Island, with four other Cabin of its inhabitants was brought to his at- Passengers, by the Barque Noble of Auckland, New Zealand, on the 24th of March last, on tention by a visitor, Baron de Thierry, our passage to San Francisco. who supplied the following account of On reaching the settlement I found the Chief their condition in that year: part of the population at Church, a remarkably MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 265

well built and clean timber building, Mr. Nobbs fully promised to do, and I believe them too officiating as minister. I never was more sur- moral not to keep the promises they give. prised than I was on seeing the male and fe- There are at the present time eleven fine male population when the service was ended. young women, from 16 to 22 years of age, They were all modestly and cleanly clad, re- who have made up their minds not to marry markably well grown, tall, handsome with the that they may not hasten the calamities that mildest expression of countenance I ever beheld. threaten them and I had from the Elder Arthur During the month we were on the Island I Quintal that married people are now canvassing never heard a word from either sex that could the necessity to separate in order to check the be objected to. Polite and courteous to the population. Thus the injunction of the Almighty highest degree, they seemed to me to be des- -Be Fruitful and Multiply" seems forbidden tined as the type of a new race practising all with a people who by their virtues should the cardinal virtues which can elevate human spread far and wide. nature, and utterly free from every sort of vice. The high degree of civilisation and education John Adams, the Mutineer, survived his fellow to which these Islanders are rising, which in a culprits and once, he said, he had seen the An- wider field would be their chief blessing, is at gel Gabriel in his sleep, who bade him reform. present their greatest misfortune, for they can From that moment that his dream awaked in never again go naked, and even the humble him a train of better feelings he began to rear "Tappa" must soon fail as they cannot afford the rising generation to habits of sobriety, in- the shrub from which they make it room to dustry and religion. grow. Two Europeans settled on the Island about The sending occasional supplies to them in 27 years ago, and Mr. Buffet did much for their donation would be pregnant with much evil as advancement. Chance brought them another it would blunt much of that honest feeling that most excellent assistant in Mr. George Nobbs, arises from productive labour. But, where re- who married one of the Islanders and has a nu- move them? To the Sandwich Islands, amidst merous Family. My name was not unknown to a population already much vitiated by contact the Islanders and they opened their hearts fully with Europeans of low degree? I would cer- to me and begged me to see what could be done tainly advise against such a step, and the more for their relief, for, they see, and do not see it so that they are deeply imbued with English without deep concern, that their numbers are feelings and loyalty to their Sovereign, and as increasing so fast that before the young Chil- deeply attached to their Protestant faith, which dren now around them reach manhood there they exercise in great purity but without osten- will not be land enough to supply them with tation. food, I mean vegetable food, for at the present Where to remove them is a great difficulty; time they can barely afford one meal of flesh I would say to a spot where the climate may per week, and fish, of which years ago they nearly resemble their own, and where they had large quantities, has deserted the Island would not be mixed up with an uncivilised or since the unfortunate landslip which carried partly civilised race; they should have a har- away more than 40 acres of the best land about bour be it where it may. It would redound four years ago. much to the honour of the Crown if the State Should such another calamity visit them (and of this most exemplary community were taken there is every indication of it) they will be re- into consideration and that something were done duced to the brink of actual starvation. Should to prevent their breaking up and falling into the Islanders by dint of industrious exertion others of the human streams. even succeed in keeping off for a few years the Their generosity to us in the hour of need horrible position to which they must ultimately based upon the belief ( to use their own expres- come for want of food, they already suffer more sion), that, "they should do to others as they deeply and more widely from a cause which would be done unto," was carried to such one less versed with their position than myself lengths that they made up parcels of clothing would probably not observe. They have al- from their own scanty supplies for three of the ready seen their best days, for although they passengers of the "Noble," two who went on may get food, they cannot procure clothing, by the "Colonist" April 14th, and one who pro- and for want of being able to sell provisions ceeded hither with us, but Mr. Taylor, a most to ships, they have got nothing which they can exemplary young gentleman, son of Colonel give in exchange for clothing, and in a very Taylor of the Madras Service, joined me in re- short time they will be reduced to a state of fusing to receive their clothing but they carried nudity. A fact the more startling as they have off to the "Velocity" in which we secured our already attained so much delicacy of feeling by passages on the 21st of April, five hogsheads reason of careful education. They all write ex- of water and a profusion of fowls, pigs, fruits, cellent hands and express their thoughts in and vegetables, worth fourteen or fifteen Pounds writing with elegant simplicity. With History, Sterling, as marks of their affection. Geography, Arithmetic, and the Political affairs The heartrending intelligence having this of the world they are astonishingly well in- morning reached me that my only daughter, formed, and assisted by one of my fellow suf- aged 22 years, wife of Major Maters of the ferers, Mr. Carleton, I brought many of the 58th Regiment, the pride and comfort of my Islanders to such proficiency in Vocal Music declining years was dead, I feel so unnerved that they could sing in two, three, and four as to be totally incapable of expressing as I parts at sight. Every Voice being perfectly would wish to do, the high character of the true, and their Ears exceedingly fine. In draw- Islanders on Pitcairn's Island of either sex, to ing, too, I advanced them sufficiently to enable whom we owe a debt of gratitude which we them to go on by themselves which they faith- shall never be able to repay. I shall feel happy

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,I• . p• MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 267 to furnish you with more details at a future merchants there for their junks to touch time. at the islands and take on board car- Mr. Miller had already received a goes of British manufactures. In fact, letter from Mr. Nobbs, the Pastor, in in 1830 an expedition was sent under 1847 asking for aid, and had replied the consul's protection to colonise the suggesting the transfer of a few fami- islands. In 1842 its leader returned to lies to Hawaii, where he was ready to Hawaii for more assistance and was arrange for their employment on Kauai, provided with the following certificate but this project came to nothing. In by the Acting Consul, Mr. Alexander 1856 the small colony was moved to Simpson, in the absence of Captain Norfolk Island but many returned sub- Charlton, who had gone to England: sequently to their previous home, where I hereby certify that Mr. Matteo Mazarro they now reside under the magistracy was one of the original leaders of the expedition of Richard Edgar Christian, the des- fitted out from the port, under the protection of cendant of Fletcher Christian, the ring- Richard Charlton Esquire, His Majesty's Con- sul, to colonise the Bonin Islands. And I would leader of the mutineers. intimate to the masters of all whaling vessels The possibilities of the Bonin Islands, touching at that group, that the said Mazarro now part of the Japanese Empire, were is a sober and discreet man, and recommend remarked upon in an early report from them to support him by all means in their power against the troublers of the peace of that distant Captain Richard Charlton, Consul at settlement. I recommend also to the settlers to Honolulu from 1824 to 1842. Situated receive Mr. Mazarro as their head until some in Latitude 27 N., Longitude 142 E., officer directly appointed by Her Britannic about four hundred miles from the coast Majesty is placed over them. Given under my hand and seal of office at the of Japan, he thought they were placed British Consulate, Oahu, Sandwich Islands, this favourably to open a trade with that 27th day of December 1842. country through the Chinese. He sug- God save the Queen. gested that the English East India ALEX. SIMPSON, Company at Canton, in whose service Her Britannic Majesty's Acting he once was, could arrange with the Consul for the Sandwich Islands.

The Marquesas Islands In November 1852 the following re- families or clans, and of their conduct port was sent home to the Foreign Of- towards foreigners. fice, containing a description of these This report was written by Mr. islands, their productions and climate; Thomas Clifton Lawson, an English of the French settlement and garrison mariner who had lived on the islands at Taeohae, formerly Ty-o-y, of the re- for eight years engaged in supplying ligion, beliefs, and superstitions of the the whaling fleet: Marquesans, their division into tribes,

A Description of the Marquesas, Their Productions, Climates, etc. BY T. C. LAWSON

HE MARQUESAS ISLANDS' are ten in These ten tribes are again subdivided into fami- number, viz: Magdalena, San Pedro, Dom- lies with the head of the family acting as Chief, T inic, Hood's Island, San Christiana, Wa- and responsible for all the transactions of his huga, Ouapoa, Nukaheva and the two Roberts own family or clan, with power to make war or Islands. peace, as he may think proper. All the landed Six islands are inhabited, viz: Magdalena, property belonging to the clan is invested in the Dominic, San Christiana, Wahuga, Ouapoa and name of the chief, the clansmen having each a Nukaheva. Heian, or the largest of the Roberts portion to do what they think proper with; Islands, has fifteen self-exiled natives from Nu- every clan is very jealous as regards any in- kaheva. fringement of rights by other clans of the same Nukaheva is the principal island, with a pop- tribe; also one tribe is extremely jealous of the ulation of 2,500 and divided into ten distinct other, and it is remarkable that their distinction tribes with a set of priests belonging to each between right and wrong is decided with won- tribe, and each tribe is independent of the other. derful exactness and their arguments and con- clusions would do credit to many learned Euro- " See map, opposite page. peans. 268 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

The Island of Nukaheva has three splendid times stronger, and sometimes to the eastward. harbours or bays, each being about two miles From Christmas to March, northerly and deep by about one and a half wide, with bold north-west winds prevail, in September, April, water close to the rocks on either side. The and May, light winds with calms. The trade anchorage is good and capable of containing a winds about the Isles, blow from East South great number of vessels, but it is often rather East on an average. tedious getting into the anchorage, owing to The islands also produce hogs and fowls. light, variable winds and calms immediately Fish is moderately plentiful, and the islands after rounding the headlands at the entrance. have bold shores all round them close to the Ty-o-y or Fort Anna Maria is a French set- rocks with no reefs or shoals. tlement, and inhabited and guarded at present We are known by the name of Jack and Tom by about 20 or 30 soldiers on shore and a small of Rooahooga, and under the firm name of corvette, one half of the crew living on shore, Messrs. Lawson, Johnson, & Co., the Residence the other half on board. Vy-py-hay or Invisible Bay, Island of Wa- The French settlement is on the east side of huga, Marquesas Isles. the bay and is defended by a masked battery, In eight years 166 vessels have been at the cut out of the rock half way down a round island of Wahuga and been supplied by Law- knoll projecting from the beach a few hundred son & Johnson. At present we own four boats, yards into the water. one bull and four sows, 100 goats, 200 hogs, 50 The island of Ouapoa is divided against it- fowls, 100 acres of cultivated land, besides tim- self, the Eastern end against the Western end, ber and pasture land, a few dollars and some and they are often fighting. The French mis- European trade. sionaries have about 50 convents in these settle- ments. The harbours are not very safe and they The foregoing accounts of the former have a good many friends on the other islands. independent Pacific islands, which once All strangers visiting Ouapoa from the other islands are tabu, and are treated very friendly. formed part of the consular district of The island of Wahuga is divided into two the British Consul-General resident in grand divisions, viz: the district of Muko- Hawaii, are, perforce, fragmentary, Waho, and Gora-Ana, and again subdivided. taken as they are from the archives at Tae-e-bon is the principal Chief of Muko- Waho, and with him on our side, we defy the the British Consulate, Honolulu, where whole tribe. I had the pleasure of being stationed for I have counted up the genealogy of three two years. The Society Islands now be- families from Vy-koy-pon, the young Chief of long to France; the Navigators ( Sa- Ouapoa, up to the first man named 0 Tike, which is 174 generations. moa ), partly to the United States and 0 Tike was the first man, and the Creator of partly to New Zealand under mandate the Heavens and the Earth; himself and his wife from the League of Nations; Fiji is a were born of darkness or tanau po, they had one British possession, and Tonga or daughter, and when Ena quarrelled with Tike Friendly Islands alone remain semi-in- and then turned herself into the salt water, afterwards Tike took his daughter to wife, and dependent under a British protectorate. by them the Marquesas Isles were peopled. Hawaii, as already stated, was annexed Every tribe acknowledges a prophet who after to the United States. The post of Brit- dying becomes deified after passing through ish Consul-General in the Pacific is three stages of Purgatory. The great high Chiefs also become deified, the remainder pass vested in the Governor of Fiji. through four stages of Purgatory and then go Nowadays the number of British sub- to a state of happiness. They have no tradition jects in Hawaii is comparatively few, of the Flood but they have the tradition of Eli- jah going up to Heaven and they believe in a but in early days in 1851, true to their body and soul and also in shadows or ghosts. traditions, the British colony founded Kaka-va-hea is Neptune, Tahaea-tu-nou-nou is its own club, the first president being Ceres, Tike-vy-take is the Genesis of man. The Islands produce breadfruit and coconuts Mr. W. L. Green of Janion, Green and spontaneously and this is the principal living of Company. The clubhouse used to be in the natives. The Islands also produce sandal- Alakea Street. In 1879 this club re- wood, wild ginger, "Turmeni" root, oil-tree, ceived a Royal Charter from the Gov- Tamam and wormwood trees. Three different kinds of "Hau- trees grow in great abundance, ernment, the President of the day being which is useful for firewood. Pineapples, sweet Mr. A. S. Cleghorn, but the gradual potatoes, pumpkins and melons, very good decline in the numbers of British mem- sugar cane, and a very fine staple cotton which grows wild. There is also good pasturage for bers finally compelled a change in its cattle, goats, sheep, with an abundance of fresh constitution and some years ago the water on all the islands. name was changed to Pacific Club. In The climate is one of the healthiest in the it are still preserved the shields of the world; we never have any gales of wind, al- though sometimes we have a double reef topsail former British and American Legations breeze with a current setting to the westward at reminiscent of the days when Hawaii an average rate of half a mile an hour, some- was independent. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 269

