GLACIATION in SNOWDONIA by Paul Sheppard
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1 Recognising Glacial Features. Examine the Illustrations of Glacial Landforms That Are Shown on This Page and on the Next Page
1 Recognising glacial features. Examine the illustrations of glacial landforms that are shown on this C page and on the next page. In Column 1 of the grid provided write the names of the glacial D features that are labelled A–L. In Column 2 indicate whether B each feature is formed by glacial erosion of by glacial deposition. A In Column 3 indicate whether G each feature is more likely to be found in an upland or in a lowland area. E F 1 H K J 2 I 24 Chapter 6 L direction of boulder clay ice flow 3 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 A Arête Erosion Upland B Tarn (cirque with tarn) Erosion Upland C Pyramidal peak Erosion Upland D Cirque Erosion Upland E Ribbon lake Erosion Upland F Glaciated valley Erosion Upland G Hanging valley Erosion Upland H Lateral moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) I Frontal moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) J Medial moraine Deposition Lowland (upland also accepted) K Fjord Erosion Upland L Drumlin Deposition Lowland 2 In the boxes provided, match each letter in Column X with the number of its pair in Column Y. One pair has been completed for you. COLUMN X COLUMN Y A Corrie 1 Narrow ridge between two corries A 4 B Arête 2 Glaciated valley overhanging main valley B 1 C Fjord 3 Hollow on valley floor scooped out by ice C 5 D Hanging valley 4 Steep-sided hollow sometimes containing a lake D 2 E Ribbon lake 5 Glaciated valley drowned by rising sea levels E 3 25 New Complete Geography Skills Book 3 (a) Landform of glacial erosion Name one feature of glacial erosion and with the aid of a diagram explain how it was formed. -
Snowdonia & North Wales
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Snowdonia & North Wales Includes ¨ Why Go? Ruthin . 724 Rugged mountain trails, historic train lines, World Heritage Llangollen . 725 castles and rejuvenated seaside towns ensure North Wales Snowdonia holds its own against attractions down south. The region National Park . 728 is dominated by Snowdonia National Park, where mighty Blaenau Ffestiniog . 735 peaks scrape moody skies. Protected by such a formidable mountain shield, it’s little Snowdon . 739 wonder that the less-visited Llŷn Peninsula and the ancient Porthmadog . 743 island enclave of Anglesey have retained their traditional Caernarfon . 747 language and culture. Bangor . 748 In fact, the whole region feels properly Welsh: you’ll hear Conwy . 750 the language on the street, see the Celtic legacy in the land- scape, and soak up the cultural pride in galleries, museums Llandudno . 752 and attractions, all the way from the beaches of the North Beaumaris . 756 Coast to the river- threaded heartland of northeast Wales. In Holyhead . 757 many ways, North Wales distills the very essence of Welsh- ness – just don’t mention that to the folks in Cardiff. Best Places to Eat When to Go ¨ ¨ Blas (p748) May is the driest month and Llandudno celebrates the warming weather with its Victorian Extravaganza festival. ¨ Soul Food (p734) ¨ May to September arguably gives you the best hiking ¨ Osteria (p748) weather, but the warmest months – July and August – bring ¨ Coconut Kitchen (p745) crowds. ¨ Tyddyn Llan (p728) ¨ The Snowdon train runs to the summit between Easter and November. ¨ In July you can shuttle between the beaches and Best Places to Llangollen’s International Musical Eisteddfod and Fringe Sleep Festival. -
Core Management Plan Including Conservation Objectives
