The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography is a landmark publication that encompasses the history, art and science of photography in a single volume. At a time when information is instantly accessible on the internet but is often of doubtful reliability or provenance, this ambitious project both reasserts the veracity, reliability and accuracy of scholarly research in reference publishing and celebrates the pleasure and immersive experience offered by refined, elegant book design. Compiled under the editorial guidance of Nathalie Herschdorfer and in consultation with an international panel of 150 experts, The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography is based on entirely fresh scholarship by seventy-nine researchers from sixteen countries. The culmination of nearly ten years of development and research, this is the new, relevant and truly definitive reference to photography.

Key features Specification

Over 1,200 concise yet fully detailed entries on all Casebound with jacket aspects of the subject, including photographers, images, 30.7 × 20.2 cm agencies, genres, movements, exhibitions, publications, (12⅛ × 8 in.) collectors, techniques and processes. 448 pages c. 300 illustrations, A comprehensive reference to over 180 years of photographic history. Truly authoritative and based on c. 60 in colour fresh scholarship.

Illustrated throughout with over 300 images showing key works, artist portraits, exhibitions, installations, publications and technical diagrams.

A book that offers an immersive experience, combining a clear presentation with the very best in modern yet timeless typographic design.

The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 1 Over a decade in the making Fresh scholarship and clarity of writing

The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography Following the consultation and peer-review process represents over a decade of careful consideration, and the finalizing of the list of entries, a team of development and scholarship. Planning first began in the seventy-nine researchers and writers, under the late 1990s, when the internet and the dramatic changes close supervision of Nathalie Herschdorfer, began to it would bring to publishing and other media were undertake new, in-depth research for each entry. As hypothetical, and in the realm of those who predicted a result of their knowledge, skill and endeavours, the our technological future. individual entries are clear, concise and of the highest The emergence of online resources as immediate, quality. The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography if often unreliable, reference tools led to a lengthy thus presents an unparalleled, comprehensive overview period of reflection on how a printed dictionary could of the history, art and technology of one of the be positioned as not only reliable, but also authoritative, cornerstones of visual culture. profound and highly desirable in the Wikipedia age. Our challenge was to present such a key reference work for photography in a way that would be truly relevant A visually rich resource with a fresh, for a contemporary readership, and to exploit digital modern yet classic design technology’s potential for creating networks of knowledge and experience over great distances. This expertise we A book should be more than just a vehicle for would use to define the dictionary’s content. information. While, at heart, The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography is a definitive reference volume, it is also a celebration of the pleasure of the An international panel of experts and book as an object and immersive experience. a democratic, balanced selection of entries Containing over 300 illustrations – many more than previous reference works on photography – showing By 2010, an international team of 150 consultants had major works, exhibitions and publications, and been convened by Nathalie Herschdorfer, each of them diagrams of technical processes, this is a book to savour renowned experts in their respective fields. Ranging from visually and to linger over as much as a compendium of directors of globally renowned cultural institutions to clear and easily accessible information. curators, conservators, critics, gallerists, picture editors Thames & Hudson’s attention to design and and practising photographers, each consultant was asked production values is renowned. With its ambitious to review the dictionary’s content to ensure that the list scale and high-quality specification,The Thames & of entries – of which there are over 1,200 in total – was as Hudson Dictionary of Photography will therefore be balanced in terms of historical and geographical spread both a covetable, collectible volume for all those with and photographic genre as possible. a passion for photography and a vital reference for curators, conservators, researchers and students.

2 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 3 The international panel of consultants

To reach a democratic and global view of photography that is balanced in terms of chronology, culture, theme and genre, Nathalie Herschdorfer consulted 150 professional experts and institutions throughout the dictionary’s planning stages. Each consultant was chosen for his or her expertise within the full scope of photographic history, practice, technology, conservation, curatorship, criticism and collection.

