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Faunal Exploitation During the Middle to Late Period Transition on Santa Cruz Island, Cali­ Fornia

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Faunal Exploitation During the Middle to Late Period Transition on Santa Cruz Island, Cali­ Fornia Joumal of Califomia and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 93-120(1995). Faunal Exploitation During the Middle to Late Period Transition on Santa Cruz Island, Cali­ fornia ROGER H. COLTEN, Dept. of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560. This paper presents the analysis of faunal remains from four sites on the west end of Santa Cruz Island, California; a discussion of other Channel Island subsistence data; and a comparison across the three broad ecological zones of the Santa Barbara Channel area: the islands, the mainland coast, and the interior regions. The faunal analysis indicates that the inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island relied almost exclusively on marine resources, with terrestrial mammals and birds contributing relatively little to the animal portion of the diet. These data also demonstrate the increasing importance offish through time, with marine fish being the most important animal resource in all three ecological zones during the Late Period. New information on ancient sea temperature for the period from approximately A.D. 1150 to 1300 indicates environmental change during that time period. Some of this information was derived from analysis offish otoliths, a new method that may have broader application in coastal areas. These data support models that invoke environmental change as a factor in prehistoric cultural evolution in the Santa Barbara area, but do not indicate a major decline in marine productivity during the Middle to Late Period transition. L HE Chumash Indians of the Santa Barbara evaluate the subsistence strategies of Native Channel region of southern California and their American people living in that zone. prehistoric predecessors practiced a hunting and The broad patterns of prehistoric subsistence gathering subsistence pattern that varied across in the Santa Barbara region have been known for three broad ecological zones: the northern many years. Early researchers, such as Rogers Channel Islands, the mainland coast, and the in­ (1929) and Olson (1930), noted the terrestrial terior regions (Landberg 1965). During later orientation of early sites and the greater prehistoric and ethnohistoric times, the Chumash visibility of fish remains and fishing technology practiced a distinctly marine-oriented subsistence in later prehistoric sites. In recent years, economy on the northern Channel Islands and systematic screening of archaeological deposits along the mainland coast, while the economies and more sophisticated dietary reconstmctions of the interior regions were focused more on ter­ have led to a more refined understanding of restrial resources. Most of the archaeological changes through time in subsistence. During the research conducted in the region has been con­ early Holocene, Native Californians of the Santa centrated in the mainland coastal zone due to the Barbara area relied on a diet of plant foods, high visibility of large middens, the focus of shellfish, and a few vertebrates (Erlandson et al. cultural resource management archaeology in 1988; Erlandson and Colten 1991; Erlandson this more developed zone, and the relative 1994). Towards the end of the Early Period, inaccessibility of the offshore islands. Until acorns were added to the diet, and the Middle recently, little quantified faunal information from through Late periods were characterized by the northern Channel Islands was available to increasing reliance on marine animal resources, 94 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY particularly fish. A frequently cited explanation faunal data from all three zones. Until the for the increasing reliance on fish is Glassow's completion of the current analysis, few quanti­ (1975) model in which rising population density fied faunal studies incorporating all major led to expanded exploitation of marine habitats. classes of fauna were available from the islands, The transition from the Middle to Late limiting regional scale analysis. periods has been the focus of much archaeo­ This paper presents the recendy completed logical research because many scholars believe analysis of faunal remains from four sites on the this is when complex social organization de­ west end of Santa Cmz Island, a discussion of veloped in the Santa Barbara Channel region. other Channel Island subsistence data, and a Additionally, there is clear evidence for comparison across the three broad ecological economic changes, including the development of zones of the islands, the mainland coast, and the craft specialization, during this period (Arnold interior regions. Additionally, new information 1987, 1991, 1992; Arnold and Munns 