CYNGOR CEFN GWLAD CYMRU COUNTRYSIDE COUNCIL FOR WALES CORE MANAGEMENT PLAN INCLUDING CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES FOR Coedydd Aber SAC Version: 1- Julie Creer Date: February 2008 Approved by: NR Thomas 31st March 2008 More detailed maps of management units can be provided on request. A Welsh version of all or part of this document can be made available on request. CONTENTS Preface: Purpose of this document 1. Vision for the Site 2. Site Description 2.1 Area and Designations Covered by this Plan 2.2 Outline Description 2.3 Outline of Past and Current Management 2.4 Management Units 3. The Special Features 3.1 Confirmation of Special Features 3.2 Special Features and Management Units 4. Conservation Objectives 4.1 Background to Conservation Objectives 4.2 Conservation Objective for Feature 1: 4.2.1 Old sessile Oakwoods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles (91A0). 4.3 Conservation Objective for Feature 2: 4.3.1 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno – Padion Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) (91E0). 5. Assessment of Conservation Status and Management Requirements: 5.1 Conservation Status and Management Requirements of Feature 1: 5.1.1 Old sessile Oakwoods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles (91A0). 5.2 Conservation Status and Management Requirements of Feature 2: 5.2.1 Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno – Padion Alnion incanae, Salicion albae) (91E0). 6. Action Plan: Summary 7. Glossary 8. References PREFACE This document provides the main elements of CCW’s management plan for the site named. It sets out what needs to be achieved on the site, the results of monitoring and advice on the action required. -
Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: a Study of a Jökul- Hlaup from the Western Skaftá Cauldron in the Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland
Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: A study of a jökul- hlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland Bergur Einarsson, Veðurstofu Íslands Skýrsla VÍ 2009-006 Jökulhlaups in Skaftá: A study of jökul- hlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland Bergur Einarsson Skýrsla Veðurstofa Íslands +354 522 60 00 VÍ 2009-006 Bústaðavegur 9 +354 522 60 06 ISSN 1670-8261 150 Reykjavík [email protected] Abstract Fast-rising jökulhlaups from the geothermal subglacial lakes below the Skaftá caul- drons in Vatnajökull emerge in the Skaftá river approximately every year with 45 jökulhlaups recorded since 1955. The accumulated volume of flood water was used to estimate the average rate of water accumulation in the subglacial lakes during the last decade as 6 Gl (6·106 m3) per month for the lake below the western cauldron and 9 Gl per month for the eastern caul- dron. Data on water accumulation and lake water composition in the western cauldron were used to estimate the power of the underlying geothermal area as ∼550 MW. For a jökulhlaup from the Western Skaftá cauldron in September 2006, the low- ering of the ice cover overlying the subglacial lake, the discharge in Skaftá and the temperature of the flood water close to the glacier margin were measured. The dis- charge from the subglacial lake during the jökulhlaup was calculated using a hypso- metric curve for the subglacial lake, estimated from the form of the surface cauldron after jökulhlaups. The maximum outflow from the lake during the jökulhlaup is esti- mated as 123 m3 s−1 while the maximum discharge of jökulhlaup water at the glacier terminus is estimated as 97 m3 s−1. -
Is Wales' Highest Mountain the Perfect Starter Peak for Kids?