Vince Aletti William Ewing Mika Kobayashi Simon Njami Stuart Alexander Angela M. Ferreira Fani Konstantinou Colette Olof Séverine Allimann Marc Feustel Marloes Krijnen Erin O’Toole Dag Alveng Finnish Museum Zuzana Lapitkova Engin Ozendes Bérénice Angremy of Photography, Latvian Museum of Pascale Pahud Art Gallery of New Helsinki Photography, Riga Martin Parr South Wales, Sydney Joan Fontcuberta Lech Lechowicz Nissan N. Perez Nathalie Herschdorfer is a curator, writer and art historian Alexandra Athanassiadou Fotografie Forum Jiyoon Lee Timothy Persons specializing in the history of photography. She is Irene Attinger Frankfurt Anne-Françoise Lesuisse Peter Pfrunder Quentin Bajac Fototeca de Veracruz Ludwig Museum of Chris Phillips currently Director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Le Locle, Gordon Baldwin Michel Frizot Contemporary Art, Ulrich Pohlmann Switzerland. In her capacity as curator, she is the director Els Barents Fundació Foto Budapest Michel Poivert of the Alt. +1000 photography festival in Switzerland and Martin Barnes Colectania, Barcelona Olivier Lugon Marta Ponsa Gabriel Bauret Gwenola Furic Lumiere Brothers Center Philip Prodger has produced internationally touring exhibitions for the Vladimir Birgus Martin Gasser for Photography, Jorge Ribalta Foundation for the Exhibition of Photography, including Anne Biroleau-Lemagny Thierry Gervais Moscow Fred Ritchin Coming into Fashion: A Century of Photography at Condé Christophe Blaser Frits Gierstberg Nathan Lyons Pamela Glasson Roberts Bibliothèque Nationale Marta Gili Lesley Martin Brett Rogers Nast. Previously, she was a curator at the Musée de l’Elysée de France, Paris Jean-Louis Godefroid Alessandra Mauro Jeff Rosenheim in Lausanne, where she worked for twelve years on major Claudia Bohn-Spector Vicki Goldberg David Mellor Oliva Maria Rubio exhibitions including Face: The Death of the Portrait, Michaela Bosáková Andy Grundberg Pedro Meyer Giuliana Scimé Christophe Brandt André Gunthert Michael Stevenson Mark Sealy and retrospectives of Edward Steichen, Leonard Freed, Susanna Brown Sophie Hackett Gallery, Cape Town Thomas Seelig Ray K. Metzker and Valérie Belin. François Brunet Hasselblad Foundation Moderna Museet, Laura Serani Nathalie’s previous books published by Thames Gail Buckland Patricia Hayes Stockholm Wim van Sinderen Xavier Canonne Manfred Heiting Herbert Molderings Carol Squiers & Hudson include Coming into Fashion (2012) and Anne Cartier-Bresson Helsinki City Art Gilles Mora Urs Stahel Afterwards: Contemporary Photography Confronting the Centro de la Imagen, Museum Musée Carnavalet, Paris Charlie Stainback Past (2011). She was the editor of Le Corbusier and Mexico City Sylvie Henguely Musée Suisse State Historical Museum, Clément Chéroux Pascal Hoël de l’Appareil Moscow the Power of Photography (2012) and the co-author, François Cheval Hanne Holm-Johnsen Photographique, Stedelijk Museum, with William A. Ewing, of reGeneration (2005) and Chung-Ang University, Andréa Holzherr Vevey Amsterdam reGeneration2 (2010). Seoul Graham Howe Museo di Storia della Radu Stern CMAC Hungarian House Fotografia Fratelli Michael Graham Stewart A. D. Coleman of Photography at Alinari, Florence Olga Sviblova Cathie Coleman Mai Mano House, Museum Folkwang, Mariko Takeuchi Marguy Conzémius Budapest Essen Ann Thomas Corcoran Gallery of Art, Instituto de Artes Museum für Anne Wilkes Tucker Washington, D.C. Gráficas de Oaxaca Photographie Roberta Valtorta Charlotte Cotton Vangelis Ioakimidis Braunschweig Ruud Visschedijk Emmanuel d’Autreppe Mimmo Jodice Museet for Fotokunst, Michèle Walerich Nassim Daghighian Christian Joschke Odense Brian Wallis Claudio de Polo Joanne Junga Yang Carole Naggar Marta Weiss Michael Diers Jean Kempf National Gallery of Steve Yates Nathalie Dietschy Susan Kismaric Australia, Canberra Régis Durand Kiyosato Museum of National Gallery of Okwui Enwezor Photographic Arts Victoria, Melbourne