Out for China Trade Canada organizes an expedition to the Far East for a "look-see" and to promote mutual interest in trans-Pacific commerce. By A. 0. DAWSON President, Canadian Trade Mission to China

NDER the auspices of the Ca- Germany. The extent to which the fore- nadian Chamber of Commerce, going countries and Canada do business with the support of the Depart- with China is set out in the table here- U ment of Trade and Commerce under, based on the statistics of the and the cooperation of the Canadian Chinese Minister of Industry. It will be Manufacturers' Association, a Trade observed that only Japan enjoys a geo- Mission is planned to leave Vancouver graphical advantage over Canada. for China January 19, 1937, by the Em- Chinese Chinese press of Asia via Hawaii. Arrival at Imports Exports Honolulu is planned for January 25 1934 Percent Percent where a day will be spent ashore. This United States 26.1 17.6 Japan 12.2 15.1 Mission will visit the leading commer- Great Britain 12.0 9.3 cial centers of China and will return Germany 8.9 3.5 via Japan. Round table conferences for British India 4.1 4.1 business purposes are being arranged in Canada 1.8 0.6 the principal cities included in the itin- That China requires and sells products erary. of interest to Canada is borne out, not It is believed that in this way Canada only by statistics, but by the actual in- will come to a greater appreciation of quiries which the Canadian Govern- the present and growing importance of ment Trade Commissioners and respon- the Chinese market. The principals of sible commercial bodies in the Domin- Canada's chief industries, both primary ion receive from merchants in such cen- and manufacturing, and representatives ters as Hong Kong, Shanghai, and of her economic interests, are invited Tientsin. Letter-writing to far-away and urged to participate. merchants causes delay and is, for the Altogether too few Canadian busi- most part, unsatisfactory. The efficient ness men have ever visited China or method of obtaining foreign trade is to seriously tried to enlarge their Chinese visit importers and exporters, close con- commerce. Our actual export trade last tracts on the spot and open up new year to that great country of the Orient outlets at first hand. was, according to Dominion statistics, There is no question that a more only some ten million dollars and we serious and direct approach to the Chi- are buying therefrom less than three nese market will prove profitable. We million. On the other hand the actual can hardly be expected to win out in total import and export trade of China foreign trade fields by playing "blind- was some ( Mex.) $1,029,000,000 and man's-buff." We must have our eyes $535,000,000 respectively during 1934. open and be alive to the conditions of The business claims of China, with its the market. population of 400 millions, can be The present is an opportune time for termed, therefore, more than potential. contact with Chinese merchants, to It is significant to note that the make an intelligent approach to Orien- United States, Japan, Great Britain and tal traders and, above all, to visit that Germany are the four principal coun- market, which is so easily accessible tries, in the order named, catering to to our normal Canadian trade chan- Chinese requirements. The United nels, even if it is half way across the State is also the biggest buyer of Chi- globe. By just such practice can Cana- nese commodities and is followed by dians increase their business and that, Japan, Great Britain, British India and too, immediately. 270 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Since the purpose of the tour is the of the chambers of commerce in the encouragement and stimulation of trade various cities and by Canadian repre- between Canada and China, the itine- sentatives in the Orient. raries have been planned with this defi- Tour A covers Honolulu, Manila, nite end in view. Each itinerary will be China, and Japan. Tour B covers the found to afford a wide coverage of im- same itinerary as Tour A with the ex- port commercial and industrial centers, ception that the visit to North China is highly concentrated marketing areas, omitted, and is designed to meet the leading import and export districts. At requirements of members who desire an every chief point touched, members will earlier return to Canada. The Optional be offered opportunities to meet leaders Tour is offered for the convenience of in commerce and industry, manufac- members who desire to visit Canton and turers, merchants, importers and ex- porters as well as other influential omit Manila. people, and to discuss with them the Opportunity knocks—at a time when best ways and means of promoting in- Canadian industry is seeking to extend terchange of products betweeen their its foreign trade. Should not we, as particular section and Canada. Such Canadian business men, support this contacts are of incalculable value, and Mission and prove ourselves Merchant are being arranged with the cooperation Adventurers trading into the Far East?

Dingo is a Dog but Koala is not a Bear*

By DAVID G. STEAD Vice-President, Wild Life Preservation Society of Australia

HEN the first settlers came Among the animals that lived in the to Port Jackson they found trees of the young settlement was a themselves surrounded by all funny little fluffy creature, with a pass- Wsorts of strange trees and ing resemblance to the smaller bears of wild flowers, birds and the quaintest of the Old World. This attracted much animals imaginable. One can readily attention because of its tameness, its understand the amazement of our fore- amusing ( though somewhat glum ) little fathers when they beheld animals which face, and its general suggestion of the could not fit in with any kinds that they toy Teddy Bears—as we now call them had been used to in their own native —which even then were playthings for land, and how they used their imagina- many European children. It is hardly tions in coining names for these strange surprising, therefore, that this animal and wonderful beasts. soon became known as the native bear. What they did, in many cases, was to But the aboriginal human inhabitants of prefix the word "native" on to the name young Sydney called the animal cob() or of some domestic or other animal which coola, and so we find in one of the dis- they had known in their old lands, so patches from the new settlement that long as the animal so named had some here was to be found "a kind of mon- real or fancied resemblance to such key, called by the natives 'colo.' Of creatures. And so, very early in our course, it was not really a kind of mon- history, we hear of native cats ( which key any more than it was a true bear, were not cats at all ), native rabbits ( ban- as it belonged to the strange order of dicoots ), native moles or duck moles marsupiated or pouched animals—gen- (platypus)), native tigers ( Tasmania ), erally termed marsupials—characterized native dogs and so on. The only one by the possession of a frontal pouch or of these that was a really good name marsupium, in which to nurse their was that of native dog, for the dingo is young. But we will come back to that a real dog. point later. * See also Time magazine for November 16, 1936. I have said that the animal was called MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 271 colo or coola. As with many others among our native names, there was no general agreement as to the proper way of spelling the name as pronounced by the aborigines, and by some it was spelled k-o-a-l-a. That is the way we spell it today; but the pronunciation is ko-la, and not, as commonly favored, ko-ah-la. While I am on this question of the native names, I should say that many names of places in eastern New South Wales owe their origin to this lovable little animal. For instance, there are Coolah, Colah, Colo, perhaps Coila, and Coolac. Other names for the koala in various parts of its habitat were kula, kulla, kulawine, coorabun or coolabun, koolewong, as well as some other names not having the same sort of sound, such as boorabee ( North Coast ), burroor, bangaroo, pucawan, banjorah, and bur- rendong. In the northern suburbs of Sydney, also, we have a Koola Road. This list could be greatly added to if we were to take the names from all the many tribes of blacks who live where the little koala lived. It was mentioned that the native bear was not a real bear, as it belonged to the marsupials or pouched animals. Consequently, it belongs to the same Only a "Teddy Bear" general group as the kangaroos, wal- labies, possums, etc. Its nearest rela- baby outgrows its very comfortable tives in the tree branches are the pos- home, and must seek a resting place sums; but a much nearer sort of cousin on its mother's woolly back. Many is the wombat, which is far more like a people who have seen the young koala bear in its form than the koala, digs in this position have been sorry either holes in the ground in which to hide, for the young one or the mother, or and cannot climb trees at all. But, even perhaps for both. But they may spare so, it is interesting to note that the their concern, for both young and adult illustrious naturalist who gave the koala are admirably adapted for hanging on its scientific name, when publishing a with their great prehensile claws, which description of it, must have been struck are enormously strong relative to the by certain bear-like appearances, for he size of the animal itself. called it Phascolarctus—from the Greek Probably there is no prettier sight phascolos, pouched; and arctos, a bear. than that of the mother koala carrying And now we must have something a well-developed young one on her about the interesting life history of the back and up a tree to the safety of some koala. Like other marsupials, the young comfortable forked bough, there to rest is born at a very small size and at a and to look down in contempt upon the very backward state of development—, dangers of the earth below. Long after almost a worm-like creature of a little the young one has left the pouch it is less than an inch in length. Further de- still suckled by the mother; even up to velopment takes place in the pouch, twelve months. It can then begin to where the baby remains for a period shift for itself and to select from the of about six months. The pouch grows great collection of gum trees (eucalyp- larger and larger to adapt itself to the tus) leaves just the particular sorts that growing baby koala, until at last the it may fancy. These leaves form the 272 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 koala's staple diet at all seasons. A ashamed because it cannot be truthfully number of people have claimed that the said that the koala is in any way a animal descends the trees occasionally pest. It has never been known to des- for the purpose of obtaining other vege- troy fruit or grain crops of any kind, tation and certain roots; but, at best, living, as I said before, on the leaves such food must be of minor importance of certain of the gum trees or eucalypts. to this strange feeder, which lives al- Very few people have any idea of the most exclusively upon the gum leaves. immense number of these harmless ani- When I was a boy at North Shore mals killed in the one State of Queens- ( Sydney ), I used to observe the koalas land in only a few years before the also eating some of the leaves, and ap- present season of protection was intro- parently the fruits of the mistletoe duced. In 1927, about 600,000 were (loranthus), which grows upon the gum killed during one month's open season trees. This habit has been reported to ( August ), and, for the whole year, in- me also by other observers in several cluding a so-called close season, not parts of New South Wales. less than one million were slain. Al- In a state of nature, the koala is together, several millions of the poor found only in the eastern states of the little koalas were killed in a space of mainland of Australia, from the south- a few years in Queensland, until a great ernmost part of Victoria up to the tropi- wave of public indignation put a stop to cal parts of Queensland. It has never it for the time being. been found in Tasmania. For about one Although very large numbers of the hundred years after the beginning of koala have been killed by shooters and settlement in Australia, the koala re- trappers in Victoria and New South mained in great abundance in many Wales, the majority of them seem to parts of the heavily timbered bush- have died out through the incidence of lands; and could still be found in many some form of disease. Some people places where most of the timber had think that this might have been a dis- been removed. But during the last forty ease introduced with domesticated ani- years there has been a tremendous dim- mals from abroad; others think that it inution of their numbers, until today might have been brought in by the they are only to be found in numbers in European rabbit, which has become so a very few localities while in most of widespread and such a great pest in the places where they used to be com- many parts of Australia. We do not mon they are now either altogether know this, however; but the fact re- absent or are only found in very small mains that during the years from about numbers indeed. We can all see, there- 1885 to 1895, immense numbers died in fore, how great is the need for us to both these States. The deaths were not bestir ourselves to take action so that limited to the koalas, as a number of the koala will not become extinct. other marsupials also suffered—princi- In a few places in Queensland large pally the so-called native cats or das- numbers of the koala are to be found, yures. When I was a small boy, stay- but only the most careful protection ing for a school holiday at the junction by the Government and by the Aus- of the Colo and Hawkesbury rivers. I tralian people will prevent them from actually saw numbers of these poor lit- being exterminated in these places as tle koalas sitting in the trees, or at the so many thousands of their kind have foot of a tree, looking very sick and been destroyed in the past. Telling of miserable, scratching their heads aim- the terrible destruction which has gone lessly, while some of them whimpered on in Queensland ( until it was stopped very like a baby. This curious baby-like cry has al- to a large extent recently) makes a very ways attracted attention, and has been unhappy story, and makes one rather the means of encouraging the sympathy ashamed to think that his own people of their human friends, though it does should so cruelly destroy one of the not seem to have helped very much in most fascinating, harmless and most in- preventing the dreadful killings which teresting living things in the whole I have just mentioned. world of Nature. One feels particularly Now, after mentioning the destruc- MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 273

tion of the species, it is important to While this official Government pro- speak of the steps that are being taken tection has been in force, a number of for the reestablishment of the native people here and there in Australia have bear in at least some parts of its old been doing their utmost to spread a habitat. The first of these steps is pro- knowledge of the native bear and its tection. In each of the States of Vic- habits and of the great need for help- toria, Queensland and New South ing it and protecting it in every possible Wales, the animal is protected by law. way throughout our country. Never be- But protection by the law and protec- fore in our history was there so much tion by the whole of the people are not public interest in the Teddy Bear's wel- always one and the same thing. Un- fare as in these last few years; and that fortunately, there are still many people must. help a great deal to bring the who, when they find a thing is worth little animal back again to its beloved money, will forget all other things and wild bushlands in the future. will try to make use of that thing for During the past ten years or so there their own profit. This is what has hap- have been occasional reports of the ap- pened repeatedly with the koala. Men pearance of one or two native bears in found that they could sell the skins, and some part of New South Wales and so they killed the animal, whether it Victoria from which they had previous- was protected by law or not. ly disappeared. Unfortunately, in a Some years ago, the Wild Life number of cases, people have caught Preservation Society of Australia found these—although it was, and is, unlaw- that almost the whole of the skins of ful to do so—with the intention of keep- the koala were being sent for sale to ing them as pets, nearly always with the United States of America—many disastrous results to the poor little of them during closed seasons in Aus- koala, which requires very special care tralia, when the killing of the animal in handling and feeding, and should was forbidden. In this case, the skins only be so handled and kept in a very were sent out under the name of "wom- few public institutions, under scientific bat," although the wombat has a very control. But the fact that the koalas coarse, hairlike fur. So, after having have appeared in these bush places taken the necessary preventive action again is important, and helps us to see in Australia, it was decided to approach what might be done if we encourage the President of the United States per- them—and even restore them in such sonally—because he ( President Hoo- places, where they will not be interfered ver) had once lived in Australia and with at all by humans, and where they had become very interested in Austra- might again live their wild existence, lian wild life—with the request that no just as they did for the thousands of more skins of the koala ( or even any years before the white man came to marked as wombat) would be allowed Australia. to come into any port of the United At the present time specimens of the States. President Hoover agreed to koalas are kept on view in a living state this, and absolutely prohibited the entry in several Australian zoos, including at of such skins into any portion of the least three private ones—one near Syd- United States, or its dependencies. This ney, one not far from Brisbane and was a very important step forward, of another near Adelaide. The difficulty course, and helped us and other friends about such establishments is that while of the koala, who were fighting for its it may be pleasant for humans to be life and freedom, very much indeed. able to go places where they may see In addition to this measure of pro- this dear little bush charmer and where tection, the State Governments were they may even handle it, the circum- each asked to do their utmost to prevent stances surrounding their life anywhere the koalas from being destroyed or their in captivity or semicaptivity are quite skins from being exported from one unnatural to them. The koala is, of state to another, and the Common- course, nocturnal, usually shunning the wealth Government ( which controls all daylight and hiding his eyes as much as exports overseas ) was asked to prohibit possible from the strong glare of the all exportations. This was agreed to. sun, even when asleep in the open, or 274 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

