Introjection and Dissociative Identity Disorder: a Case Report
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Attachment Styles and Use of Defense Mechanisms: a Study of the Adult Attachment Projective and Cramer's Defense Mechanism Scale
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2006 Attachment Styles and Use of Defense Mechanisms: A Study of the Adult Attachment Projective and Cramer's Defense Mechanism Scale Paul Matthew Hoffman University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Hoffman, Paul Matthew, "Attachment Styles and Use of Defense Mechanisms: A Study of the Adult Attachment Projective and Cramer's Defense Mechanism Scale. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2006. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4254 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Paul Matthew Hoffman entitled "Attachment Styles and Use of Defense Mechanisms: A Study of the Adult Attachment Projective and Cramer's Defense Mechanism Scale." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Philosophy. Leonard Handler, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend -
The Sabotaging of Introjects: Thoughts About Processing Introjects in Gestalt Therapy in a Changing Culture Hans Peter Dreitzel, Phd [email protected]
The Sabotaging of Introjects: Thoughts about Processing Introjects in Gestalt Therapy in a Changing Culture Hans Peter Dreitzel, PhD [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article presents a clarification of the significance of the concepts of introjection and introject in Gestalt therapy and some suggestions as to how they can be processed in therapy. The author presents the thesis that the “royal road” to processing the natural but unconscious sabotage of introjections is to support them therapeutically. Based on some sociological observations about the present state of our Western civilization, he emphasizes the importance of differentiating between neurotic introjections and healthy internalizations. Keywords: introjection, introject, internalization, values, standards of civilization I. The Difference between Introjection and Assimilation Introjection and projection are the two terms of the contacting process that the founders of Gestalt therapy adopted from Freudian psychoanalysis, in which they were originally trained. They integrated them into the theoretical framework of their new form of psychotherapy using them for defining two types of interrupting the contacting process between individuals and their environments. In the Gestalt approach neurotic contact interruptions were seen as processes that occur at the contact boundary. Perls, Hefferline, and Goodman (1994, 32–35; hereafter PHG) focus at first on the process of introjection rather than on its result, the introjects. The basic idea is that the human organism, which is always embedded in its environment and dependent on exchange with that environment, has to take into itself material objects (e.g., food) and symbolic objects (e.g., language) if it wants to survive. If this process of incorporation is to lead to an enrichment and strengthening of the psychophysical organism, that is, if it is to be assimilated, it must involve the destruction of the gestalt of the object encountered. -
Defense Mechanism Towards Social Anxiety As Reflected by the Main Character in Palacio’S Wonder
DEFENSE MECHANISM TOWARDS SOCIAL ANXIETY AS REFLECTED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN PALACIO’S WONDER Final Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature by Crystal Tanjaya Kusuma Dewi 221145038 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG 2020 ii iii MOTTO AND DEDICATION While we are at the lowest point of our lives, we have three choices. Giving up, staying stuck or moving on. This final project is dedicated to My beloved family My one and only self My friends in ups and downs and those who have inspired and encouraged me over past few years iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The first and foremost, all praises are to Allah SWT the Almighty, the Most Gracious, and the Merciful for His endless blessing, grant, mercy, and grace. With His permission, this final project can be finished by passing through ups and downs. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Fatma Hetami S.S., M.Hum., for the guidance, patience, encouragement, and never-ended worthwhile advice during the process of writing until the completion of this final project. It absolutely has created such a meaningful experience for me to learn more things about the unknown. My appreciation and gratitude is also dedicated to the Head of English Department, the Head of English Literature Program, all lecturers and staffs for helping me particularly upon administration concerns. Last but not least, I am grateful for prayers and supports in a term of finance and motivation from my family in finishing this final project. -
Depressive and Self-Defeating Personalities