4 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 5 The contributors Marc Lenot is working on a thesis on contemporary Anna-Kaisa Rastenberger is Chief Curator at the experimental photography at the University Finnish Museum of Photography, Helsinki. of Paris 1. Caroline Roche is currently working on a PhD on Seventy-nine researchers and writers from sixteen countries have produced fresh scholarship Véra Léon studied history and is currently working the photographer Minor White at the University for The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – a truly international undertaking. on a PhD thesis on the history of German press of Paris 1. photography. Anaëlle Rod is an archivist at the Fondation Henri Mathilde Arrivé is Associate Professor at Paul-Valéry Lydia Dorner is an assistant curator at the Musée Athol McCredie is Curator of Photography at the Cartier-Bresson in Paris. University, Montpellier. de l’Elysée, Lausanne. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Holly Roussell is Assistant Curator of Photography at Elisa Baitelli is currently working on a PhD in the Helen Ennis is Associate Professor at Australian Wellington. the Musée de l’Elysée, Lausanne. history of photography at the University of Paris 1. National University School of Art, specializing in the Emily McKibbon is a specialist in photography Elisa Rusca is an art historian, freelance curator Heide Barrenechea is an art historian specializing history of Australian photography. preservation and collections management. She and critic. in photography. She is currently the recipient of a Aurore Fossard teaches photography at the University of was previously the Howard and Carole Tanenbaum Manon Saudan holds a master’s in art history and scholarship from the German Research Foundation Lyon and is currently working on a PhD in Curatorial Fellow at George Eastman House, museum studies from the Universities of Lausanne (DFG) at the Berlin University film studies. Rochester, NY. and Neuchâtel. of Arts. Marie Gautier holds a PhD in the history of Jonathan Maho is working on a PhD in anglophone Johanna Schär teaches at the University of Lausanne, Laetitia Barrère holds a PhD in the history contemporary art from the University of Paris 1. She studies at the University of Paris 7. where she is completing a PhD in photography. of contemporary art from the University of currently teaches at the École Nationale Supérieure Pauline Martin is a special projects coordinator Danielle Shrestha is a photo archives specialist based Paris 1. de la Photographie, Arles. at the Musée de l’Elysée, Lausanne. in Ontario. She holds a master’s in photographic Hélène Beade holds a master’s in English-language Stefanie Gerke is chair of Art and New Media at Gábor Maté is a lecturer in photography at the preservation and collections management from visual arts and culture. Humboldt University, Berlin. Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design, Ryerson University, Toronto. Raphaële Bertho has a PhD in art history and William Green is currently working on a master’s Budapest Cécile Simonet is an art historian who works at the is a lecturer at the University of Bordeaux. in photographic preservation and collections Nolwenn Mégard is an assistant lecturer in Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Muriel Berthou Crestey is a postdoctoral researcher management at Ryerson University, Toronto. contemporary art history at the University of Geneva. at the Institute of Modern Texts and Manuscripts Christine Gückel is working on a PhD on constructed Geneva. Wim van Sinderen is a founding member and senior (ITEM) in Paris. images and the staging of the everyday in Laureline Meizel is working on a PhD in the use curator of the Hague Museum of Photography. Lindsay Bolanos is a photographer and collections contemporary photography at the Freie Universität, of photography in 19th-century French publishing He is also the conservator of the photography manager. She lives and works in Canada. Berlin. at the University of Paris 1. collection of the Gemeentemuseum, The Hague. Michaela Bosáková is a curator and project manager Claus Gunti teaches at the University of Art and Christelle Michel is studying for a master’s in art Edward Stokes is an Australian photographer and at the Central European House of Photography in Design Lausanne and at the University of history at the University of Lausanne. writer, and the founder of the Photographic Bratislava. Lausanne . His researches focus on digital Marine Nédélec is working on a PhD in art history Heritage Foundation, Hong Kong. Clara Bouveresse is currently working on a PhD technologies, documentary practices and with