some tree fork, as may happen. Many many thousands of school pupils mem- of our people, therefore, think that it bers) and the Junior Tree Wardens, is is unwise and perhaps even cruel to the trying to get Government support to Teddy Bear to expose him to such an enable us to do what Victoria is doing. unnatural life. But, in any case, whether With the help of all no doubt we shall we approve of such establishments or succeed, so that our quaint Teddy Bear not, it cannot be expected that they will will not only be again common in many assist us to bring the animal back to its wild bushlands along the eastern part own native environment in the bush- or coastal division of New South lands—and this is just what we must Wales, but may again be found within do. This view has been officially en- the metropolitan area of Sydney. There dorsed by the Society. is no scientific or biological reason that Some very good beginnings have al- this should not be so, whatever may ready been made in this direction, and be said by some interested people to of these I must say something. In Vic- the contrary. When that day comes it toria some few years ago, the Govern- will be a happy time not only for the ment determined to take a hand in put- koala but for the thousands of bush ting the koala back where he belonged, walkers, Nature lovers and holiday so they made a very good start by col- makers who are so fond of journeying lecting odd specimens here and there out along the roads and the beaches and placing them together in localities near to our glorious Australian bush- where they could be quite free in the lands, in the incomparably beautiful trees to live their own lives without in- Sydney region. terference by the public. One of these This reestablishment or putting back places was the great National Park at of the native animals of various coun- Wilson's Promontory. Here there are tries is going on more and more in many now to be found many specimens living parts of the world, so that nowadays happily in this great wild park. one may go through a great park like Another place in Victoria where the the noble Kruger park, in South Africa, koalas are now very firmly established and see antelopes and buffaloes, and is on the islands in Westernport—just even lions and many other four-footed "round the corner" to the south, on the creatures of the wilds in their native Victorian coast. Here, at French Island state and with very little fear of man. and Phillip Island, the visitor and holi- Or, as in America, where we may see day maker may go out into the bush or moose, bison or bear and a host of the along the public roads—even in the smaller animals in full view in their own settled parts—and see quite a lot of homes and without that terrible fear happy koalas curled up in the gum which the poor animals have so sadly trees. In these parts the trees are not learned from their past contact with the very tall, so that everyone has a splen- human race—,which has so often killed did opportunity of seeing the animals in the animals without any just cause at their natural habitat without being able all. to interfere with them at all, and with- Australia also must have these great out causing them any fear or any of the wild nature parks filled with all our own discomforts of being handled or arti- (not introduced) interesting and pe- ficially fed. So well have the koalas culiar native animals and birds. We done on Phillip Island that they are already have many wonderful national now being spread from there to still parks set aside for permanent preserva- more places in Victoria—and so the tion in their wild state with beautiful good work goes on, and Teddy Bear trees and ferns and wild flowers; but is steadily coming back again. we must go a step further and encour- In New South Wales we have not age the living wild things to come and yet carried out this work, although we stay there without fear that we may have done so much to encourage pro- perhaps shoot or trap or snare them. By tective laws and popular interest. The this means we may make the great Wild Life Preservation Society of Aus- bushlands not only a paradise for the tralia, however, aided by the splendid birds and animals, but also for our- Gould League ( of which there are so selves. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 275

Fishes of the American Northwest

A Catalogue of the Fishes of Washington and Oregon, With Distributional Records and a Bibliography

BY LEONARD P. SCHULTZ AND ALLAN C. DELACY School of Fisheries, University of Washington, Seattle, U. S. A.

(Fifth installment, conclusion. Copies of issues containing first, second, third and fourth install- ments, while available, 75 cents a copy, postpaid to any address in the world.—THE EDITORS.)

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS Embiotocidae 71 flavidus, Apodichthys 314 embryum, Allocottus 248 Aulorhynchus 144, (144) Oligocottus 248 Sebastodes 173 Oxycottus 248 Sebastosomus 173 Embryx crotalinus 334, 334 florae, Liparis 277 emmelane, Averruncus 263 Neoliparis 277 emphaeus, Sebastodes 186 fluviatilis, Lampetra 4 Eng raulidae 18 Petromyzon 4 Engraulis mordax mordax 30 fontinalis, Salmo 46, (46) Ennichthys heermani 299 Salvelinus 46 megalops 298 formosa, Algansea 88 Enophrys bison 226 formosus, Myloleucus 90 Entosphenus tridentatus 3, (3) Rutilus 90 Eopsetta jordani 128, (128) Siphateles bicolor 88 Epigeichthys atropurpureus 324 frenatus, Brachyistius 296 Eptatretidae 1 fucensis, Liparis 282, (282) eremogenes, Salmo 37 Pollachius chalcogrammus 114 Erilepidae 63 Theragra 114 Erilepis zonifer 200 chalcogramma 114, (114) Errex zachirus 139 fucorum, Apodichthys • 315 Esocidae 34 Xererpes 315 Esox vermiculatus 109 furcatus, Phanerodon 301 Eumicrotremus orbis 273, (273) Furcimanus diapterus 339 vinolentus 274 fuscescens, Icelinus 212 Eupomotis gibbosus 163, (163) evermanni, Cottus 232 Gadidae 38 Rhinichthys 94 Gadus callarias 116 evides, Plectobranchus 322 fimbria 199 exilis, Hippoglossoides 126 macrocephalus 116, (116) Lyopsetta 126 maculosus 118 98 morrhua 116, (116) falcata, Agosia proximus Apocope 98 115 Fario argyreus 36 Galeorhinidae 6 aurora 35 Galeorhinus zyopterus 10 clarkii 37 gairdneri beardsleei, Salmo 40 gairdneri 41 crescentis, Salmo 39 lordii (47) Fario 41 stellatus 37, 47, (47) irideus, Salmo 41 tsuppitch 37 shasta, Salmo 41 felis, Anarrhichthys 332 gairdnerii gairdnerii, Salmo 41, (41) fenestralis, Artedius 214 kamloops, Salmo 42 Astrolytes 214 Salmo 41 ferox, Alepisaurus 108, (108) shasta, Salmo 41 Plagyodus 108 Gasterosteidae 44 fierasfer, Lycodapus 343 Gasterosteus aculeatus 142 filamentosus, Icelinus 210 aculeatus aculeatus 142, (142) Tarandichthys 210 cataphractus 142 fimbria, Anoplopoma 199 microcephalus 142, 143, (143) Gadus 199 (aculeatus) serratus 142 fissuratus, Neoliparis 282 cataphractus 142 flavescens, Morone 158 concinnus (143) Perca 158 intermedius 142 276 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS microcephalus 143 hemilepidotus, Cottus 224 plebeius 143 Hemilepidotus 224, (224) pug etti 143, (143) Hemitripterus marmoratus 229 serratus 142 Hesperoleucus mitrulus 85 spinachia (144) Heterostichus rostratus 313 williamsoni 143 Hexag rammidae 64 microcephalus 143 Hex agrammos asper 64, 202 Germo al alung a 151 ( Chiropsis ) decag rammus (201) gibber, Salmo 32 decag rammus 201 Gibbonsia elegans montereyensis 312 hexagrammus 202 gibbosa, Perca 163 lagocephalus 203 gibbosus, Eupomotis 163, (163) octogrammus 64, 202, Ft. 14 gibbsii, Hemilepidotus 224 ordinatus 64, 202 Salmo 37 stelleri 64, 202, Ft. 14 gig anteum, Ophidium 330 superciliosus 64, 203 gig anteus, Delolepis 330 hexagrammus, Chirus 202 202 Gila grandis 80 Hexag rammos 3 oregonensis 79 Hexanchidae Gilbertidia sigalutes 255, (255) Hexanchus corinus 6 6 Gilbertina sigalutes 255 griseus Hippoglossoides elassodon 127, (127) 256 gilli, Synchirus exilis 126 Gillichthys mirabilis 305 jordani 128 y-cauda 306 Hippoglossus hippoglossus 125 glauca, Prionace 9 stenolepis 125, (125) glaucus, Carcharhinus 9 vulgaris 125 Squalus 9 hippoglossus, Hippoglossus 125 globiceps, Blennicottus 250 Holconotus rhodoterus 295, 299 bryosus, Blennicottus 250 Homalopomus trowbridgii 119 Oligocottus 250 hopliticus, Paricelinus 208 Glyptocephalus pacificus 138 hubbsi, Novumbra 110, (110) zachirus 139, (139) Hybopsis crameri 92 Gobiesocidae 86 Hydrolagus colliei 24, (24) Gobiesox maeandricus 346 hydrophlox, Clinostomus 83 reticulatus 346 Richardsonius balteatus 83, (96a) Gobiidae 72 Hyperprosopon argenteum 298 Gobiosoma ios 307 hypochromus, Allolumpenus 79, Ft. 25 Gobius gracilis 304 Hypomesus olidus 57 lepidus 304 pretiosus 57, (57) nicholsii 303 Hypsag onus quadricornis 258, (258) Gonostoma microdon 61 swanii 271 Gonostomidae 26 goodei, Ptilichthys 331 Icelinus borealis 213, (213) gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus 32, (32) burchami 212 Salmo 32 filamentosus 210 gracilis, Eleginus navaga 114, 115, Ft. 8, 9 fuscescens 212 Gobius 304 strabo 213 Lepidogobius 304 tenuis 211 Ptychocheilus 79 Ichthyomyzon astori 3 grandis, Gila 80 Icosteidae 54 Ptychocheilus 80 Icosteus aenigmaticus 156 greeni, Liparis 275 incisor, Helioperca 162 Neoliparis 275 Pomotis 162 Polypera 275 inermis, Anoplagonus 272 griseo-lineatum, Siphostoma 145 Aspidophoroides 272 Syphostoma 145 infraspinata, Asterotheca 268 griseo-lineatus, Syngnathus 145, (145) infraspinatus, Xeneretmus 268 griseus, Catostomus catostomus 68 Inopsetta ischyra 134, (134) Hexanchus 6 inornata, Raja 20 Squalus 6 inornatus, Apodichthys 314 gulosus, Chaenobryttus 161 intermedius, Gasterosteus 142 Cottopsis 234 introniger, Sebastichthys 182 Cottus 234, (234), 235 Sebastodes 182 Pomotis 161 ios, Clevelandia 307, (307) Gunnellus ornatus 316 Gobiosoma 307 guttatus, Chiropsis 201 iridea, Salmo 41 Salmo gairdnerii 41 harringtoni, Axyrias 216 Irillion oregonius 51 heermanni, Ennichthys 299 ischyra, Inopsetta 134, (134) Helioperca incisor 162 ischyrus, Parophrys 134 Hemilepidotus gibbsii 224 isolepis, Isopsetta 136, (136) hemilepidotus 224, (224) Lepidopsetta 136 spinosus 225 Parophrys 136 trachurus 224 Pleuronectes 136 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 277