SNOWDON FOR ALL CHILD’S PLAY Is Wales’ highest mountain the perfect starter peak for kids? We sent a rock star to find out... WORDS & PHOTOGRAPHS PHOEBE SMITH ver half a million an ideal first mountain for kids visitors a year would to climb. Naturally, we wanted to suggest the cat is well put that theory to the test, so we and truly out of the went in search of an adventurous bag with Snowdon. family looking for their first taste Arguably, it’s the perfect of proper mountain walking. We mountain for walkers. weren’t expecting that search to Undeniably, it’s one of lead us to a BBC radio presenter OEurope’s most spectacular. This is who also happened to be the lead a peak of extraordinary, unrivalled singer of a multi-million-selling versatility, one that’s historically 1990s rock band. But that’s been used as a training ground exactly what happened. for Everest-bound mountaineers, The message arrived quite but also one where you could unexpectedly one Wednesday achievably stroll with your afternoon. Scanning through my children to the summit. emails, it was a pretty normal day. Then I saw it, the There are no fewer than 10 recognised ways one that stood out above the rest. The subject line to walk or scramble to Snowdon’s pyramidal read: ‘SNOWDONIA – February half-term?’ 1085m top. The beginner-friendly Llanberis Path The message was from Cerys Matthews, the offers the most pedestrian ascent; the South Ridge former frontwoman of rock band Catatonia and holds the key to the mountain’s secret back door; a current BBC Radio 6 Music presenter, who I’d while the notoriously nerve-zapping and razor-sharp accompanied on a wild camping trip a few months ridgeline of Crib Goch is reserved for those with a earlier. -
NLCA06 Snowdonia - Page 1 of 12
National Landscape Character 31/03/2014 NLCA06 Snowdonia Eryri – Disgrifiad cryno Dyma fro eang, wledig, uchel, sy’n cyd-ffinio’n fras â Pharc Cenedlaethol Eryri. Ei nodwedd bennaf yw ei mynyddoedd, o ba rai yr Wyddfa yw mynydd uchaf Cymru a Lloegr, yn 3560’ (1085m) o uchder. Mae’r mynyddoedd eraill yn cynnwys y Carneddau a’r Glyderau yn y gogledd, a’r Rhinogydd a Chadair Idris yn y de. Yma ceir llawer o fryndir mwyaf trawiadol y wlad, gan gynnwys pob un o gopaon Cymru sy’n uwch na 3,000 o droedfeddi. Mae llawer o nodweddion rhewlifol, gan gynnwys cribau llymion, cymoedd, clogwyni, llynnoedd (gan gynnwys Llyn Tegid, llyn mwyaf Cymru), corsydd, afonydd a rhaeadrau. Mae natur serth y tir yn gwneud teithio’n anodd, a chyfyngir mwyafrif y prif ffyrdd i waelodion dyffrynnoedd a thros fylchau uchel. Yn ddaearegol, mae’n ardal amrywiol, a fu â rhan bwysig yn natblygiad cynnar gwyddor daeareg. Denodd sylw rhai o sylfaenwyr yr wyddor, gan gynnwys Charles Darwin, a archwiliodd yr ardal ym 1831. Y mae ymhell, fodd bynnag, o fod yn ddim ond anialdir uchel. Am ganrifoedd, bu’r ardal yn arwydd ysbryd a rhyddid y wlad a’i phobl. Sefydlwyd bwrdeistrefi Dolgellau a’r Bala yng nghyfnod annibyniaeth Cymru cyn y goresgyniad Eingl-normanaidd. Felly, hefyd, llawer o aneddiadau llai ond hynafol fel Dinas Mawddwy. O’i ganolfan yn y Bala, dechreuodd y diwygiad Methodistaidd ar waith trawsffurfio Cymru a’r ffordd Gymreig o fyw yn y 18fed ganrif a’r 19eg. Y Gymraeg yw iaith mwyafrif y trigolion heddiw. -
Getting a Grip on Litter: a Charity's Perspective
Getting a grip on litter: a charity’s perspective John Harold Cymdeithas Eryri the Snowdonia Society Getting a grip on litter: a charity's perspective. • Whose litter and whose problem? • Picking up the pieces and behaviour change • gaps in data & novel approaches Whose litter?...and whose problem? Whose litter? Monitro Ymwelwyr PCE 2013 - Cymhariaeth o 450000 holl lwybrau'r ucheldir 400000 SNP Visitor Monitoring 2013 - All upland paths annual comparison 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 449327 100000 50000 123192 49240 0 Cadair Idris Ogwen & Idwal Yr Wyddfa / Snowdon Whose problem? Whose problem? Picking up the pieces and behaviour change • Snowdon Tidy Partnership • Snowdonia Society, Snowdonia National Park Authority, Natural Resources Wales, National Trust, Bangor University, RAW Adventures, mountain railway etc • Runs on 100% pure goodwill • ‘Action Research’ approach • Co-ordinated efforts on clean-up work – wardens, volunteer wardens, volunteers, outdoor activities leaders • Practical work, research, innovation, and behaviour change intervention Linking people to litter • Quantity • Distribution • Type • Quantity of litter = Number of people x Quantity of ‘waste’ carried mean ‘Behaviour factor’ • Behaviour factor = Experience x Awareness x Leadership x Memory prompts x Environmental stimulus x Waste facilities x Conditions x …..! Gaps in data & understanding • Jigsaw puzzle with most pieces still missing • Real costs of litter – including to charities like Snowdonia Society • Is the mountain environment different? • Is it getting -