a focus on post-war Surrealism. Anna Tellgren is the curator of photography at on the history of Magnum Photos at the University photography theory. Nathalie Neumann is a Berlin-based independent Moderna Museet in Stockholm. of Paris 1. Christine Hansen is a Norwegian photographer curator specializing in documentary photography. Veronika Tocha is an assistant lecturer at University Adrienne Bovet is a photographer who works in and adjunct professor in photography and theory at Clémentine Odier is finishing a master’s in museum of the Arts, Berlin. She is currently completing her Switzerland and Germany. the Bergen Academy of Art and Design. studies at the University of Neuchâtel. PhD thesis on the work of Thomas Demand. Natasha Bullock is Curator of Contemporary Art and Emily Kay Henson is an independent arts writer Hélène Orain is completing a PhD in photography Agata Ubysz is a Polish art historian who studied formerly Assistant Curator of Photography at the Art currently based in Chicago. She has held fellowships at the University of Paris 1. at the University of Warsaw. Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney. at the Museum of Contemporary Photography, Ken Orchard is an artist and photography historian. Rachel Verbin holds a master’s in photographic Alice Carver-Kubik holds a master’s in photographic Chicago, and the Graham Foundation. He lives in Adelaide. preservation and collections management from preservation and collections management from Graham Howe is a curator, writer and artist, and the Maude Oswald is a teaching assistant at the University Ryerson University, Toronto. She is currently the Ryerson University, Toronto, and George Eastman CEO of Curatorial Assistance. He lives in Los of Lausanne and is writing her PhD thesis on the Images Archivist at The Canadian Press. House, Rochester, NY. Angeles and Sydney. history of photography. Emily Wagner holds a master’s in photographic Nathalie Casemajor Loustau is a postdoctoral Takahiro Ito is an assistant curator at the Tokyo Allan Phoenix holds a master’s in photographic preservation and collections management from fellow in the Department of Art History and Metropolitan Museum of Photography. preservation and collections management from Ryerson University, Toronto, and George Eastman Communications Studies at McGill University, Min-young Jeon is currently working on a PhD in art Ryerson University, Toronto, and George Eastman House, Rochester, NY. She works at the Chicago Montreal. She holds a PhD in communication from history at the University of Arts Berlin. House, Rochester, NY. He works as a photography Albumen Works as a photography conservation the University of Québec and Lille University. Samuel de Jesus is a lecturer and researcher at the preservation specialist at the Chicago Albumen technician. Héloïse Conésa is curator at the Museum of Modern School of Communication and Arts at the University Works. Anne-Marie Walsh is an independent curator and and Contemporary Art, Strasbourg. She is currently of São Paulo. Héloïse Pocry works at the Swiss Dance Collection photography conservation specialist based in working on a PhD in contemporary Spanish Joanne Junga Yang is the director and curator of the and is writing a PhD thesis on the teaching of Washington, D.C. photography at the University of Paris 1. Y&G Art Global Contemporary Project. She lives and photography. Alana West is working on a PhD in art history Laure Cuérel holds a master’s in art history from the works in Seoul. Ariane Pollet is an art historian who has contributed at Queen’s University, Belfast. University of Lausanne. She lives and teaches Jean Kempf is professor of American civilization at the to books including The Bitter Years (Thames & Perin Emel Yavuz is completing a thesis on narrative in Switzerland. University of Lyon. Hudson, 2012). art at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Corinne Currat is an associate curator at the Fondation Masha Kreimerzak holds a master’s in art history at Maud Pollien holds a master’s in cinema theory Sociales in Paris. de l’Hermitage, Lausanne. Geneva University. and practice from the University of Lausanne. Fatma Zrann is a teacher of English and the author Nathalie Dietschy is an art historian specializing in Constance Lambiel is a historian of photography Erika Raberg is studying for a master’s in of a thesis on identity issues in the work of African- contemporary art. She holds a PhD in the history of and teaches at the École Cantonale d’Art in photography and visual critical studies at American photographers. art from the University of Lausanne. Valais, Switzerland. the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