Depressive and Self-Defeating Patients Nancy McWilliams, PhD, ABPP Rutgers Graduate School of Applied & Professional Psychology Depressive personality does not equate with depressive illness It is a more chronic, low-grade tendency toward feeling guilty or inadequate, feelings that go with cognitions explaining painful life experiences in terms of personal malfeasance or failure. One can have a depressive personality and never have had a significant depressive episode. In fact . It appears to be the most common personality type among psychotherapists (Hyde, 2009) Depression versus normal grief: In normal grief states: In depressive episodes: There is a clear loss or rejection. The precipitant may be unclear. The world seems bad or empty. The self seems bad or empty. The painful feelings come in waves; The painful feelings are chronic and between the waves there is normal unremitting. mood. There is no sense of a capacity to improve one’s mood (cf. Seligman’s “learned helplessness”) Depressive and self-defeating personality disorders are not in the DSM or the ICD taxonomies The decision not to include them, despite evidence that depressive- masochistic personality (Kernberg, 1984) is the most common kind of personality disorder, resulted from political rather than scientific factors. The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, which tries to reflect both accrued clinical experience and research, does have a category for depressive personality styles and disorders, with hypomanic and self-defeating variants. Diagnosis for clinical -
Investigating Correlations Between Defence Mechanisms and Pathological Personality Characteristics
rev colomb psiquiat. 2019;48(4):232–243 www.elsevier.es/rcp Artículo original Investigating Correlations Between Defence Mechanisms and Pathological Personality Characteristics Lucas de Francisco Carvalho ∗, Ana Maria Reis, Giselle Pianowski Department of Psicology, Universidade São Francisco, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between defence Received 4 October 2017 mechanisms and pathological personality traits. Accepted 10 January 2018 Material and methods: We analysed 320 participants aged from 18 to 64 years (70.6% women, Available online 10 February 2018 87.5% university students) who completed the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory (IDCP) and the Defence Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40). We conducted comparisons and cor- Keywords: relations and a regression analysis. Personality disorders Results: The results showed expressive differences (d>1.0) between mature, neurotic and Defence mechanisms immature defence mechanism groups, and it was observed that pathological personality Self-assessment traits are more typical in people who use less mature defence mechanisms (i.e., neurotic and immature), which comprises marked personality profiles for each group, according to the IDCP. We also found correlations between some of the 40 specific mechanisms of the DSQ-40 and the 12 dimensions of pathological personality traits from the IDCP (r ≥ 0.30 to r ≤ 0.43), partially supported by the literature. In addition, we used regression analysis to verify the potential of the IDCP dimension clusters (related to personality disorders) to predict defence mechanisms, revealing some minimally expressive predictive values (between 20% and 35%). Discussion: The results indicate that those who tend to use immature defence mechanisms are also those most likely to present pathological personality traits. -
Defense Mechanisms.Pdf
Defense Mechanisms According to Sigmund Freud, who originated the Defense Mechanism theory, Defense Mechanisms occur when our ego cannot meet the demands of reality. They are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny or distort reality so as to maintain a socially acceptable self-image. Healthy people normally use these mechanisms throughout life. it becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected. The purpose of ego defense mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety and/or social sanctions and/or to provide a refuge from a situation with which one cannot currently cope. Defense mechanisms are unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses In 1977, psychologist George Vaillant took Freud’s theory and built upon it by categorizing them, placing Freud’s mechanisms on a continuum related to their psychoanalytical developmental level. Level 1: Pathological Defenses The mechanisms on this level, when predominating, almost always are severely pathological. These six defense’s, in conjunction, permit one to effectively rearrange external experiences to eliminate the need to cope with reality. The pathological users of these mechanisms frequently appear irrational or insane to others. These are the "psychotic" defense’s, common in overt psychosis. However, they are found in dreams and throughout childhood as well. They include: Delusional Projection: Delusions about external reality, usually of a persecutory nature. Conversion: the expression of an intra-psychic conflict as a physical symptom; some examples include blindness, deafness, paralysis, or numbness. -
Defense Mechanisms