SPECIES AND FAMII,Y NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS Isopsetta isolepis 136, (136) armatus armatus 244 Lethotremus vinolentus 274 297, 300 jacksoni, Ditrema Leuciscus balteatus 82 297, 300, 300 Embiotoca bicolor 82, 84 149 japonicus, Scomber caurinus 78 168 Johnius nobilis cooperi 82 jordani, Bathymaster 310 oregonensis 79 Eopsetta 128, (128) siuslawi 82 Hippoglossoides 128 (Leuciscus) caurinus, Cyprinus 78 Lycodes 336 oregonensis, Cyprinus 79 63 Pantosteus leucopsarum, Lampanyctus 104 Ronquilus 310, (310) Myctophum (Stenobrachius) 104 37 Salmo clarkii Nannobrachium 104 Jordania zonope 207 Leucosomus caurinus 78 kamloops, Salmo 42 Leuroglossus stilbius 58 Salmo gairdnerii 42 levenensis, Salmo 43 lewisi, Salar 38 kennerlyi, Oncorhynchus 35 33 Salmo 38 keta, Oncorhynchus 38 33 clarkii keta vel kayko, Salmo Limanda aspera 137, 137 kincaidi, Malacocottus 243 22 lineatus, Roccus 167 kincaidii, Raja Liparididae 70 34, (34) kisutch, Oncorhynchus Liparis callyodon 280 Salmo 34 97 cyclopus 281 klamathensis, Agosia dennyi 283, (283) Apocope 97 237 florae 277 Cottus fucensis 282, (282) labiatus, Catostomus 64, 65 greeni 275 Labrax decagrammus 201 mucosus 278 superciliosus 203 pulchellus 284, (284) Labrus sparoides 166 rutteri 279 lacus-anserinus, Catostomus occidentalis 64 Lipomyzon brevirostris 71 laetus, Centronotus 317 lividus, Petromyzon 3 Muraenoides 317 longipinne, Clevelandia 307 Pholis 316, 317, (317) longirostris, Catostomus 67 lagocephalus, Hexagrammos 203 Iordii, Fario (47) Lamna nasus 12, 12 Salmo 47 Lamnidae 8 Lota maculosa 118 Lampanyctus leucopsarum 104 lugubris, Melamphaes 141 nannochir 102 Plectromus 141, 141 regalis 103 Lumpenus anguillaris 328, (328) Lampetra cibaria 5 luxatus, Chasmistes 74 fluviatilis 4 Deltistes 74 planeri 5 lycaodon, Salmo (36) Lampridae (40a) Lycodapus fierasfer 343 Lampris regius (121a) Lycodes brevipes 338, (338) laterale, Ditrema 300 diapterus 339 Phanerodon 300 jordani 336 (Lycodopsis) pacificus 335 lateralis, Abramis 82 palearis 337 Artedius 217 300 Lycodopsis crotalinus 334 Embiotoca 335, (335) Mylocheilus 78 pacificus 300 Lycogramma brunnea 340, (340) Phanerodon 329, (329) 82 Lyconectes aleutensis Richardsonius 126 Scorpaenichthys 217 Lyopsetta exilis Taeniotoca 300, 300, (300) macellus, Prionistius 222 latifrons, Stelgidonotus 249 Triglops 222 Xeneretmus 269 macouni, Chauliodus 60 X enochirus 269 Pterygiocottus 223 Xenopyxis 269 macrocephalus, Gadus 116, (116) latipinnis, Zaniolepis 205 macrocheilus, Catostomus 67, (67) Lavinia alutacea 77 Macrouridae 37 Lebius superciliosus 203 Macrurus acrolepis 112 Lepadogaster maeandricus 346 (Malacocephalus) pectoralis 113 reticulatus 346 maculatus, Clinus 327 Lepidogobius gracilis 304 Leptoclinus 327 lepidus 304 Notorynchus 7 Lepidopsetta bilineata 134, 135, (135) maculosa, Lota 118 isolepis 136 maculosus, Centridermichthys 245 lepidus, Gobius 304 Gadus 118 Lepidogobius 304 Oligocottus 245, (245) Lepomis cyanellus 164 maeandricus, Caularchus 346, (346) Leptoclinus maculatus 327 Gobiesox 346 Leptocottus armatus 244 Lepadogaster 346 278 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS (Malacocephalus) pectoralis, Macrurus 113 morrhua, Gadus 116 Malacocottus kincaidi 243 mucosum, Xiphidion 323 zonurus 243 mucosus, Liparis 278 maliger, Pteropodus 195 Xiphister 323 Sebastichthys 195 Muraenoides laetus 317 Sebastodes 195, (195) ornatus 316 Malletta coerulia (27) Myctophidae 32 (Mallotus) pacificus, Salmo 52, (52) Myctophum californiense 106 malma malma, Salvelinus 47 crenulare 107, 107 Salvelinus 47 nannochir 102 spectabilis, Salvelinus 47, (47) procellarum 107 margaritatus, Porichthys 345 protoculus 105 marginata, Uranidea 240 regale 103 marginatus, Brosmius 344 (Stenobrachius) leucopsarum 104 Brosmophycis 344 mykiss, Salmo 37 Cottus 240, (240) clarkii, Salmo 37 marmoratus, Hemitripterus 229 Mylocheilus caurinus 78, (78, 78a, 82a) Scorpaenichthys 229 lateralis 78 masoni, Salmo 41 Myloleucus formosus 90 maximus, Cetorhinus 13, 13 parovanus 85 Squalus 13 thalassinus 88 Maynea brunnea 340 Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus 242, (242) meanyi, Ruscarius 218 Myriolepis zonifer 200 medirostris, Acipenser 26 mystinus, Primospina 176 megalops, Ennichthys 298 Sebastichthys 176 Melamphaes cristiceps 140 Sebastodes 176 lugubris 141 Melamphaidae 43 namaycush, Cristivomer 45 melanops, Sebastes 175 Salmo 45 Sebastichthys 175 Nannobrachium leucopsarum 104 Sebastodes 175, (175) nannochir 102 melanostictus, Psettichthys 129, (129) nannochir, Lampanyctus 102 melanurus, Careproctus 286 Myctophum 102 melas. Ameiurus 30, Ft. 7 Nannobrachium 102 Meletta caerulea 29 nasus, Lamna 12, 12 mento, Paraliparis 289 Squalus 12 Merlangus productus 119 naucrates, Echeneis 308 Merluccius productus 119 Nautichthys oculofasciatus 228, (228) Mesopus pretiosus 57 navag a, Eleginus 114, 115 microcephalus, Gasterosteus aculeatus gracilis, Eleginus 114, 115, Ft. 8. 9 142, 143, (143) nebulosus, Ameiurus 100 Gasterosteus williamsoni 143 Centronotus 316 Somniosus 15 Chiropsis 202 Squalus 15 Chirus 202 microdon, Cyclothone 61, 61 Pimelodus 100 Gonostoma 61 Pteropodus 197 Microgadus proximus 115, (115) Sebastes 197 microlepidotus, Orthodon 78 Sabastichthys 197 microlepis, Antimora 117, 117 Sebastodes 197 Micrometrus aggregatus 295 Nectoliparis pelagicus 285, 285 microps, Catostomus 66 Nemichthydae 27 Micropterus dolomieu 160, 160 Nemichthys avocetta 62 microstoma, Uranidea 231 Neoliparis callyodon Microstomidae 280 24 fissuratus 282 Microstomus pacificus 138, (138) florae 277 microstomus, Cottus 230 greeni 275 miniatus, Sebastichthys 178 rutteri Sebostodes 279 178 (Neoliparis) beringianus, Cyclog aster 276 minuta, Uranidea 237 nephelus, Pleuronichthys mirabilis, Clupea 131, (131) 27 nerka, Oncorhynchus 35, (35) Gillichthys 305 Salmo mitrulus, Hesperoleucus 35 85 nicholsii, Gobius 303 Mola mola 347 Rhinogobiops mola, Mola 303, (303) 347 nigripinnis, Bathyagonus Tetrodon 264 347 nigrocinctus, Sebastes 198 Orthogoriscus 347 Sebastichthys Molidae 198 87 Sabastodes 198 mollis, Bothrocara 341, 341 nobilis, Atractoscion montereyensis, Gibbonsia elegans 168 312 Cynoscion 168 mordax, Engraulis 30 Johnius mordax mordax, Engraulis 168 30 notatus, Porichthys 345, (345) morhua, Gadus ( 116 ) Notorhynchus borealis Morone flavescens 7 158 Notorynchus maculatus 7 Moronidae 58 notospilotus, Artedius Morrhua proxima 215 115 Parastrolytes 215 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 279

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS Novumbra hubbsi 110, (110) Oxylebius pictus 204 Novumbridae 35 nubila, Agosia 95, 96 pacificus, Bathylagus 59 Apocope 95 Cynicoglossus 138 oscula 95 Glyptocephalus 138 carringtoni, Apocope 96 Lycodes (Lycodopsis) 335 nubilus, Argyreus 95 Lycodopsis 335, (335) nugator, Bryostemma 319 Microstomus 138, (138) Nyctophus rafinesquei 105 Salmo (Mallotus) 52, (52) Thaleichthys 52, (52) obesa, Algansea 86 palearis, Lycodes 337 obesus, Siphateles bicolor 86 pallasii, Clupea 27, (27) Occa verrucosa 260 Pallasina aix 261 occidentalis, Catostomus 64 barbata 261 lacus-anserinus, Catostomus 64 aix 261, (261) ocellatus, Anarrhichthys 332 pantherina, Oplopoma 206 octogrammus, Hexagrammos 64, 202, Ft. 14 pantherinus, Ophiodon 206 oculofasciatus, Blepsias 228 Pantosteus jordani 63 Nautichthys 228, (228) paradoxus, Psychrolutes 254 Odontopyxis trispinosus 270, (270) Paralepididae 31 olidus, Hypomesus 57 Paralepis coruscans 101 Salmo (Osmerus) 57 Paraliparis cephalus 288 Oligocottus acuticeps 247 dactylosus 291, 291 borealis 245 deani 290, 290 embryum 248 mento 289 globiceps 250 ulochir ..292, 292 maculosus 245, (245) Parastrolytes notospilotus 215 snyderi 246 Paricelinus hopliticus 208 Oncorhynchus chouicha 36 thoburni 66, Ft. 15 gorbuscha 32, (32) parkei, Salvelinus 47 kennerlyi 35 Parophrys ischyrus 134 keta 33 isolepis 136 kisutch 34, (34) vetulus 132, (132) nerka 35, (35) parovanus, Myloleucus 85 paucidens 35 parvus, Sebastodes rosaceus 187 quinnat 36 paucidens, Oncorhynchus 35 tschawytscha 36, (36) Salmo 35, (35) tshawytscha 36 paucispinis, Sebastes 172 Ophidium atropurpureum 324 Sebastodes 172 giganteum 330 pectoralis, Albatrossia 113 Ophiodon elongatus 206, (206) Macrurus (Malacocephalus) 113 pantherinus 206 pelagicus, Nectoliparis 285, 285 Ophiodontidae 65 Pelamys chilensis 150 Oplopoma pantherina 206 pentacantha, Asterotheca 266 orbis, Cyclopterus 273 pentacanthus, Xeneretmus 266 Eumicrotremus 273, (273) Xenochirus 266 ordinatus, Hexagammos 64, 202 Peprilus simillimus 155 oregonensis, Cyprinus (Leuciscus) 79 Perca flavescens 158 Gila 79 gibbosa 163 Leuciscus 79 saxatilis 167 Ptychocheilus 78, 79, (79), 81 Percidae 56 Rutilus 90 Percopsidae 39 Siphateles 90 peristethus, Podothecus 262 bicolor 90 perplexus, Cottus 234 oregonia, Atherinops 146 personatus, Ammodytes 309 Atherinops affinis 146, (146) Ammodytes tobianus 309 Oregonichthys crameri 92 (Tobianus) 309 oregonium, Prosopium 51 perspicabilis, Embiotoca 300 oregonius, Coregonus 51 Petromyzon astori 3 Irillion 51 fluviatilis 4 ornatus, Gunnellus 316 lividus 3 Muraenoides 316 planeri 5 Pholis 316, (316) tridentatus 3 Orthodon microlepidotus 78 Petromyzonidae 2 Orthogoriscus mola 347 Phanerodon furcatus 301 oscula nubila, Apocope 95 laterale 300 carringtoni, Apocope 96, (96a, 96b) lateralis 300 Osmeridae 22 philonips, Cottus 230, 236 Osmerus attenuatus 56, 57 Pholididae 78 starksi 55 Pholis laetus 316, 317, (317) thaleichthys 53, 54 ornatus 316, (316) (Osmerus) olidus, Salmo 57 schultzi 318 Otolithidae 59 Phytichthys chirus chirus 325 Oxycottus acuticeps 247 pictus, Oxylebius 204 embryum 248 Pimelodus nebulosus 100