6 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 7 The book

Almeida, Helena

Winter Storm (1940), Moon and Half Dome (1960) of Colorado. Adams initially came to notoriety will be have become iconic. A long time member of the through his inclusion in the 1975 exhibition ‘New A The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography Sierra Club SIERRA CLUB, his photographs have Topographics: Documents of a Man-Altered become so entwined with the idea of wilderness Landscape’. His career spans over four decades in the United Sates of America as to be almost and focuses on the American West as his subject, published by Thames & Hudson in autumn 2014. It is a inseparable. As a young man he had spent a particularly California, Oregon, and his home great deal of time hiking in the wilderness of state Colorado. Working in black and white, California making photographs but in 1927 he Adams creates photographs for exhibition and new, relevant and truly accessible illustrated reference decided to pursue photography as a vocation and has worked extensively in the book format, with A a career with the publication of his first portfolio, over twenty titles to his credit, including critical Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras (1927). His essays on photography. association with Edward Weston EDWARD WESTON to the history, art and science of photography. and others drew him from a Pictorialist style into Additive (processes) Additive color photographic a more modernist approach that used crisp focus processes are based on the principles introduced and a wide depth of field to portray his subjects. by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861 in which all This philosophy culminated in the founding of colors are archived by combining, or adding, the Group f/64 with Weston, Imogen Cunningham the three primary colors of light: red, green, and Willard Van Dyke. Adams along with Fred and blue SUBTRACTIVE COLOUR PROCESS. White Archer, developed a scientific methodology for light is obtained when all three colors are mixed the production of black and white prints called equally. When white light passes through an The Zone System. A fastidious and prolific print- additive colored filter, only the color of the filter maker, Adams frequently compared photography is transmitted, the rest of the color spectrum is to music with the negative as the score and the absorbed. In color photography systems, such as print, the performance. He continued to make the Autochrome and other screen plate processes, Abbott, Berenice (b. Bernice Abbott) (1898–1991) in 1929, Abbott exhibited at the Julien Levy Gallery prints of his most popular images such as Rose a color image is created by photographing and American documentary, portrait and scientific and published in Fortune and Life; she received a and Driftwood (1932), Moonrise, Hernandez, New viewing an image through a screen of primary photographer. Abbott studied journalism at large Federal Art Project grant in 1935 for Changing Mexico (1941) and Aspens, Northern New Mexico color lines or dots. In assembly processes, such Ohio State University before moving to New York New York, producing 305 photographs between (1958) throughout his life. His image The Tetons as Dye Transfer and Carbro, separation negatives City in 1918, first with the intent of becoming 1935–39. Abbott was the photography editor of and the Snake River (1942) was included on the are made through additive color filters and then a writer, then a sculptor. She took part in the Science Illustrated (1944–45) and the founder of Voyager space craft’s Golden Record as one of the printed using subtractive colored pigments Greenwich Village arts scene of Marcel Duchamp House of Photography (1947), a company that 116 images representing humankind. and dyes. and Man Ray MAN RAY. Abbott moved to Europe sought to invent new photographic equipment. in 1921 to study sculpture in Paris and Berlin. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Adams, Eddie (1933–2004) American photographer. Albin-Guillot, Laure (b. Laure Maffredi) (1879–1962) Dictionary of Photography The Thames & Hudson As Man Ray’s Paris studio darkroom assistant hired her as a scientific photographer in 1958 for Eddie Adams was a Pulitzer Prize-winning who French photographer. Born in Paris, Albin-Guillot (1923–26), she learned portrait photography pedagogical purposes in the context of the Cold documented 13 wars over the course of his studied art before learning photography. Albin- and became involved with the Surrealists. War. career. Adams’ began covering war first as an Guillot’s career included experimentation in both The Thames & Hudson Abbott opened her own studio in Paris in 1926, enlisted combat photographer during the Korean Pictorialism and photographic modernism. An photographing writers, including Jean Cocteau Aberhart, Laurence (b. 1949) New Zealander War. Adams did three tours of Vietnam with early contributor to the cutting-edge Vu, work and James Joyce, publishing in Vogue and Vu photographer. Aberhart is renowned for his the Associated Press; while there, he took his such as Micrographie décorative (1931) recalls the and showing in exhibitions, such as Abbott: black and white images that evoke the past. His iconic photograph of General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan surrealist work of Albin-Guillot’s “New Vision” Portraits Photographiques (1926), the Salon de subject matter – invariably taken with a 10 × 8 executing a Vietcong prisoner in Saigon, 1968. contemporaries while maintaining an artisanal l’escalier (1928) and Film und Foto (Stuttgart, 1928). inch view camera and presented as contact prints feel more closely associated with Pictorialism. Dictionary of Photography Abbott and her contemporaries fought against – has typically consisted of Masonic lodges, old Adams, Robert (b. 1937) American photographer Pictorialism, supporting instead a modernist Maori churches, cemeteries, war memorials, and noted for his photographs of the American West. Almeida, Helena (b. 1934) Portuguese artist. aesthetic and drawing inspiration from historical historic structures. A major retrospective of his Self-taught in photography, he holds a BA from Almeida studied fin art in Lisbon and became pioneers Eugène Atget and Nadar. Abbott work was published as Aberhart in 2007. the University of Redlands, California and a inspired by the Neo-concrete movement in acquired Atget’s estate in 1928, endorsing his work PhD in English from the University of Southern Brazil. Her performative photographs use alongside her own; she co-managed it with dealer Adams, Ansel (1902–1984) American photographer California. His first serious work,New West sculpture, painting, and drawing to challenge Julien Levy from 1930 until it was sold to MoMA, and environmentalist, whose grand landscape (1968–70) documents the emerging suburban the limits of two-dimensional space by A truly comprehensive New York in 1968. After moving back to New York photographs of the American West like Clearing development and tract housing on the outskirts exploring contradictions between the flattening reference to the art, 2 3 history, and science of photography worldwide. Alveng, Dag Anthropometry