CLINICAL EDUCATION AND INTERVENTIONS FOR DEFENSE STRUCTURES OF CO-OCCURRING POPULATIONS Brian G. Lengfelder LCPC, CAADC, CCJP, SAP, MAC, CSAT, CMAT, ACRPS WHAT CONSTITUTES DEFENSE MECHANISMS • The term ‘defense mechanisms’ was coined over 100 years ago to describe a construct of psychological mechanisms for coping with intrapsychic conflicts. • Defense mechanisms and conflicts are two hypothetical constructs that have remained at the core of psychodynamic approaches to understanding and treating clinical psychopathology. • Defense mechanisms mediate between an individual’s wishes, needs, and affects on the one hand, and both internalized object relations and external reality on the other. Freud, S. The neuro-psychosis of defense, in Strachey, J. (ed.): The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, London, Hogarth, (original work published 1894), 1962, pp. 43-68. DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFINED • Mechanisms that mediate the individual’s reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others (e.g., suppression, denial) may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur. 2013, DSM-5 American Psychiatric Association DEFENSE MECHANISMS DEFINED • Defense mechanisms (or coping styles) are automatic psychological processes that protect the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal or external dangers or stressors. Individuals -
Unit 3 Defence Mechanism
UNIT 3 DEFENCE MECHANISM Contents Objectives Introduction Types of Defence Mechanisms Different Defence Mechanisms Let Us Sum Up Key Words Suggested Readings Answers to Check Your Progress 3.0 OBJECTIVES - This unit will present you a general introduction about defence mechanisms and their features. After its completion you may be able to understand: the nature of defence mechanism; .e types of defence mechanisms; and features of different defence mechanisms. 3.1 INTRODUCTION - - - - All of us, quite often, face environmental or personal obstacles in life which cause anxiety and lead to stress. Psychologists have given different names to stress such as frustration, conflict, pressure etc. To protect ourselves against anxiety and stress, our ego sets up mechanisms which are known as defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms are unrealistic and operate at the unconscious level. While one uses such a mechanism one is unaware of it. Defence mechanisms are not healthy methods to cope with anxiety and stress as they are an unrealistic approach to problems. If defence mecha~lismsare used frequently, they lead tc, serious psychological disorders. The severity of stress depends on individual. personality, situations, contexts, duration, importance, multiplicity of need, strength and quantity of conflicting forces, eminence of anticipated stress, unfamiliarity or suddenness of the problem, perception of a problem, degree of thzeat, stress tolerance of the individual and external resources and supports etc. We experiency stress in our life when we -
Personality Disorders
Ahmad AlHadi, MD Assistant Professor and Consultant in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Case Vignette: Huda is a 25 yr-old single female teacher. She had an episode -of at least 2 weeks duration- of low mood associated with loss of interest, isolation, crying spells, excessive guilt feelings, death wishes, suicidal ideation and reduction in libido. Her mother has history of bipolar disorder and one of her sisters had post-partum psychosis. When she was 20 years, she had an episode of irritable mood, talkativeness, hyperactivities, decrease need for sleep, taking off her clothes in front of her adult brother. It lasted for 3 week. Case Development 2: Premorbidly, she described herself with chronic sense of bordem, and having difficulties to keep friends. Personality Traits Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are stable across time and across situations Considered to be a disorder when Traits are inflexible and maladaptive Cause significant functional impairment and/or distress The Question Are people with personality disorders qualitatively different from people without? OR Are personality disorders simply extreme versions of otherwise normal personality variations? The Answer Personality disorders are probably best thought of as extremes on one or more personality dimensions Three Clusters Cluster A: odd/eccentric Cluster B: dramatic/erratic Cluster C: anxious/fearful Cluster B: Dramatic or Erratic Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Cluster B: Dramatic or Erratic Antisocial Borderline -
Table 5: Defense Mechanisms