280 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS pinniger, Sebastichthys 177 proximus, Gadus 115 Sabastodes 177 Microgadus 115 (115) Sebastomus 177 Psettichthys melanostictus 129, (129) Sebastosomus 177 sordidus 122 Plagyodus borealis 108 Psychrolutes paradoxus 254 ferox 108 zebra 254 planeri, Lampetra 5 Pteropodus caurinus 194 Petromyzon 5 maliger 195 Platessa bilineata 135 nebulosus 197 Platichthys rugosus 133 vexillaris 194 stellatus 133, (133), 134 Pterygiocottus macouni 223, 223 rugosus 133, (133) Ptilichthyidae 80 umbrosus 135 Ptilichthys goodei 331 Platysomatichthys stomias 124 Ptychocheilus gracilis 79 plebeius, Gasterosteus 143 grandis 80 Plectobranchus evides 322 oregonensis 78, 79, (79), 81 Plectromus cristiceps 140 umpquae 81 lugubris 141, 141 pugetensis, Artedius 209 Pleuronectes asper 137 Chi tonotus 209, (209) isolepis 136 pugetti, Gasterosteus 143, (143) stellatus 133 pulchella, Cyclogaster 284 Pleuronectidae 42 pulchellus, Liparis 284, (284) Pleuronichthys coenosus 131, (131) punctulatus, Cottus 235, 235, 236, 239 decurrens 130 Potamocottus 235 nephelus 131, (131) purpuratus bouvieri, Salmo 37 plumbeus, Ammocoetes 5 Salmo 37 Pneumatophorus diego 149 purpurescens, Anoplarchus 321 Podothecus acipenserinus 262 peristethus 262 quadricornis, Aspidophorus 258 Polistotrema deani 2 Hypsagonus 258, (258) stoutii 1 quadrilateralis, Coregonus (48) Pollachius chalcogrammus 114 Quietula y-cauda 306, 306 chalcogrammus fucensis 114 quinnat, Oncorhynchus 36 polyacanthocottus, Acanthocottus 242 Salmo 36, (36) polyacanthocephalus, Acanthocottus 242 Cottus 242 Radulinus asprellus 220 Myoxocephalus 242, (242) boleoides 219 polyactocephalum, Bryostemma 320 raflnesquei, Diaphus 105 polyactocephalus, Chirolophus 320 Nyctophus 105 Polypera beringianus 276 Raia binoculata 18 greeni 275 cooperi 18 Pomotis gulosus 161 stellulata 19 incisor 162 raii, Brama 154 Pomoxis annularis 165 Sparus 154 sparoides 166 Raja binoculata 18, (18) Porichthys margaritatus 345 inornata 20 notatus 345, (345) kincaidii 22 porosissimus 345 rhina 17, (17) Poroclinus rothrocki 326 stellulata 19 Poronotus simillimus 155 trachura 21, 21 porosissmus, Porichthys 345 raji, Brama 154 Potamocottus bendirei 239 Rajidae 13 punctulatus 235 regale, Myctophum 103 pretiosa, Argentina 57 regalis, Lampanyctus 103 pretiosus, Hypomesus 57, (57) regius, Lampris (121a) Mesopus 57 Zeus (121a) Primospina mystinus 176 remigera, Bothrocara 342 princeps, Cottus 238 Remora remora 308 Prionace glauca 9 remora, Echeneis 308 Prionistius macellus 222 Remora 308 procellarum, Myctophum 107 reticulatus, Gobiesox 346 productus, Merlangus 119 Lepadogaster 346 Merluccius 119 rex, Catostomus 74 profundorum, Acanthocottus 252 rex-salmonorum, Trachipterus 121 Zesticelus 252 Rhamphocottidae 67 Prognurus cypselurus 287 Rhamphocottus richardsoni 257, (257) proriger, Sebastichthys 179 rhina, Raja 17, (17) Sebastodes 179 Rhinichthys cataractae dulcis 93 Prosopium coulteri 49 dulcis 93 oregonium 51 evermanni 94 snyderi 50 transmontanus 93 williamsoni 48, (48) Rhinogobiops nicholsii 303, (303) proteus, Salmo 32 Rhinoliparis attenuatus 294, 294 protoculus, Myctophum 105 barbulifer 293, 293 proxima, Morrhua 115 rhodorus, Ascelichthys 253, (253) MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 281

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS rhodoterus, Holconotus 295, 299 gairdnerii beardsleei 40, 41 Rhombus simillimus 155 gairdnerii 41, (41) rhothea, Uranidea 233 kamloops 42 rhotheus, Cottus 233 shasta 41 richardii, Salmo 36 gibber 32 richardsoni, Rhamphocottus 257, (257) gibbsii 37 Trachidermis 230 gorbuscha 32 Richardsonius balteatus 82 iridea 41 balteatus balteatus 82, (82, 82a, 96b) irideus 41 balteatus hydrophlox 83, (96a) kamloops 42 lateralis 82 keta vel kayko 33 rimensis, Rusciculus 249 kisutch 34 rimiculus, Catostomus 69 levenensis 43 ringens, Stolephorus 30 lewisi 38 rivularis, Salmo 41 lordii 47 Roccus lineatus 167 lycaodon (36) saxatilis 167 (Mallotus) pacificus 52, (52) Ronquilus jordani 310, (310) masoni 41 rosaceus parvus, Sebastodes 187 mykiss 37 Sebastes 187' clarkii 37 Sebastodes 187 namaycush 45 rostratus, Heterostichus 313 nerka 35 rothrocki, Poroclinus 326 (Osmerus) olidus 57 ruber, Sebastichthys 189 paucidens 35, (35) Sebastodes 189 proteus 32 Sebastomus 189 purpuratus 37 ruberrimus, Sebastodes 189 bouvieri 37 rubrivinctus, Sebastichthys 190 quinnat 36, (36) Sebastodes 190, 190 richardii 36 rug osus, Platichthys 133 rivularis 41 Platichthys stellatus 133, (133) salar 41, 44 rupestre, Xiphidion 324 scouleri 32 rupestris, Sebastichthys 188 shasta 41 Sebastodes 188, 188 spectabilis 47, (47) Xiphister 324 stellatus 37 Ruscarius meanyi 218 truncatus 41 Rusciculus rimensis 249 trutta 43 Rutilus bicolor 87 tschawytscha 36 columbianus 89 tshawytscha 36 formosus 90 tsuppitch 34, 37 oregonensis 90 salmoides, Aplites 159 symmetricus 78, 85 Salmonidae 20 thalassinus 87, 88 Salvelinus fontinalis 46, (46) rutteri, Liparis 279 malma 47 Neoliparis 279 malma 47 spectabilis 47, (47) sagax, C. 29 parkei 47 saira, Cololabis 111, 111 sapidissima, Alosa 28 Scomberesox 111 Clupea 28 Salar lewisi 38 Sarda chilensis 150 salar, Salmo 41, 44 Sardinia caerulea 29 saliens, Thunnus 152 Sardinops caerulea 29 Salmo argyreus 36 saxatilis, Perca 167 aurora 35 Roccus 167 bairdii 47 saxicola, Sebastichthys 183 bathoecetor 37 Sebastodes 183 beardsleei 39 Schedophilopsis spinosus 156 brevicauda 37 schultzi, Pholis 318 campbelli 47 Scomber alalunga 151 canis 33 diego 149 clarkii 37 japonicus 149 clarkii 37, (37) thynnus 152 crescentis 39 Scomberesocidae 36 declivifrons 37 Scomberesox saira 111 jordani 37 Scombridae 49 lewisi 38 Scorpaenichthys lateralis 217 confluentus 36 marmoratus 229 cooperi 35 Scorpaenidae 61 crescentis 39 scouleri, Salmo 32 eremogenes 37 Scylliorhinidae 4 fontinalis 46 Scytalina cerdale 333 gairdneri beardsleei 40 Scytalinidae 82 crescentis 39 Scytaliscus cerdale 333 irideus 41 Sebastes auriculatus 193 shasta 41 caurinus 194 282 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

SPECIES AND FAMILY 'NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS elongatus 192 simillimus, Peprilus 155 melanops 175 Poronotus 155 nebulosus 197 Rhombus 155 nigrocinctus 198 Stromateus 155 paucispinis 172 simulans, Sebastosomus 175 rosaceus 187 Siphagonus barbatus 261 Sebastichthys alutus 181 Siphateles bicolor bicolor 87 auriculatus 193 bicolor 87 caurinus 194 columbianus 89 chrysomelas 196 formosus 88 diploproa 185 obesus 86 introniger 182 oregonensis 90 maliger 195 Siphostoma californiensis 145 melanops 175 griseo-lineatum 145 miniatus 178 siuslawi, Leuciscus 82 mystinus 176 snyderi, Catostomus 65 nebulosus 197 Dialarchus 246 nigrocinctus 198 Oligocottus 246 pinniger 177 Prosopium 50 proriger 179 Somniosidae 11 ruber 189 Somniosus microcephalus 15 rubrivinctus 190 sordidus, Citharichthys 122 rupestris 188 Psettichthys 122 saxicola 183 sparoides, Labrus 166 vexillaris 194 Pomoxis 166 zacentrus 191 Sparus raii 154 Sebastodes alutus 181 spectabilis, Salmo 47, (47) auriculatus 193 Salvelinus malma 47, (47) dalli 193 Sphyraena argentea 148 caurinus 194, (194) Sphyraenidae 48 chrysomelas 196, 196 spinachia, Gasterosteus (144) clavilatus 179 Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi 14 columbianus 174 spinosus, Calycilepidotus 225 crameri 184 Hemilepidotus 225 deani 191 Schedophilopsis 156 diploproa 185 Spirinchus dilatus 53, 53, 54 elongatus 192 starksi 54, 55 emphaeus 186 thaleichthys 53, 53, 54 flavidus 173 Squalidae 10 introniger 182 Squalius caeruleus 84 maliger 195, (195) Squalus acanthias 14 melanops 175, (175) glaucus 9 miniatus 178 griseus 6 mystinus 176 maximus 13 nebulosus 197 microcephalus 15 nigrocinctus 198 nasus 12 paucispinis 172 suckleyi 14, (14) pinniger 177 sucklii 14 proriger 179 vulpinus 11 rosaceus 187 Squatina californica 16 parvus 187 Squatinidae 12 ruber 189 starksi, Osmerus 55 ruberrimus 189 Spirinchus 54, 55 rubrivinctus 190, 190 Stelgidonotus latifrons 249 rupestris 188, 188 stellatus, Fario 37, 47, (47) saxicola 183 Platichthys 133, (133), 134 wilsoni 180 Pleuronectes 133 zacentrus 191 rugosus, Platichthys 133, (133) Sebastolobus alascanus 171 Salmo 37 altivelis 170 stelleri, Hexagrammos 64, 202, Ft. 14 Sebastomus pinniger 177 Stellerina xyosterna 259, 259 ruber 189 stellulata, Raia 19 Sebastosomus flavidus 173 Raja 19 pinniger 177 (Stenobrachius) leucopsarum, Myctophum 104 simulans 175 stenolepis, Hippoglossus 125, (125) semiscaber, Cottopsis 235 stevensi, Thaleichthys 52 Cottus 235 Stichaeidae 79 serratus, Gasterosteus 142 Stichaeus anguillaris 328 Gasterosteus (aculeatus) 142 stigmaeus, Citharichthys 123, (123) setiger, Dasycottus 251, (251) stilbius, Leuroglossus 58 shasta, Salmo gairdneri 41 Stolephorus, ringens 30 sigalutes, Gilbertidia 255, (255) stomias, Atheresthes 124, (124) Gilbertina 255 Bathytroctes 31 signatus, Bathymaster 310 Chasmistes 72 silenus, Zaprora 311 Platysomatichthys 124 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZ INE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 283

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS stoutii, Bdellostoma 1 triacanthus, Xeneretmus 265, (265) Polistotrema 1 Xenochirus 265 strabo, Icelinus 213 Trichiuridae 51 Stromateidae 53 Trichodon trichodon 169 Stromateus simillimus 155 trichodon, Trachinus 169 suckleyi, Acanthias 14 Trichodon 169 Spinax (Acanthias) 14 Trichodontidae 60 Squalus 14, (14) tridentatus, Ammocoetes 3 sucklii, Squalus 14 Entosphenus 3, (3) Sudidae 31 Petromyzon 3 superciliosus, Hexagrammos 64, 203 Triglops beani 221 Labrax 203 macellus 222 Lebius 203 trispinosus, Odontopyxis 270, (270) swanii, Bothrag onus 271 trowbridgii, Homalopomus 119 Hypsagonus 271 truncatus, Salmo 41 symmetricus Caranx (157a) trutta, Salmo 43 Rutilus 78, 85 tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus 36 Trachurus (157a) Salmo 36 syncheilus, Catostomus 68, (68) tshawytscha, Oncorhynchus 36, (36) Synchirus gilli 256 Salmo 36 Syngnathidae 46 tsiltcoosensis, Catostomus 67 Syngnathus griseo-lineatus 145, (145) tsuppitch, Fario 37 Syphostoma griseo-lineatum 145 Salmo 34, 37 typicus, Blepsias cirrhosus 227 Taeniotoca lateralis 300, (300), 300 tahoensis, Catostomus 70 ulochir, Paraliparis 292, 292 Tarandichthys filamentosus 210 ulvae, Xiphistes 325 tenuis 211 umatilla, Agosia 99 Tarletonbeania crenularis 107 Apocope 99, (99) taylori, Asemichthys 66, Ft. 16 umbrosus, Platichthys 135 tenuis, Cottus 241 umpquae, Ptychocheilus 81 Icelinus 211 Uranidea marginata 240 Tarandichthys 211 microstoma 231 Uranidea 241 minuta 237 Tetranarce californica 23, (23) rhothea 233 'retrodon mola 347 tenuis 241 thalassinus, Myloleucus 88 Rutilus 87, 88 vacca, Damalichthys 302 Thaleichthys pacificus 52, (52) vermiculatus, Esox 109 stevensi 52 verrucosa, Occa 260 thaleichthys, Osmerus 53, 54 verrucosus, Brachyopsis 260 Spirinchus 53, 53, 54 vetulus, Parophrys 132, (132) Theragra chalcogramma fucensis 114, (114) vexillaris, Pteropodus 194 fucensis 114 Sebastichthys 194 theta, Diaphus 105 vinolentus, Lethotremus 274 thoburni, Alcidea Ft. 15 violaceus, Cebidichthys 314, 321 Paricelinus 66, Ft. 15 virgatus, Delolepis 330 Thunnidae 50 vulgaris, Hippoglossus 125 Thunnus saliens 152 Tinca 91 thynnus 152 vulnerata, Apocope 96 thynnus, Scomber 152 vulpes, Alopias 11 Thunnus 152 vulpinus, Alopias 11 Tigoma bicolor 84 Squalus 11 Tinca tinca 91 vulgaris 91 warnerensis, Catostomus 70 tinca, Cyprinus 91 williamsoni, Coreg onus 48 Tinca 91 Gasterosteus 143 tobianus, Ammodytes 309 microcephalus, Gasterosteus 143 personatus, Ammodytes 309 Prosopium 48, (48) (Tobianus) personatus, Ammodytes 309 willoughbyi, Acrotus 157 Tocichthys ellipticus 297 wilsoni, Sebastodes 180 Torpedinidae 14 Torpedo californica 23 Xeneretmus alaskanus 267 Trachidermis richardsoni 230 infraspinatus . 268 Trachinus cirrhosus 227 latifrons 269 trichodon 169 pentacanthus 266 Trachipteridae 40 triacanthus 265, (265) Trachipterus rex-salmonorum 121 Xenochirus alascanus 267 trachura, Raja 21, 21 latifrons 269 trachurus, Hemilepidotus 224 pentacanthus 266 Trachurus symmetricus (157a) triacanthus 265 Trachypterus altivelis 121 Xenopyxis latifrons 269 transmontana, Columbia 120, (120) Xererpes fucorum 315 transmontanus, Acipenser 25, (25) Xiphidion mucosum 323 Rhinichthys 93 rupestre 324