properties of paint with the illusionary depth of a 19th century amateurs were typically serious A photograph, the distance between the art object photographers dedicated to the advancement A More than 1,200 entries. and the spectator, and the relationship between and improvement of the medium. By the body and space. Almeida represented Portugal at mid-19th century photographic societies and the Bienal de São Paulo (1979); Venice Biennale cameral club with publishes journals began to (1982 and 2005); and the Sydney Biennale in 2004. be organized throughout the world. The role of amateurs within these societies and journals Alveng, Dag (1953– ) Norwegian photographer. was significant in inventing and promoting Over 300 illustrations. Alveng studied photography at Trent Polytechnic improvements to the medium. Early photographic in Nottingham (1976–77). He belongs, together processes were technically complicated with Tom Sandberg TOM SANDBERG and Per and rather expensive. Therefore, many 19th Berntsen, to the “English generation” in century amateurs were men of financial means Norwegian photography, that is, Norwegian though there were some significant women photographers that were trained in the United photographers. George Eastman’s invention of New scholarship and KODAK Kingdom. Alveng’s show Vegger (Walls, 1979) at roll film and the Kodak Browniein 1888 Fotogalleriet in Oslo was an early example of revolutionized photography and changed the conceptual photography in Norway. The artist meaning of amateur photographer. With the photographed the walls in the gallery and the slogan “You Push the Button, We Do the Rest” photographs were mounted so that the pictures the Brownie camera was purchased loaded research throughout. perfectly covered up their subjects. The exhibition with a 100-exposure reel of film, required no occasioned several hostile reviews in Norwegian technical knowledge, and the whole camera newspapers. His book Asylum (1987) is of black was sent back to Kodak where the film was and white photographs from a mental institution processed, the camera re-loaded and returned where Alveng worked as a night watch. The series to the owner. The simplicity of the Brownie is quiet but powerful gaze into the rooms and democratized photography adding significantly 10 years in the making. objects of a psychiatric institution. In Verftet I to the ranks of amateur photographers. Kodak Solheimsviken (1991), together with the social advertisements particularly targeted women, who anthologist Hanne Müller and the author Kjartan where seen as the largest potential market for Fløgstad, Alveng documented worker life and Kodak products. In response to this new class of process of change on the largest shipyards in amateur photographers emerged the Pictorialist Bergen. In 1994 he was curator for the exhibition movement whose members formed societies and Berenice Abbott, Blossom Restaurant, 103 Bowery, 1935 Edited by Nathalie and book Verden er (The World is) in connection clubs and published journals pushing for the with the Winter Olympic Games in Lillehammer. advancement and acceptance of photography as a His book Summerlight (2001) chronicles the fine art. Also considered amateur photographers, Netherlands. In 1956, following her early death, a a modern metropolis; resulting in the landmark Norwegian summer through lyrical black and the Pictorialists were more akin to the amateurs retrospective of her work was published under the series of photographs Old Closes and Streets of white photographs of the seashore in Southern of the 19th century; many members of the title Beeldroman. Her negatives archive is now in Glasgow (1868–77). Norway and outdoor family scenes. The book Pictorialist societies were upper class individuals the care of Leiden University Library. Herschdorfer was accompanied with a text of the American working improve the medium. Anthropometry Method to measure the human photographer Robert Adams ROBERT ADAMS, an Annan, Thomas (1829–1887) Scottish photographer. individual, which correlates physical features with artist that Alveng share resemblance with. Alveng Andriesse, Emmy (1914–1953) Dutch photographer. Apprenticed as a lithographic writer and radical or psychological traits. Anthropometry is represented in Metropolitan Museum of Art Andriesse is best known for her harrowing, engraver (1845) at the Fife Herald newspaper is used for identification or to describe physical and Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York; illicit documentary photographs of the and later took a position with Joseph Swan’s variations. It is common in positivist contexts Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Bibliothèque “Hunger Winter” of 1944 ROBERT ADAMS. Her lithographic establishment. Annan set up his since the 18th century, such as phrenology, nationale, Paris; Museum Folkwang, Essen; The image of a small, emaciated boy clutching an business in 1855 and after gaining the patent physiognomy or craniometry. Anthropometry is Hasselblad Center, Göteborg; Spengel Museum, empty saucepan has become an icon of the rights to the photogravure process, established controversially perceived due to its use in colonial Hannover, and in numerous private collections. suffering inflicted by the Nazi occupation of the his photographic studio in 1857. Annan was and national socialist approaches. Since the Netherlands. After the war, Andriesse became commissioned in 1866 by the Glasgow City invention of photography the anthropometrical Amateur (photographer) An amateur photographer a successful portrait, commercial, fashion and Improvement Trust to photograph and document measurements were KODAK documented is any person who practices photography travel photographer. As such, she was one of the the narrow passageways and slums of the old by photographs – because of their assumed for pleasure and not for commercial means. first all-round professional photographers in the part of Glasgow before it was to be renewed into connection to reality.

