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State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 4, St State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 4, St. Lawrence Seaway, Montreal to Anticosti, Québec Scott A. Ryan¹, Gary Wohlgeschaffen¹, Nusrat Jahan¹, Haibo Niu², Alice C. Ortmann¹, Trevor N. Brown¹, Thomas L. King¹, and Jason Clyburne³ ¹Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2 ²Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 ³Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 2019 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3176 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribution is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Manuscript reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. Manuscript reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-900 in this series were issued as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Biological Board of Canada, and subsequent to 1937 when the name of the Board was changed by Act of Parliament, as Manuscript Reports (Biological Series) of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 1426 - 1550 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Manuscript Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 1551. Rapport manuscrit canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports manuscrits contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui traitent de problèmes nationaux ou régionaux. La distribution en est limitée aux organismes et aux personnes de régions particulières du Canada. II n'y a aucune restriction quant au sujet; de fait, la série reflète la vaste gamme des intérêts et des politiques de Pêches et Océans Canada, c'est-à-dire les sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. Les rapports manuscrits peuvent être cités comme des publications à part entière. Le titre exact figure au-dessus du résumé de chaque rapport. Les rapports manuscrits sont résumés dans la base de données Résumés des sciences aquatiques et halieutiques. Les rapports manuscrits sont produits à l'échelon régional, mais numérotés à l'échelon national. Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l'établissement auteur dont le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les numéros 1 à 900 de cette série ont été publiés à titre de Manuscrits (série biologique) de l'Office de biologie du Canada, et après le changement de la désignation de cet organisme par décret du Parlement, en 1937, ont été classés comme Manuscrits (série biologique) de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 901 à 1425 ont été publiés à titre de Rapports manuscrits de l'Office des recherches sur les pêcheries du Canada. Les numéros 1426 à 1550 sont parus à titre de Rapports manuscrits du Service des pêches et de la mer, ministère des Pêches et de l'Environnement. Le nom actuel de la série a été établi lors de la parution du numéro 1551. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3176 2019 State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 4, St. Lawrence Seaway, Montreal to Anticosti, Québec by Scott A. Ryan1, Gary Wohlgeschaffen1, Nusrat Jahan1, Haibo Niu2, Alice C. Ortmann1, Trevor N. Brown1, Thomas L. King1, and Jason Clyburne3 1. Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2 2. Department of Engineering, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 3. Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2019 Cat. No. Fs97-4/3176E-PDF ISBN 978-0-660-30896-8 ISSN 1488-5387 Correct citation for this publication: Ryan, S.A., Wohlgeschaffen, G., Jahan, N., Niu, H., Ortmann, A.C., Brown, T.N., King, T.L., and Clyburne, J. 2019. State of Knowledge on Fate and Behaviour of Ship-Source Petroleum Product Spills: Volume 4, St. Lawrence Seaway, Montreal to Anticosti, Québec. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 3176: viii + 42 p. ii CONTENTS Abstract .......................................................................................................................... vii Résumé ......................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 2 Hydrography ......................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Bathymetry ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2 Circulation ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Tides ............................................................................................................... 14 2.4 Watershed ...................................................................................................... 17 2.5 Salinity, Water Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen ...................................... 22 3 Climate ............................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Temperature and Precipitation ........................................................................ 28 3.2 Wind and Waves ............................................................................................. 29 4 Past Oil Spills ..................................................................................................... 32 4.1 Irving Whale .................................................................................................... 33 4.2 NEPCO 140 .................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Richelieu ......................................................................................................... 34 4.4 Tanker Truck ................................................................................................... 34 4.5 Tugboat ........................................................................................................... 34 4.6 Longueuil Diesel Spill ...................................................................................... 35 5 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 36 6 References ......................................................................................................... 37 iii FIGURES Figure 1. Saint Lawrence River study area ..................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Sections of the St. Lawrence (St. Lawrence Centre 1993) ............................... 3 Figure 3. Bathymetry of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dunbar et al. 1980) ........................... 4 Figure 4. Environmental sensitivity indices in regions of the St. Lawrence River (Houston et al. 2013) ............................................................................................ 5 Figure 5. The fluvial estuary (St. Lawrence Centre 1996b) ............................................. 7 Figure 6. Upper estuary and Saguenay River (St. Lawrence Centre 1996a) .................. 8 Figure 7. Bathymetry of the upper estuary (St. Lawrence Centre 1991) ......................... 9 Figure 8. Upper and lower estuaries (Bourgault 2001) .................................................. 10 Figure 9. The lower estuary and Gulf (St. Lawrence Centre 1996b) ............................. 11 Figure 10. Current profiles in the Northern Passage at Ile-aux-Lièvres (1) 1 h before high water, (2) 2 h after high water, (3) 3 h after high water, (4) 2 h before low water, (5) 3 h after lower water (Bourgault et al. 2001) ..................... 13 Figure 11. Currents in the lower estuary and Gulf (St. Lawrence Centre 1991) ............ 14 Figure 12. Variations in the tide range in the St. Lawrence (St. Lawrence Centre 1996b) ................................................................................................................ 15 Figure 13. Modification of the tide wave between Sainte-Anne des-Monts and Montreal (Godin 1979) ........................................................................................ 16 Figure 14. Mean monthly flow of the St. Lawrence at Québec City in black, and 1981-2010 monthly climatologies plus and minus one-half standard deviation in blue (Galbraith et al. 2014a) ............................................................ 18 Figure 15. Annual mean flow of the St. Lawrence River at Québec City and of the sum of all rivers flowing into the estuary with the 1981-2010 climatological means as horizontal lines and on the right side of the scorecards.
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