284 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS Xipister chirus 325 zachirus, Glyptocephalus 139, (139) mucosus 323 Zaniolepis latipinnis 205 rupestris 324 Zaprora silenus 311 Xiphistes chirus 325 Zaproridae 76 ulvae 325 zebra, Psychrolutes 254 xyosterna, Stellerina 259, 259 Zesticelus profundorum 252 xyosternus, Brachyopsis 259 Zeus regius (121a) Xystes axinophrys 263 Zoarcidae 83 zonifer, Erilepis 200 y-cauda, Gillichthys 306 Myriolepis 200 Quietula 306, 306 zonope, Jordania 207 zacentrus, Sebastichthys 191 zonurus, Malacocottus 243 Sebastodes 191 zyopterus, Galeorhinus 10 PART V. Index to Common Names of Fishes Alaskan red rockfish 182 bull trout 47 albacore 151 bullheads 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 244 alligator fish 68, 262 burbot 118 anchovies 18 burrowing blenny 82, 333 northern 30 California bonito 150 angel shark 12, 16 skate 20 arrow-toothed halibut 124 candlefish 52 barracuda 48, 148 carp 75 barred blenny 322 cat sharks 4, 8 basking shark 9, 13 catfish 30, 100 bass 57 charr 47 15, 24 black 175, 176 chimaeras large mouth 159 Chinese sole 138 small mouth 160 Chinese rockfish 197 striped 167 chinook salmon 36 warmouth 161 chiselmouth 77 29, 78, 84 white sea 168 chubs bay smelt 146 chum salmon 33 belted blenny 325 cirrated sculpin 246 big skate 18 clingfishes 86, 346 black bass 175, 176 coalfish 199 coarse-scaled suckers black cod 199 Columbia River 67 black crappie 165 Klamath River 65 black hag fish 2 Warner Lake Basin 70 black skate 22 d cutthroat trout 37 black and yellow rockfish 196 cods 38 black-banded rockfish 198 black 199 black-sided dace 95 blue 229 black-spotted trout, Montana 38 bull 229 blennies 77, 78, 79 burbot 118 barred 5 cultus 206 belted 325 gray 116 bracket 317 ling 65, 206 burrowing 82, 333 Pacific tomcod 115 crested 321 Puget Sound pollach 114 decorated 320 codfish, Pacific 116 fucus 315 coho salmon 34 ornamented 319 Columbiabt ia River rock 78 saddled 316 52 blue cod 229 sucker 67 blue perch 300 trout-perch 120 blueback salmon 35 convict fish 204 blueback trout 40 cow 3 bluefin tuna 152 spotted 7 bluegill sunfish 162 crasmp A Is- 23 bocaccio 172 crappies bonito 150 166 bream, red-sided white 165 broad-finned greenling 205 crested blenny 321 brook lamprey 5 cultus cod 206 brook trout 46 cutlass fishes 51, 153 brotuloid fish 84 cutthroat trout 37 brown rockfish 193 coastal 37 brown shark 8 Montana black-spotted 38 brown trout 43 speckled 37, 38, 39 buffalo sculpin 226 dace 98, 99 bull cod 229 black-sided 95 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 285

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS Klamath 97 large-mouth black bass 159 long-nosed 93, 94 ling 118 speckled 96 ling cod 65, 206 decorated blenny 320 little pickerel 109 deep sea fish 24, 43, 31 little redfish 170, 171 dog salmon 33 long-finned sole 139 dogfish shark 10, 14 long-jawed rockfish 181 dolly varden trout 47 long-jawed goby 305 long-nosed skate 17 eastern brook trout 46 long-tailed shark 11 eels Lost River sucker 74 lamprey 2 lumpsuckers 69 snake 328 smooth 274 snipe 27 spiny 273 thread 27 eel pouts 83 mackerel 49, 149, 199 14 mackerel shark 8 electric rays 256 eulachon 52 manacled sculpin marbled sculpin 229 fine-scaled suckers midshipman 345 Columbia River 68 minnows 29, 92 Klamath River 69 Montana black-spotted trout 38 flaccid fishes 76 moonfish (40a, 121a) flounders 42, 135 mottled sand dab 122 scaly-finned 136 mountain sucker 63 starry 133 mud-minnow 35, 110 fork-tailed perch 301 mud shark 6, 7 four-horned sea poachers 258 night surf smelt 55 257 giant sea bass 200 northern seahorse gobies 72 ocean sunfish 347 goldfish 76 olive-backed rockfish 183 gray shark 9 oolachan 52 gray star snout 267 opah (121a) grayfish 14 orange rockfish 177 green sunfish 164 orange-spotted rockfish 195 greenlings 64, 202 Oregon chub 92 broad-finned 205 Oregon whitefish 51 kelp 201 ornamented blenny 319 long-spined 205 painted 204 Pacific, herring 27 red 203 lamprey 3 grenadiers 37 mackerel 140 grouper 172 saury I 1 1 grunt fish 257 painted greenling 204 pampano 53, 155 hagfishes 1 pelagic fishes 101 black 2 perch 56, 295 hairtails 51, 153 blue 300 hake, Pacific 119 fork-tailed 301 halibuts 42 pile 302 arrow-toothed 124 silver 302 Pacific 125 splittail 301 handsaw fishes 33 viviparous 295 headfish 87 wall-eyed 298 herring, Pacific 17, 27 white 298 highbrow 311 yellow 158 horned pout 100 pickerels 34, 109 humpback salmon 32 pilchard 29 hybrids (78a, 82a, 96a, 96b) pike, Oregon 79 80 jack smelt 147 pike, Sacramento pile perch 302 Kamloops trout 42 pink salmon 32 kelpfish 312, 313 pipefish 46, 145 kelp greenling 201 pomfret 52, 154 king salmon 36 y 297, 299 65, 71, 72, 73 19 Klamath sucker icprpricklykly skate Lake Crescent whitefish 50 priest fish 200 lake trout 45 Puget Sound smelt 54 lampreys 2 Puget Sound pollach 114 brook 5 pumpkin seed sunfish 163 Pacific 3 river 4 quill fish 331 three-toothed 3 rag fishes 54, 156 lancet fishes 33, 108 41 lantern fishes 32 rainbow trout SPECIES AND FAMILY NUNSERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS ratfish 24 sand sole 129 rattails 37 sandfishes 169 rays, electric 14 sardine 29 red devil 329 sauries 36, 111 red Irish lord 224 scaly-finned flounder 136 red rockfish 189 sculpins 66 red salmon 35 buffalo 226 red-sided bream 82 cirrated 246 red snapper 189 great 242 red-striped rockfish 179 long-rayed 210 remora 308 manacled 256 rex sole 139 marbled 229 ribbon fish 40, 121 rough-backed 209 river lamprey 4 rough-headed 250 roach 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 smooth 236 rock cod (see rockfish) 61 tadpole 254 rock blenny 324 wooly 251 rock sole 135, 136 sea bass, giant 58 rock suckers 70 sea horse 257 rock trout 64, 201 sea poachers 68 rockfish 61 black 264 Alaskan red 182 smooth 272 black and yellow 196 sturgeon 262 black-banded 198 window-tail 263 bocaccio 172 sea snails 70 brown 193, 195 shad 28 Chinese 197 sharks green-striped 192 angel 12, grouper 16 172 basking 9, 13 lobe-finned 170, 171 bone lobe-jawed 13 185 brown 8 lonawedg-j 181 cat olive 4, 8 -backed 183 cow 3 orange 177 dogfish 10, 14 orange-spotted 195 elephant 13 red 189 fox red-striped 11 179 gray 5 Spanish flag 190 great blue speckled 9 195 long-tailed 11 spiny 170, 171 mackerel 8 striped mud vermilion 6, 7 1788 salmon 12 yellow-backed 194 shovelnose yellow-spotted 6 197 sleeper 11, yellow-tailed 15 173 soup-fin 6, 10 Rocky Mountain whitefish 48 spotted cow ronquil 7 75, 310 sucker 308 rough-backed sculpin 209 thresher rough sole 7 126 shiner 295 roughtail skate 21 shovelnose shark 6

silver salmon 34

Atlantic 44 bay smelt blueback 146 35 jack-smelt 147 chinook 36 singing fish chum 345 33 skates 13 coho 34 big dog 18 33 black 22 humpback 32 California king 20 36 long-nosed 17 pink 32 prickly red 19 35 roughtail 21 silver 34 sharp-nosed sockeye 17 35 skilfish 199 spring 36 skipjack salmon shark 12 sleeper shark 15 mottled 122 small-mouth black bass speckled 160 123 smelt 22 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 287

SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS SPECIES AND FAMILY NUMBERS deep sea 23 sunfish 57 freshwater Ft. 5 blue gill 162 long-finned 54 green 164 night surf 55 pumpkin seed 163 Puget Sound 54 surffishes 71, 298, 301 San Francisco Bay 53 surf-smelt 57 silver 57 surf 57 tadpole sculpin 254 smooth bullhead 236 tench 91 smooth lumpsucker 274 thread eels 27 snake eel 328 thresher sharks 7 snipe eel 27 tidepool johnny 245 sockeye salmon 35 tomcod, Pacific 115 soles 127, 128, 131, 132, 135 torpedo 23 Chinese 138 trout 20 English 128 blueback 40 lemon 132 brook 46 long-finned 139 bull 47 rex 139 brown 43 rock 135, 136 coastal cutthroat 37 rough 126 cutthroat 37 sand 129 dolly varden 47 slime 138 eastern brook 46 slippery 138 Kamloops 42 Spanish flag 190 lake 45 speckled rockfish 195 Montana black-spotted 38 speckled trout 39 rainbow 41 spiny rockfish 170, 171 silver (35) spotted cow shark 7 speckled 39 spotted kelpfish 312 steelhead 41 split( ail perch 301 trout-perch, Columbia River 39, 120 spring salmon 36 tube snout 144 square mouth 77 tuna, bluefin 152 squawfish 79, 80, 81 tunny 152 Columbia River 79 turbot 130 Umpqua River 81 vermilion rockfish 178 Sacramento River 80 viperfish 25 steelhead trout 41 viviparous perches 71, 295 stickleback 44, 45, 142 wall-eyed perch three-spined 142, 143 298 western mud-minnow marine 45, 144 35, 110 white bait 56 striped bass 167 , 16 wnite crappie 165 stinveons whitefish 21 green 26 brown-backed 49 sea poacher 262 Lake Crescent 50 white 25 28 Oregon 51 suckers Rocky Mountain 48 coarse-scaled 65, 67, 70 white perch 298 Columbia River 67 wolffishes 81, 332 fine-scaled 68, 69 Goose Lake 64 yellow Irish lord 225 Lost River 74 yellow perch 158 Klamath Lake 71, 72, 73 yellow-spotted rockfish 197 mountain 63 yellowtail rockfish 173