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8 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 9 Bedford, Francis Berssenbrugge, Henri Blume, Anna and Bernhard

Agency (MTI), Vasárnapi Újsag, and Est, the most Barney, Tina (b. 1945) American fine-art Colorado, after photographing the 1949 Goethe aquatint, process is characterized as a pigment determining and remarkable Hungarian print photograph. Her work interrogates American and Bicentennial; he became the official photographer process and is based on the light sensitivity of media of the time. He was one of the creators European affluence. Inspired by Edouard Vuillard for the Aspen Institute. Early advocator for dichromated colloids. A mixture of gum arabic, and dominant representative of the so-called and Pierre Bonard, Barney pioneered large-format B B color photography; Berko frequently travelled pigment (usually water color pigment) and B Hungarian style. He mostly captured life in Alföld chromogenic portraiture that evokes painting throughout the United States for commercial and potassium bichromate is brushed onto a piece (Great Hungarian Plain), portraits and scenes of both in its scale and in its stiff and formal portraiture work. of paper. The gum hardens in proportion to the villages, but also took emblematic photographs composition. Recent work included The Europeans amount of light received and the unhardened about life in Budapest. In 1930s, he took part (2005) and Small Towns. Berssenbrugge, Henri (1873–1959) Dutch areas are dissolved in water. Though the process several exhibitions in Hungary and abroad. In photographer. Berssenbrugge’s oeuvre is a was invented in the 1850s, it reached popularity later years he was head director of the Hungarian Baryté (papier) Fiber-based, or baryta supreme example of the often difficult transition with Pictorialist photographers at the turn of the B NEW Film Office Laboratory. The most honourable photographic papers, consist of a paper base, from Pictorialism to New Photography 20th century owing to its soft, painterly qualities Hungarian photography award, founded in 1992, coated with a light-sensitive emulsion of gelatin, PHOTOGRAPHY. Many of his early photographs of and the ease with which the developing image can bears the name of Balogh, Rudolf. bromide and/or chloride, and silver nitrate. There everyday urban life in Rotterdam (c. 1906–16) are be manipulated. is also a baryta (or barium hydroxide layer) as well unmatched in their romanticism. Yet his fame Baltz, Lewis (b. 1945) American born as a protective gelatin layer. Fibre-based papers is due to his portraits, mainly of academics, Black and white A monochromatic image of photographer, theorist, writer, and teacher were developed in the second half of the 1870s, politicians, artists, musicians and theatre makers. neutral or near neutral tonality. Before the associated with the New Topography movement. although it was not until 1880 that baryta coatings Clients could visit his modernist portrait studio widespread availability of color processes in Lewis Baltz studied at the San Francisco Art became standard for gelatin silver photographs. in The Hague (designed in 1921 by De Stijl artists the 1950s, the majority of all photographs were Institute where he received his BFA (1969) and the Jan Wils and Vilmos Huszár) either for a soft, black and white. In the latter part of the 20th Claremont Graduate School where he received his Baumgarten, Lothar (b. 1944) German conceptual painterly portrait made by the gum or bromoil century color photography gradually replaced MFA (1971). His work was included in the seminal artist with pioneering influence on the emerging process or for a more experimental and graphic black and white photography’s predominance in 1975 exhibition, ‘New Topographics: Documents Düsseldorf photo school in the late 1960s and depiction in, for example, “Erwinodruk” – a commercial and consumer photography. However, of a Man-Altered Landscape’ NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY early 1970s. Studied at the Art Academy Düsseldorf technique that produced a more abstract and two- though technology no longer necessitated the use with The New Industrial Parks near Irvine, from 1969–71 with Joseph Beuys. German dimensional image. In the 1930s, Berssenbrugge of black and white film and paper, the use of black Bae, Bien-U (b. ~1950) Korean photographer. College, earning his BA in 1953 and MA in 1957, as California. His work has consistently dealt with representative at the 1984 Venice Biennale. Uses embraced the ideas of the New Photography and white photography continues for a number of Bae has contributed much to promoting Korea’s well as at the Otis Art Institute and Chouinard Art architecture and relationships of power, through photography as a means for his anthropological movement and produced experimental nudes, reasons; the proven image stability of silver-based natural beauty through the graceful artistry of Institute. Trained