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The Origin and Development of the Cultivated Sunflower' CHARLES B

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The Origin and Development of the Cultivated Sunflower' CHARLES B The Origin and Development of the Cultivated Sunflower' CHARLES B. HEISER, JR. Department of Botanv Indiana University The origin of cultivated plants has long The Use of the Wild Sunflower challenged the imagination of both botanists Achenes2 of wild sunflowers were gathered and anthropologists. The problems relating to by many Indians of the western United States the tracing of such origins have been subject for use as food, and the plants or flower heads Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/17/5/161/14604/4438706.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 to renewed interest and scientific inquiry in were often used either medicinally or cere- recent years (1, 7). The cultivated sunflower monially. The principal species used for these is of particular interest because it is one of the purposes was the common wild sunflower, H. few crop plants to have been domesticated in annuus ssp. lenticularis. Among the archaeo- temperate North America and it is one of the logical material from Castle Park, Colorado, a few plants whose wild progenitor is definitely single seed was found which has tentatively known. been identified as wild H. annuus. Several The common sunflower, Helianthus annuus heads of wild sunflowers are found among the L., comprises three main races H. annuus ssp. archaeological remains from Tularosa Cave, lenticularis, the "wild" sunflower; H. annuus New Mexico, along with maize and other ssp. an7nuus,the "weed" sunflower; and H. cultivated and wild plants (4). annuus ssp. macrocarpus, the giant sunflower within historic cultivated for its edible seeds. The first, which Observations times have shown that the seeds of wild is widespread in western North America, is a sunflowers fur- a branched sunflower with small heads and nished particularly prized source of food for many groups of Indians of the western United achenes and few rays. The weed sunflower is States. The seeds were eaten raw or were also branched but with larger heads, achenes, and more numerous rays than the wild race. more frequently pounded into a sort of flour Its distribution is primarily confined to the and made into flat cakes or mixed with other middle western United States. The cultivated substances. Many of the early explorers, in- sunflower is generally unbranched and bears cluding Lewis and Clark, have left us ac- a single massive head with numerous rays and counts of the gathering of the achenes and the quite larger achenes. Its distribution is prac- methods by which they were prepared for tically world wide today but it does not persist eating. Medicinally the plant was used prin- outside of cultivation. cipally as a cure for chest pains. The flowers In his now classic Origin of Cultivated were worn in the hair in ceremonial dances Plants de Candolle pointed out that the among the Hopi. methods for discovering the origin of culti- No references to the use of the wild sun- vated species were to be derived from botany, flower are reported for locations east of the archaeology and paleontology, history, and Mississippi. The area of greatest use of wild In the some these philology. present paper of sunflowers is shown on figure 1. It is prob- lines of evidence will be examined in relation ably somewhere within this area that the to the origin of the cultivated sunflower. species had its origin as a wild plant. It ap- 'This article is based largely on two earlier papers parently was early adopted as a food plant (3, 5). Rather complete bibliographiesappear in these by certain Indians and its spread as a weed and only additional titles will be cited here. The study is in all probability the direct result of man's has been supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation since 1952. use of the plant. This early use and spread 'The fruit of the sunflower is botanically known as can be viewed as a necessary step toward its an achene and includes the seed proper with the pericarp around it. eventual domestication. 161 162 THE AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER May 1955 UNITD ATUS N HA V~~ ?. t7 Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/17/5/161/14604/4438706.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Co"."byE.H. F - R.E.W_d_J .W dC' A k.k. O- 9 FIGURE 1-Map showing the locations of prehistoric cultivated sunflowers (A), distribution of the culti- vated sunflower among the Indians in historical times (H), and the area of the greatest use of the wild sun- flower (in heavy line). N ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~..~ ....~. V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....... .~~~~~~~~~... ~ ~ ~ ... ... FIGURE2-Comparison of a modern variety of cultivated sunflower, Mammoth Russian (left) with pre- historic achenes from Cramer Village site, Ohio. The latter achenes are charred and are probably 10-15% smaller than the original size. Vol. 17, No. 5 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CULTIVATED SUNFLOWEVR 163 Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/17/5/161/14604/4438706.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 . .. .. FIGURE3 Prehistoric sunflower remains from Newt Kash Hollow Shelter, Kentucky. (Specimens from the University of Kentucky.) The PrehistoricDistribution of the and the other food plants which originated Cultivated Sunflower elsewhere. A fact which may be of consider- Achenes and heads of sunflowers have been able significance is that no archaeological cul- found at a number of archaeological sites in tivated sunflowers have been found in the the eastern half of North America (fig. 1.). southwestern area where there was a well From the size of these structures we can infer developed agriculture in prehistoric times. that the Indians of this region had the culti- The Cultivated Sunflower Among the Indians vated sunflower (fig. 2). The achenes re- In the Post Colombian Period covered at many of the sites are as large as From the accounts of the early explorers it anv known for modern sunflowers, so it seems is possible to map roughly the area of cultiva- likely that the sunflower was fully developed tion of the sunflower in North America as a cultivated plant long before the discovery (fig. 1) in early times. Champlain in 1615 ob- of the New World. The material recovered served the sunflower in cultivation in eastern from Newt Kash Hollow Shelter, Kentucky Canada, and it was subsequently observed by (6) is of particular interest in that the small others in the northeastern area. In addition to size of the heads (fig. 3) and achenes sug- its use for food, the sunflower seed was a gests a rather primitive type of the cultivated source of oil which was used for cooking, plant which may represent one of the stages annointing the hair, and as a base for various through which the sunflower passed before it pigments which were painted on the face and reached the single large headed condition. At body. The mention of the sunflower in the most of the sites the sunflowers are found with creation myth of the Onondago along with maize, but it is possible that the sunflower was other cultivated plants might indicate long in cultivation before the Indians had maize usage of the plant. 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