Biodiversity Research Briefing
Welsh Parliament Senedd Research Biodiversity Research Briefing August 2021 research.senedd.wales/ The Welsh Parliament is the democratically elected body that represents the interests of Wales and its people. Commonly known as the Senedd, it makes laws for Wales, agrees Welsh taxes and holds the Welsh Government to account. An electronic copy of this document can be found on the Senedd’s website: research.senedd.wales Copies of this document can also be obtained in accessible formats including Braille, large print, audio or hard copy from: Welsh Parliament Tŷ Hywel Cardiff Bay CF99 1SN Tel: 0300 200 7174 Email: [email protected] Twitter: @SeneddResearch Senedd Research: research.senedd.wales © Senedd Commission Copyright 2021 The text of this document may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading or derogatory context. The material must be acknowledged as copyright of the Senedd Commission and the title of the document specified. Welsh Parliament Senedd Research Biodiversity Research Briefing August 2021 Authors: Matthias Noebels, Sara Moran and Katy Orford Senedd Research acknowledges the parliamentary fellowship provided to Matthias Noebels by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council which enabled this Research Briefing to be completed. research.senedd.wales/ Biodiversity: Research Briefing Contents Summary ...............................................................................................1 Introduction........................................................................................ -
Analysis of Groundwater Flow Beneath Ice Sheets
SE0100146 Technical Report TR-01-06 Analysis of groundwater flow beneath ice sheets Boulton G S, Zatsepin S, Maillot B University of Edinburgh Department of Geology and Geophysics March 2001 Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co Box 5864 SE-102 40 Stockholm Sweden Tel 08-459 84 00 +46 8 459 84 00 Fax 08-661 57 19 +46 8 661 57 19 32/ 23 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK Analysis of groundwater flow beneath ice sheets Boulton G S, Zatsepin S, Maillot B University of Edinburgh Department of Geology and Geophysics March 2001 This report concerns a study which was conducted for SKB. The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of the client. Summary The large-scale pattern of subglacial groundwater flow beneath European ice sheets was analysed in a previous report /Boulton and others, 1999/. It was based on a two- dimensional flowline model. In this report, the analysis is extended to three dimensions by exploring the interactions between groundwater and tunnel flow. A theory is develop- ed which suggests that the large-scale geometry of the hydraulic system beneath an ice sheet is a coupled, self-organising system. In this system the pressure distribution along tunnels is a function of discharge derived from basal meltwater delivered to tunnels by groundwater flow, and the pressure along tunnels itself sets the base pressure which determines the geometry of catchments and flow towards the tunnel. -
Ice-Stream Flow Switching by Up-Ice Propagation of Instabilities Along Glacial Marginal Troughs
Ice-stream flow switching by up-ice propagation of instabilities along glacial marginal troughs Etienne Brouard1* & Patrick Lajeunesse1 5 1 Centre d’études nordiques & Département de géographie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Correspondence to: Etienne Brouard ([email protected]) Abstract. Ice stream networks constitute the arteries of ice sheets through which large volumes of glacial ice are rapidly delivered from the continent to the ocean. Modifications in ice stream networks have a major impact on ice sheets mass balance and global sea level. Reorganizations in the drainage network of ice streams have been reported in both modern and palaeo- 10 