1994). is presented on ancient sea temperature for the Arnold (1992) argued that under conditions of period from approximately A.D. 1150 to 1300, high population density, people on Santa Cmz a period of cultural and environmental change in Island were confronted with severe fluctuations the Santa Barbara area. This new information is in environmental conditions that reduced the derived from analysis of fish otoliths, a new reliabdity of food resources. In response to method that may have broader application in these conditions, the islanders increased control coastal areas. The information on paleoenviron­ over microdrill and shell bead production on the ment is particularly relevant for evaluating island and intensified exchange for food with the models of culture change that invoke climatic adjacent mainland. Control over resources and stimuli. labor, perhaps by polidcally opportunistic THE STUDY AREA individuals, led to significant differences in status (Arnold 1992, 1993). The new organiza­ The archaeological material discussed here tional relationships remained in place after the was recovered from several sites on Santa Cmz return to relatively normal environmental Island, the largest and most ecologically diverse conditions. Studies of mortuary variability of the four northern Charmel Islands (Fig. 1). (King 1969, 1982; Martz 1984, 1992) and phys­ Santa Cmz Island is approximately 249 km.^ (96 ical anthropology (Walker 1986, 1989; Walker mi.-) of rugged, mountainous terrain, receiving and Lambert 1989; Lambert and Walker 1991) an average of 500 mm. of rain per year (Min- also indicate a late emergence of complexity. In nich 1980:123). The vegetation and native contrast. King (1990) believed that social animal population on the island are similar to the complexity developed near the end of the Early adjacent mainland, although there are fewer Period without an environmental stimulus. plant and animal species on the islands (Minnich Despite broad trends in subsistence for the 1980). Plant foods that were economically coastal and island regions, there is considerable useful to the native inhabitants of the island intersite variability related to local environmental include acorns (primarily from the coast live oak conditions (e.g., Glassow and Wilcoxon 1988), [Quercus agrifolia]), brodaeia bulbs {Dichelo- and the people of the interior regions apparently stemmapulchellum), seeds, and numerous others were never as reliant on marine resources as (Timbrook 1984, 1993). people from the islands and mainland coast. In The terrestrial fauna of the island is very order to understand the broad patterns of sub­ limited. The largest native mammal is the Santa sistence, it is important to examine quantified Cmz Island fox {Urocyon littoralis), which is FAUNAL EXPLOITATION ON SANTA CRUZ ISLAND 95 O San Luis Obispo OLompoc _Q£aviota vSanta Barbara I Northem Channel Islands Malibu San Miguel I. ^^ Anacapal. •30 miles Santa Cruz I. •40 km Santa Rosa I. PACIFIC OCEAN Fig. 1. Location of the study area. about the size of a small house cat. Other fauna coast from San Luis Obisbo to Malibu, including include the spotted skunk, nine species of bats, the northern Channel Islands and the interior re­ and a few reptiles (Collins MS). Birds are quite gions. The Chumash are known for their com­ abundant, particularly seabirds, and about 60 plex material culUire, including beautiful bird species nest on the island (Collins MS). basketry and elaborate rock art, as well as so­ Several taxa of marine mammals inhabit the cial, economic, and political organization that surrounding waters, and the marine fishery is was highly complex for a hunter-gatherer group particularly productive. The mgged coastline (Landberg 1965; Blackburn 1976; Johnson includes both rocky and sandy habitats, sup­ 1988). Some of the characteristics that identify porting a diverse array of shellfish and fish. the Chumash as a simple chiefdom include her­ The ethnohistoric inhabitants of Santa Cruz editary leadership, a two-tier settlement hier­ Island were the Chumash (Johnson 1982), one of archy, economic and religious integration of a the most complex hunter-gatherer societies in broad region, craft and occupational specializa­ California. Current data indicate that the island tion, and high population size and density. was occupied since about 8,000 B.P. (Glassow THE SANTA CRUZ ISLAND 1980), and the contact era population exceeded ARCHAEOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS 1,500 individuals (Johnson 1982:110-114). The name Chumash refers to a series of related The faunal collections discussed in this paper polities located along the southern California were recovered from four sites as part of Jeanne 96 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY Arnold's Santa Cruz Island Archaeological Pro­ exceeds 10 kg. m.' in Late Period levels, and ject (Arnold 1991. 1992); CA-SCRI-330,
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