TABLE 5: DEFENSE MECHANISMS NARCISSISTIC DEFENSES IMMATURE DEFENSES NEUROTIC DEFENSES MATURE DEFENSES Denial- Negates sensory data to avoid awareness Acting Out- Acts an unconscious impulse or affect Controlling- Manage or regulate environment Altruism- Experiences vicarious pleasure by of painful aspect of reality. Abolishes external to avoid affect. Acting gives into the impulse rather excessively to avoid anxiety. serving others constructively and instinctually. reality. Used in normal and pathological states. than prohibiting it. Avoids the tension of Reaction formation is benign and constructive. postponing expression. Serving others does not take the place of meeting own needs. Distortion- Reshapes external reality to suit inner Blocking- Inhibits thinking temporarily. May Displacement- Shifts an emotion or drive from Anticipation- Anticipates, plans for future inner needs. Beliefs, hallucinations, delusions. Sustains include affects and impulses. Resembles one idea or object to another. Permits symbolic discomfort that is goal directed. Careful planning or feelings of superiority, entitlement. repression, except tension felt. representation of less distress. worrying and premature but realistic affective anticipation of dire and potentially dreadful outcomes. Primitive Idealization- Endows either “all good, Hypocondriasis- Transforms bereavement, Dissociation- Drastically modifies personal Asceticism- Eliminates pleasurable effects of omnipotent” or “all bad,” inflated external objects loneliness, aggressive impulses into self-reproach, identity or character to avoid emotional distress, experiences. Uses morals to assign values to with great power pain, somatic illness. Avoids responsibility, including fugue states, hysterical conversion, DID, specific pleasures. Derives gratification from circumvents guilt. Affliction due to ego-alien nature drug highs, religious joy. renunciation of all consciously-perceived base of introjects. pleasures. Projection- Perceives and reacts to inner qualities Identification- Crucial to ego development. -
Psychoanalytic Theory Used in English Literature: a Descriptive Study by Md
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: G Linguistics & Education Volume 17 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2017 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Psychoanalytic Theory used in English Literature: A Descriptive Study By Md. Mahroof Hossain Z.H. Sikder University of Science & Technology Abstract- Psychoanalysis is one of the modern theories that are used in English literature. It is a theory that is regarded as a theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality that guides psychoanalysis. It is known that the closet connection between literature and psychoanalysis has always been deployed by the academic field of literary criticism or literary theory. Among the critical approaches to literature, the psychoanalysis has been one of the most controversial and for many readers the least appreciated. In spite of that it has been regarded one of the fascinating and rewarding approach in the application of interpretative analysis. This psychological interpretation has become one of the mechanisms to find out the hidden meaning of a literary text. It also helps to explore the innate conglomerate of the writer’s personality as factors that contribute to his experience from birth to the period of writing a book. The goal of psychoanalysis was to show that behaviour which was caused by the interaction between unconscious and unco-nsciousness. The proposed work titled ‘Psychoanalytic theory used in English Literature: A Descriptive Study’ aims to explore where psychoanalysis has been used by the author’s in his/her literary works in English literature. -
Psychological and Pedagogical Features of the Relationship Between Subjective Control and Anxiety of Students in the Practice Of
E3S Web of Conferences 210, 18060 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021018060 ITSE-2020 Psychological and pedagogical features of the relationship between subjective control and anxiety of students in the practice of the educational process of the university Laura Kagermazova1,*, Zarema Masaeva2, Ahmed Azhiev2 and Tsiala Kalmanova2 1Chechen State University, Grozny, 364093, Russia 2Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, 364024, Russia Abstract. The article examines the peculiarities of the relationship between subjective control and anxiety of students of humanitarian and medical specialties of the university, the development of self-regulation and its connection with self-knowledge of students. The purpose of the research is to study the relationship of subjective control and anxiety of participants in the educational process, the relationship of personal characteristics that affect anxiety in students of various specialties. An understanding of the terms anxiety and disquiet in various psychological concepts shown in article. The idea of self-knowledge in this study realized by various specialties of the university in humanitarian and medical. The manifestation of anxiety, self-regulatory mechanisms in the educational process, taking into account the psychological characteristics of students of humanitarian and medical specialties, is considered. Factors of influence on the student's anxiety are determined: strong-willed characteristics, self-knowledge, development of self-regulation, coping strategy. The following research methods were used in the empirical part: the technique "Spielberger-Khanin Scale of Reactive (Situational) and Personal Anxiety," the Plutchik- Kellerman-Conte personal questionnaire "Lifestyle Index," the Zverkov- Adman test questionnaire "Volitional self-diagnosis" as well as methods of mathematical statistics for processing the results.