PART VI. Index to Geographical Locations Name of place Location Name of place Location Lat. W. Long. N. Lat. W. Long. N. 0 ° ° . Abert Lake 42 40 120 12 Baker Lake 48 44 121 37 Admiralty Head 48 10 122 41 Baker R. 48 32 121 44 Admiralty Inlet 48 10 122 46 Bavers (Bowers Cr.) 42 07 120 22 Alkali Lake, Ore 42 13 121 29 Bear Cr., Ore 43 10 121 05 Alkali Lake, Wn . 47 30 119 31 Bellfountain 44 21 123 21 Alki Pt., Seattle 47 34 122 25 Bellingham 48 45 122 28 Alsea R. 44 25 124 02 Bellingham Bay 48 44 122 35 Ana R. 42 57 120 45 (Big) White Salmon R... 45 44 121 32 Anacortes 48 31 122 37 Birdsview 48 32 121 54 Anderson Cr. 47 34 122 58 Black R. 47 28 122 15 Asotin 46 20 117 04 Bogachiel R. 47 54 124 33 Asotin Cr. 46 21 117 03 Bowers Cr. 42 07 120 22 Astoria 46 11 123 50 Bridge Cr 43 09 121 00 Brinnon 47 40 122 54 Bainbridge Is. 47 38 122 33 Brown Is. 48 32 123 00 288 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Name of place Location Name of place Location N. Lat. W. Long. N. Lat. W. Long. Buckley 47 09 122 02 Dog Cr. 42 08 120 39 Bucoda 46 47 122 52 Dosewallips R. 47 41 122 54 Bush Pt. 48 02 122 36 Dragoon Cr. 47 52 117 22 Burns 43 35 119 03 Drain 43 40 123 19 Butte Cr. 44 29 123 05 Drew Cr. 42 05 120 27 Dry Falls 47 34 119 25 Callopooia Cr. 43 21 123 28 Dungeness R. Callapooya R. 44 38 123 06 48 09 123 07 122 30 Duwamish Hd. 47 35 122 23 Camano Is. 48 10 Duwamish R. Camas Cr 45 00 119 00 ("Dwamish") Camass Cr. 42 14 119 51 47 35 122 22 Cannon Beach 45 54 123 57 Eagle Cr 45 22 122 23 Cape Arago 43 18 124 24 East Sound 48 40 122 54 Cape Blanco 42 50 124 34 Ecola Rocks 45 55 123 58 Cape Elizabeth 47 21 124 18 Elder Cr. 42 27 120 35 Cape Falcon 45 46 123 58 Elgin 45 34 117 55 Cape Flattery 48 23 124 44 Elk Cr., Ore. 45 54 123 58 Cape Foulweather 44 47 124 05 Elk Cr. 43 38 123 35 Cape Johnson 47 58 124 40 Elk R. 42 47 124 32 Cape Lookout 45 20 124 00 Ellensburg 47 00 120 31 Cape Meares 45 29 123 58 Elliott 47 27 122 08 Cape Perpetua 44 17 124 07 Elliott Bay 47 35 122 22 Cascade Head 45 05 124 00 Elma 47 00 123 24 Cashmere 47 31 120 28 Empire 43 24 124 17 Castle Rock 46 17 122 54 Entiat R. 47 39 120 13 Cathlopootl R. (Ore.) Enumclaw 47 11 122 00 Cedar Cr. 47 43 124 25 Evans Cr. 47 40 122 08 Cedar R. 47 28 122 13 Everett 48 00 122 12 Chehalis 46 39 122 58 Falls City 47 34 121 55 Chehalis R. 46 58 123 48 False Bay 48 29 123 04 Chelan, Lake 47 50 120 01 Ferry Co. 48 30 118 30 Chewaucan R. 42 43 120 30 Fields 42 16 118 40 Chimacum 48 00 122 46 Fish Lake 43 13 121 57 Chinook 46 17 123 57 Flattery Bank 48 30 125 00 Clackamas R. 45 23 122 36 Flores R. 42 55 124 30 Clarks Fork 49 00 117 21 Fort Dalles (The Dalles) 45 35 121 10 Clear Lake 46 55 122 20 Fort Umpqua 43 42 124 10 Clearwater R. 47 33 124 17 Fox Inlet 47 15 122 36 Cle Elum 47 12 120 57 Friday Harbor 48 32 123 02 Colfax 46 53 117 22 Columbia R. 46 15 124 00 Garrison Cr. ..._ .... Colville R. 48 35 118 08 Gedney Is. (Hat Is.) 48 00 122 20 Coos Bay 43 22 124 17 Gig Harbor 47 20 122 39 Coos Co. 43 10 124 00 Goose Lake 42 00 120 24 Coos R. 43 22 124 10 Grand Coulee 47 40 119 35 Copalis 47 07 124 10 Grande Ronde R 46 05 116 58 Coquille R. 43 07 124 25 Granite Falls 48 05 121 58 Corvallis 44 34 123 16 Grays Harbor 46 55 124 05 Cottonwood Cr. 42 06 120 25 Green Lake 47 40 122 20 Cowitz Hbr. (Prob. Cowlitz R.) Hangman R. (Latah Cr.) 47 39 117 28 Cowlitz R. 46 06 122 54 Hardman Cr. 47 12 117 24 Crab Cr. 47 23 119 29 Harney Lake 43 14 119 07 Crab Cr., Lower 46 49 119 55 Haystack Rk. 45 13 123 59 Crab Lake 47 24 119 03 Heceta Bank 44 00 124 40 Crescent, Lake 48 04 123 49 Heceta Head 44 08 124 07 Crump Lake 42 15 119 50 Hemlock, Ore. 45 20 123 50 Cushman, Lake 47 29 123 15 Hemlock, Wn. 47 24 121 51 Dairy Cr. 42 28 120 37 Hoh R. 47 45 124 27 Dallas 44 55 123 19 Holly 47 34 122 58 Damon 46 24 124 08 Holmes Harbor 48 04 122 32 Dayville 44 28 119 32 Honey Cr. 42 24 119 52 Deception Pass 48 24 122 38 Hoods Canal 47 55 122 38 Deepereek 47 38 117 43 Hooper 46 45 118 09 Deep Cr. 47 47 117 43 Hoquiam R 46 58 123 53 Deep Lake 48 07 117 35 Hot Springs 47 57 123 52 Deer Cr. 42 16 123 42 Humptulips R. 47 02 124 03 Deschutes R., Ore 45 39 120 56 Ilwaco 46 18 124 03 Deschutes R., Wn 47 01 122 54 Destruction Is. 47 40 124 29 James Is. 47 54 124 39 Diamond Lake 48 07 117 11 John Day R 45 44 120 39 Dickey R 47 55 124 39 Kala Pt. 48 03 122 46 Discovery Bay 48 02 122 52 Kalama 46 00 122 51

MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 289 Name of place Location Name of place Location N. Lat. W. Long. N. Lat. W. Long. Kalama R. 46 02 122 52 Ozette R. 48 11 124 43 Kettle Falls 48 35 118 07 Klamath Falls 42 13 121 47 Pacific City 45 12 123 57 Klamath Lake 42 00 121 45 Palouse R. 46 35 118 13 Klamath L., Upper 42 14 121 50 Pasco 46 14 119 05 Pataha Cr. Klamath R. 42 00 122 10 46 30 118 00 Klaskanine Cr. 46 06 123 47 Pelican Bay 42 15 121 47 Lake Cr. 48 02 124 22 Pendleton 45 40 118 48 Penny Cr. (Quilcene R.) La Push 47 52 124 35 Pilchuck R. 48 12 122 13 Leavenworth 47 35 120 40 Pine Cr. 47 14 117 37 Lena Lake 47 38 123 12 Pleasant L. 48 04 124 20 Lewis and Clark R 46 10 123 53 Pt. Grenville 47 18 124 15 Little Deep Cr 47 48 117 20 Port Angeles 48 07 123 27 Little Spokane R 47 47 117 32 Port Discovery 48 01 122 52 Little White Salmon R.__ 45 43 121 38 Port Gamble 47 50 122 35 Long Lake 47 50 117 50 Port Ludlow 47 55 122 41 Lopez Is. 48 30 122 55 Port Madison 47 42 122 31 Lost R. 42 00 121 33 Port Orchard 47 32 122 38 Lostine 45 30 117 27 Port Orford 42 44 124 30 Lostine R. 45 33 117 30 Port Orford Reef 42 45 124 38 Lummi R. 48 47 122 40 Port Susan 48 10 122 25 Lynch Cr. 46 52 122 16 Port Townsend 48 07 122 46 Malden 47 13 117 28 Possession Sound 48 00 122 15 Malheur Lake 43 20 118 46 Potlatch 47 23 123 10 Malheur R. 44 03 116 58 Powder R. 44 45 117 03 Manchester 47 34 122 32 Puget Sound 47 30 122 25 Marrowstone Pt. 48 06 122 41 Pullman 46 44 117 10 Marshall Lake 48 16 117 05 Puyallup R 47 15 122 25 Matthews Cr. 47 41 122 16 Pysht R. 48 13 124 07 McKenzie R. 44 07 123 06 Queets R 47 32 124 20 Meadowdale 47 50 122 20 Quilcene R. 47 49 122 53 42 20 122 53 Medford Quillayute Needles 47 54 124 40 Merrit 47 47 120 52 Quillayute R. 47 55 124 38 02 118 22 Mill Cr. 46 Quinault, Lake 47 28 123 51 Minam R. 45 37 117 45 Quinault R. 47 20 124 17 Moclips 47 14 124 13 Moses Lake 47 06 119 19 Raging R. 47 34 121 54 Muddy Cr. (Trib. Goose L.) Rattlesnake Cr. 42 43 117 47 Multnomah Co. 45 30 122 20 Redmond 47 39 122 06 Naches R. 46 37 120 31 Reedsport 43 42 124 06 Nason Cr. 47 48 120 43 Rieth 45 40 118 53 Neah Bay 48 23 124 36 Robinette 44 45 117 03 Nehalem R. 45 42 123 54 Rock Island Dam 47 21 120 06 Nestucca Bay 45 10 123 58 Rock Lake 47 12 117 41 Nestucca R. 45 12 123 58 Rogue R. 42 25 124 25 Newauken Cr. 47 16 122 04 Roseburg 43 12 123 20 Newaukum R. 46 39 123 00 Samish Lake 48 40 122 23 New Dungeness 48 09 123 08 Sammamish, Lake 47 38 122 06 New Orcades ( San Juan Is.) Sammamish R. 47 45 122 14 Newport 44 38 124 04 Sandy R. 45 34 122 24 Nisqually 47 05 122 43 San Juan Islands 48 35 123 00 ("Nesqually") 47 06 122 42 Saratoga Passage 48 10 122 33 Nisqually R. Satsop 47 00 123 30 Nooksack R. 48 47 122 36 Satsop R. 46 58 123 29 North Pine 47 16 117 22 Sauk R. 48 28 121 36 North Twin Lake 48 17 118 23 Scappoose 45 45 122 53 Oak Bay 48 17 122 38 Seattle 47 35 122 20 Oakland 43 25 123 18 Seaview 46 20 124 03 Oceanside 46 24 124 03 Shelton 47 13 123 13 Odessa 47 20 118 41 Sherringham Pt. 48 23 123 55 Offut Lake 46 55 122 50 Sherwood Cr. 47 23 122 49 Okanogan R. 48 05 119 44 Shoalwater Bay (Willapa) 46 40 124 00 Olele Pt. 47 58 122 41 Sikiu R. 48 17 124 24 Olympia 47 02 122 54 Siletz R. 44 54 124 00 Omak 48 24 119 32 Silver Cr. 43 15 119 12 O'Neal Is. 48 37 123 06 Silver Lake 43 06 120 54 Orcas Is. 48 40 122 50 Silver Lake 43 22 119 23 Oregon City 45 22 122 36 Silver Lake 46 17 122 47 Osoyoos Lake 48 58 119 25 Silver Lake 48 58 122 04 Otter Rock 44 44 124 03 Silvies R. 43 24 118 47 Ozette Lake 48 11 124 40 Simeahmoo ( Semiamoo) 48 59 122 46 290 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Name of place Location Name of place Location N. Lat. W. Long. N. Lat. W. Long. , o Siuslaw R. 44 01 124 08 Warner Lakes 42 26 119 50 Sixes R. 42 51 124 33 Warner R. (=Warner Cr. ) 42 10 119 53 Skagit R. 48 22 122 28 Washington, Lake 47 40 122 17 Skookum Cr. 48 18 117 15 Wenatchee R. 47 28 120 20 Skookumchuck R. 46 43 123 00 Whatcom, Lake 48 43 122 18 Smokle Cr. Whidby Is. 48 10 122 40 ( Union Flat Cr.) 46 50 118 00 White Salmon R. 45 44 121 32 Snake R. 46 12 119 02 Whoahink, Lake 43 55 124 06 Snohomish R. 48 02 122 12 Willamette R. 45 37 122 47 Snoqualmie R. 47 48 122 03 Willapa Bank 46 45 124 40 Soleduck R. 47 55 124 39 Willapa Bay 46 40 124 00 Spokane 47 40 117 25 Williamson R. 42 28 121 58 Spokane R. 47 53 118 20 Wilson Cr. 46 42 123 39 Starbuck 46 31 118 07 Winchester 43 16 123 20 Steilacoom 47 10 122 35 Winchester Bay 43 41 124 11 St. Helens 45 52 122 48 Wynooche R. 46 58 123 36 St. Helens R. 45 51 122 48 124 06 122 16 Yachats 44 19 Stickney, Lake 47 53 Yakima 46 36 120 30 Stillaguamish R. 48 14 122 23 Yakima R. 46 14 119 13 Strait Juan de Fuca 48 20 124 20 Yaquina Bar 44 37 124 05 Stuart Lake 47 32 120 57 44 37 124 02 122 55 Yaquina Bay Sucia Is. 48 45 Yaquina Head 44 41 124 05 Sultan R. 47 50 121 50 44 37 124 04 15 Yaquina R. Sumas 49 00 122 Youngs R. 46 10 123 50 Summer Lake 42 52 120 44 Sunnyside 46 20 120 01 Zillah 46 24 120 15 Sutherland, Lake 48 05 123 41 Swamp Cr. 47 45 122 14 ALBATROSS STATIONS Station Location Tacoma 47 15 122 30 -i■,i. Lat. W. Long. Tacoma Cr. 48 24 117 17 Tahkenitch R. 43 48 124 04 2866 48 09 125 03 Taholah 47 20 124 17 2868 47 52 124 44 Tahoma Cr. 47 44 121 54 2871 46 55 125 11 Tatoosh Is. 48 23 124 44 3059 44 56 124 12 Teanaway R. 47 10 120 50 3060 40 56 124 02 Teawhit Pt. 47 52 124 36 3064 46 03 124 09 Tekoa 47 14 117 03 3067 47 36 122 23 Tenmile Cr. 44 13 124 07 3070 47 30 125 43 The Dalles 45 35 121 10 3071 47 29 125 34 Three Arch Rocks 45 28 123 58 3072 47 28 125 24 Tillamook Bay 45 31 123 55 3073 47 28 125 15 Tillamook Head 45 57 123 59 3074 47 22 125 48 Tillamook Rock 45 56 123 59 3075 47 22 125 41 Touchet R. 46 02 118 41 3076 47 46 125 10 Trask R. 45 27 123 50 3078 43 59 124 46 Tsiltcoos Lake 43 07 124 06 3091 45 32 124 20 Tsiltcoos R 43 53 124 09 3343 47 41 125 20 Tucannon R. 46 33 118 10 3346 45 30 124 52 Tulalip 48 04 122 18 3347 45 10 124 45 Umatilla 45 55 119 20 3449 48 30 124 40 Umatilla R. 45 55 119 22 3450 48 27 124 40 Umpqua R. 43 40 124 11 3459 48 24 124 25 Union, Lake 47 38 122 21 3460 48 25 124 10 Upper Klamath L 42 14 121 50 3597 48 15 123 00 Upright Channel 48 35 122 54 3790 48 20 124 59 Useless Bay 47 58 122 30 4205 Admiralty Head Light N. 38° W., 1.3 mi. Utsaladdy 48 15 122 31 4206 N. 69° W., 2 mi. 4207 „ N. 20° W., 1.7 mi. Vancouver 45 37 122 40 4208 N. 22° W., 3.5 mi. Waadda Is. 48 23 124 35 4209 N. 50° W., 0.6 mi. Waldron Is. 48 42 123 02 4211 N. 83° W., 1.3 mi. Wallace R. 47 52 121 44 4212 ,. N. 88° W., 1.4 mi. Walla Walla 46 04 118 20 4213 N. 82° W., 2 mi. Walla Walla R. 46 03 118 57 4214 Kala Pt. N. 41° W., 1.1 mi. Wallowa 45 34 117 32 4215 „ „ N. 83° W., 0.5 mi. Wallowa Lake 45 21 117 13 4217 Bush Point Light S. 27° E., 2.9 mi. Wallowa R. 45 43 117 48 4218 Olele Point S. 26° E., 1.9 mi. Wallula 46 04 118 55 4219 .. S. 27° E., 1.5 mi. Warm Springs 43 12 119 14 4220 S. 20° E., 0.8 mi. Warm Springs R 44 51 121 04 4221 .." S. 37° W., 0.5 mi. Warner Cr. ( Deep Cr.) 42 10 119 53 4222 S. 61° W., 1.4 mi. MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 Page A-1