ice sheets and usually result in ice streams switching their trajectory and/or shutting down. While some hypotheses for the reorganization of ice streams have been proposed, the mechanisms that control the switching of ice streams remain poorly understood and documented. Here, we interpret a flow switch in an ice stream system that occurred prior to the last glaciation on the northeastern Baffin Island shelf (Arctic Canada) through glacial erosion of a marginal trough, i.e., deep parallel-to-coast bedrock moats located up-ice of a cross-shelf trough. Shelf geomorphology imaged by high-resolution swath bathymetry and 15 seismostratigraphic data in the area indicate the extension of ice streams from Scott and Hecla & Griper troughs towards the interior of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Up-ice propagation of ice streams through a marginal trough is interpreted to have led to the piracy of the neighboring ice catchment that in turn induced an adjacent ice stream flow switch and shutdown. -
Glacier Mass Balance Bulletin No. 11 (2008–2009)
GLACIER MASS BALANCE BULLETIN Bulletin No. 11 (2008–2009) A contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) as part of the Global Terrestrial/Climate Observing System (GTOS/GCOS), the Division of Early Warning and Assessment and the Global Environment Outlook as part of the United Nations Environment Programme (DEWA and GEO, UNEP) and the International Hydrological Programme (IHP, UNESCO) Compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) ICSU (WDS) – IUGG (IACS) – UNEP – UNESCO – WMO 2011 GLACIER MASS BALANCE BULLETIN Bulletin No. 11 (2008–2009) A contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) as part of the Global Terrestrial/Climate Observing System (GTOS/GCOS), the Division of Early Warning and Assessment and the Global Environment Outlook as part of the United Nations Environment Programme (DEWA and GEO, UNEP) and the International Hydrological Programme (IHP, UNESCO) Compiled by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) Edited by Michael Zemp, Samuel U. Nussbaumer, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Martin Hoelzle, Frank Paul, Wilfried Haeberli World Glacier Monitoring Service Department of Geography University of Zurich Switzerland ICSU (WDS) – IUGG (IACS) – UNEP – UNESCO – WMO 2011 Imprint World Glacier Monitoring Service c/o Department of Geography University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland http://www.wgms.ch [email protected] Editorial Board Michael Zemp Department of Geography, University of Zurich Samuel U. Nussbaumer Department of Geography, University of Zurich -
1 Andrews Glacier in August 2016 Tyndall Glacier Lidar Scan in May
Final Report for “Glacier and perennial snowfield mass balance of Rocky Mountain National Park (ROMO): Past, Present, and Future” Task Agreement Number P16AC00826 PI Dr. Daniel McGrath June 28, 2019 Department of Geosciences Colorado State University [email protected] Andrews Glacier in August 2016 Tyndall Glacier LiDAR scan in May 2016 1 Summary of Key Project Outcomes • Over the past ~50 years, geodetic glacier mass balances for four glaciers along the Front Range have been highly variable; for example, Tyndall Glacier thickened slightly, while Arapaho Glacier thinned by >20 m. These glaciers are closely located in space (~30 km) and hence the regional climate forcing is comparable. This variability points to the important role of local topographic/climatological controls (such as wind-blown snow redistribution and topographic shading) on the mass balance of these very small glaciers (~0.1-0.2 km2). • Since 2001, glacier area (for 11 glaciers on the Front Range) has varied ± 40%, with changes most commonly driven by interannual variability in seasonal snow. However, between 2001 and 2017, the glaciers exhibited limited net change in area. Previous work (Hoffman et al., 2007) found that glacier area had started to decline starting in ~2000. • Seasonal mass turnover is very high for Andrews and Tyndall glaciers. On average, the glaciers gain and lose ~9 m of elevation each year. Such extraordinary amounts of snow accumulation is primarily the result of wind-blown snow redistribution into these basins (and to a certain degree, avalanching at Tyndall Glacier) and exceeds observed peak snow water equivalent at a nearby SNOTEL station by 5.5 times.