Home of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. NYONE who has visited the Hawai- Ltd.; Baldwin Packers, Ltd.; The Mat- A ian Islands can testify to the useful- son Navigation Co. at Port Allen, Ka- ness of the "A & B Steamer Calendars" hului, Seattle and Portland ; and the fol- which are to be seen on the walls of prac- lowing named and well-known insurance tically every office and home in Hawaii. companies : Union Insurance Society of The issuing of and the free distribution Canton, Ltd.; The Home Insurance of these calendars is a distinct public Company, New York ; Springfield Fire service rendered for some 30 years by & Marine Insurance Co.; New Zealand Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., who are Insurance Company, Limited ; The Com- staunch supporters of all movements monwealth Insurance Company ; Newark that work for the good of Hawaii. Fire Insurance Company ; American Al- The beautiful new office building pic- liance Insurance Association ; Queensland tured above was erected recently as a Insurance Co., Ltd. ; Globe Indemnity monument to the memory of H. P. Bald- Company of New York ; Switzerland win and S. Alexander, the founders of the General Insurance Co., Ltd.; St. Paul firm and pioneers in the sugar business. Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents The officers of Alexander & Baldwin, for some of the largest sugar plantations Ltd., are : W. M. Alexander, Chairman on the Islands ; namely, Hawaiian Com- Board of Directors ; J. Waterhouse, mercial & Sugar Co., Ltd. ; Hawaiian President ; H. A. Baldwin, Vice-Presi- Sugar Co.; Kahuku Plantation Company ; dent ; C. R. Hemenway, Vice-President ; Maui Agricultural Company, Ltd. ; Mc- J. P. Cooke, Treasurer ; D. L. Oleson, Bryde Sugar Company, Ltd.; Laie Plan- Secretary ; J. F. Morgan, Asst. Treas- tation; and also Kauai Pineapple Co., urer ; J. W. Speyer, Asst. Treasurer. ADVT. Page A-2 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

Home of the American Factors, Limited Fort at Queen Street, Honolulu, Hawaii

Sugar Plantation Agents Wholesale General Merchandise Insurance

American Factors, Limited HONOLULU, HAWAII MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 Page A-3

Since "horseless carriage" days

has served the transportation needs of Hawaii

For your home . . . When building, renovating or remodeling your home, you will find a splendid selection of materials in our stock. In addition to building supplies, paint, tools, hardware and plumbing fixtures, we have a well-selected stock of interior decorating materials, electric, gas, and oil ranges, stoves and heaters, electric appliances, and garden supplies. LEWERS & COOKE LIMITED Building Material Specialists Since 1852 HONOLULU, HAWAII Page A-4 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

S.S. MONTEREY * S.S. MARIPOSA * S.S. LURLINE * S.S. MALOLO Serving California, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand

Distinguished craft, designed to provide ideal South Seas cruising, these great white liners offer ample space for gracious and leisurely living. Your voyage will be filled with joy- ous relaxation from the very first minute when you choose a Matson-Oceanic Ship.

MATSON LINE * OCEANIC LINE Castle and Cooke, Limited, Merchant Street, Honolulu, General Agent

estinghouse REFRIGERATORS

STANDARD OF REFRIGERATOR VALUE

OVERSIZE FROSTER! Welded Sanalloy — for quick POINT freezing, easy cleaning.

BY FOOD-SAVING . . . Moon- stone Ware Triple Food Saver POINT Set. Handy for leftovers.

Comparison ROASTS? WATER- MELONS? Plenty of room proves on the new Adjusto-shelf I

TIME-TESTED! A mecha- MORE nism hermetically - sealed - DOLLAR permanently ciled — always! AND 5 YEARS' PROTEC- VALUE TION! On the sealed-in mechanism — for only $5.

Seeing is believing. So we urge you to compare, dollar-for-dollar, how much more value comes with the new Golden Jubilee Westinghouse.

THE HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC CO., LTD. PALACE SQUARE HONOLULU, HAWAII PHONE 3431 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936 Page A-5

BREWER AND COMPANY, LIMITED, Hono- Hakalau Plantation Company, Honolulu Plan- C • lulu, with a capital stock of $8,000,000, tation Company, Hawaiian Agricultural Com- was established in 1826. It represents the fol- pany, Kilauea Sugar Plantation Company, Paa- lowing Sugar Plantations: Hilo Sugar Com- uhau Sugar Plantation Company, Hutchinson pany, Onomea Sugar Company, Honomu Sugar Sugar Plantation Company, as well as the Company, Wailuku Sugar Company, Pepeekeo Baldwin Locomotive Works and Kapapala Sugar Company, Waimanalo Sugar Company, Ranch. Agents for all forms of insurance.

CITY TRANSFER CO., LTD. H. J. ANCILL, MANAGER

Moving-Shipping-Storage Fumigating Gifts Packed and Shipped Cold Storage Department to All Parts of the World for Furs, Clothing, etc. Agents Everywhere

702 FORT STREET, MALOLO DOCK PHONES 1281 AND 3579 HONOLULU, HAWAII

It's Better J. W. PODMORE & SONS All-Ways 77 South Queen Street ICE HONOLULU, HAWAII CREAM Wholesale and Commission Merchants SERVICE COLD STORAGE CO., LTD. Honolulu, Hawaii "Chii tt 71 iji Leading Japanese Newspaper in Hawaii Published in Japanese and English every afternoon except Sundays and holidays at 920 Nuuanu Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.

Founded in 1895 (41st Year) Page A-6 MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE, OCTOBER-DECEMBER, 1936

GZ) 4' 0 A, Books About Hawaii • . VANCOUVER 27' SEATTLE - c. PORTLAND YOKOHAMA FRANCISCO O SLCAd ALL ABOUT HAWAII SHANGHAI SAN DIEGO Standard guide book, with history of oeD KO> ,' Hawaii from legendary past to date HONOLULU OMAN ILA and chronological information on (A) every phase of culture, commerce, government, agriculture, Army and Navy. 224 pp., 57 illustrations, maps of the four principal islands (Kauai, ° CA LLAk Oahu, Maui, Hawaii). Handy pocket- size book, retails $1.00. Postpaid to any address, $1.15.

,. GRISBA VALPARAISO HAWAII AS THE CAMERA SONE SEES IT Size 10" x 13", 104 pp., 180 illustra- ■g‘D "L tions. Includes brief history of Ha- waii's past and present, facts and fig- worwm.:=0,10 ures for ready references. Retails syeams.---AutharaL-- lavirminaraftm. 75c. Postpaid to any address, $1.00. 4 BANK OF HAWAII For Sale at all Bookstores, Newsstands, Hotels, Drugstores Honolulu, Hawaii and Curio Stores ASSETS OVER $50,000,000 or Geographically Situated for -41 the Clearing House of the C:101) PACIFIC AREA. HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN Publishers HONOLULU. HAWAII, U. S. A. Nilf.liiitteiV40$2e.$`265b9 aftezeragit

AMERICAN CAFE 174 South King St. ROYAL HAWAIIAN HONOLULU, HAWAII HOTEL U. TAKARA. Manager On Waikiki's Famous Beach

MOANA-SEASIDE HOTEL AND BUNGALOWS CITY MILL (Nearby the Royal Hawaiian) COMPANY, LTD. 660 Prison Road WAIALAE GOLF CLUB HONOLULU, HAWAII (Ten min. by motor from Hotels)

Reservations, Rates, etc., may be ob- tained through an authorized Steam- Established 1899 ship, Railroad or Travel Agent, or by writing direct to:

Dealers in Lumber, Hardware, etc. ARTHUR BENAGLIA, Rice and Planing Mill Managing Director BUILDERS HAWAIIAN HOTELS, LTD. Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. FOR over a third of a century DAIRYMEN'S has brought safe pure milk, from smiling meadow- lands to your doorstep—and made delicious, nourishing ice cream for little folks to eat. DAIRYMEN'S is in business to bring Health and Happiness to little children. HALEKULANI HOTEL HONOLULU DAIRYMEN'S and BUNGALOWS ASSOCIATION, LIMITED At Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii HONOLULU, HAWAII Owned and Operated by CLIFFORD KIMBALL

AETNA LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY and its Affiliated Companies

Writing Every Form of Insurance THE B. F. DILLINGHAM CO., LTD. AGENTS Dillingham Transportation Bldg. HONOLULU, HAWAII

GUMP'S

The finest arts of the East and the West meet logically in a beautiful setting here in the Heart of the Pacific— yours to enjoy or possess. A visit to Gump's will be a memorable pleasure.

S. & G. GUMP COMPANY

OPP. ROYAL HAWAIIAN HOTEL [ 2206 KALAKAUA ... HONOLULU The World's Finest Channel Service For 85 years, serving quality bakery products at a price com- Linking the entire group of Hawaiian mensurate with standard quality. Islands by Plane or Steamer

INTER-ISLAND STEAM NAV. CO., LTD. and BISCUIT AND BREAD COMPANY INTER-ISLAND HONOLULU, HAWAII Since 1851 AIRWAYS, LTD.

General Traffic Agents for Pan-American Air- ways, United Air Line and American Airways. Reservations and tickets on any air line in the world are obtainable at our offices.

HAWAII MEAT Call, Write or Phone 2941 COMPANY, LTD. HONOLULU - - HAWAII Kaahumanu and Merchant Sts. EASTMAN KODAK STORE Honolulu, Hawaii 1059 Fort Street And on the Beach at Waikiki 2401 Kalakaua Avenue HONOLULU, HAWAII Wholesale Meat and Kodak Supplies—Hawaiian Curios Provision Dealers

Supply finest quality Island meats all Federally inspected at the most modern and sanitary plant in the W. A. Ramsay, Ltd. Hawaiian Islands. Mechanical and Electrical Engineers Machinery and Mill Supplies FORT AND QUEEN STREETS MEAT is man's food and Hawaii HONOLULU, HAWAII, U.S.A. produces finest in the world. *

McCABE, HAMILTON AND RENNY CO., LTD. 20 South Queen Street HONOLULU, HAWAII Only Commercial Stevedoring Firm in the Territory Established 1900

Modern equipment. Quick and efficient loading and unloading of vessels in Honolulu SEASONED TRAVELERS

AS WELL AS FIRST-TIMERS

Will find a great deal of satisfaction in the helpful services performed by our travel experts. No matter where you wish to go we can handle all the details, make your trip comfortable, often save you money.

CASTLE & COOKE TRAVEL BUREAU

MERCHANT STREET, HONOLULU-- -TEL. 1221 Branches in Royal Hawaiian and Moana Hotels Agent for all forms of transportation . . . Air- Mai!---Steamship or Bus All Tours and Cruises

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