as a painter, in the mid-1960s he the photographic image. In the late 1980s he art revolving around the antithetic of nature and still lifes and photograms. By that time, however, processes, the ease of reproduction in print, and his photographic works. He graduated from began using appropriated photography. His early moved to Europe and continues to live and work culture, the self and the other. his innovatory ambitions had been overtaken by artistic preferences. Hongik University with an applied arts degree photographically based work combined image there, exploring color and digital photography, those of younger photographers like Piet Zwart and from its graduate school with a craft design and text in juxtaposition. Such projects as Wrong while teaching photographic theory and practice. Bayer-Hecht, Irene (1898–1991) American and Paul Schuitema, who aimed to transform Black Star New York-based photographic agency degree. At the invitation of Bielefeld College, (1966–67) and Throwing Four Balls in the Air to Get photographer. Bayer-Hecht was born in Chicago, Dutch photography once and for all. established in late 1935 by German émigrés Peter Bialobrzeski, Shenzen Germany, he studied photo design for a year at a Square (1974) found Baldessari making his own Illinois, and raised in Hungary. Influenced by Kurt Safranski, Ernest Mayer and Kurt Kornfeld. the College. He lives in Seoul and is well known photographs, although he has never considered Bán, Andrej (b. 1964) Slovak photographer. the experimental Bauhaus exhibition in Weimar Bialobrzeski, Peter (b. 1961) German Supplied press photographs to Life, Look and for his meditative landscape photographs with himself a photographer. Baldessari utilizes Born in Bratislava, Bán was the key reporter (1923), she studied art in Paris and photography photographer. Born in Wolfsburg, Germany, The New York Times, among others. Roster of socially orientated images in 1925. These images reportage and documentary photography in the an almost calligraphic quality. Bae is known as photomontage, text, painting, Photoshop, color, and photographer of the Slovak magazine in Leipzig, Germany. She married Herbert Bayer Bialobrzeski studied Politics and Sociology, photojournalists included W. Eugene Smith, served as a documentation for interpretation Central European context. Her work is significant “the pine tree photographer” internationally. In and scale to comment on the nature of art and Týždeň (Weekly). He is a photographer, curator, and became instrumental in advancing his before becoming photographer for his local Robert Capa, Ralph Crane, Fritz Goro, Andreas of the Communists in the parliament. In 1931 by its specific expression of Slovak and Central 2006, for the first time as an Asian photographer, communication. Based in Los Angeles, Baldessari founder and the Chairman of humanitarian photographic career. Her photographs of artists paper. He left to travel in Asia, and upon returning Feininger, Fritz Henle and Werner Wolff. Exists and 1932, she studied photography, typography European culture at the turn of the 1920s and he had his solo exhibition at Prado Museum in has spent the majority of his artistic career as an organization People in Peril. His photography living at the Bauhaus were included in the Film officially studied photography at the London today as a corporate and stock photography and propaganda at Bauhaus in Dessau. She 1930s. Spain. And also was awarded a commission by the art educator, influencing multiple artists through is orientated mainly on world areas in crises und Foto exhibition in Stuttgart, Germany (1929). College of Printing (LCP) in London, and the agency. Historic print collection (ca. 1914 to 1990s) returned to Slovakia after the school was closed Spanish government to photograph the Alhambra his teaching. (Kosovo, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, etc.). In Bayer-Hecht returned to the Unites States in 1938 Folkwangschule in Essen NOIR LIMITE. Working 15 held at the Ryerson Gallery and Research Centre, by the Nazis. After returning to Slovakia, she Blume, Anna and Bernhard (b. 1937, both) German and Generalife Gardens, which were designated 1987 he joined weeklies Mladé rozlety (Young to work as a translator. years as a photojournalist, the second half of his Toronto. ran a bookshop and also studied at the School artist couple mostly working with staged a World Heritage Site in 1984. Balogh, Rudolf (1879–1944) Hungarian Flights), Plus 7 dní (Plus 7 days), Mladý svět (Young career is defined by work on personal projects – of Applied Arts in Bratislava. In 1933 she formed photography. Both studied Fine Art at the Art photographer and newspaper editor. Balogh took World) as a photojournalist PHOTOJOURNALISM. Bedford, Francis (1816–1894) British commercial often exploring the hand of man in the landscape. Blühová, Irena (1904–1991) Slovak photographer a society called Sociofoto, which gathered Academy Düsseldorf from 1969–65, Bernhard Bain d’arrêt (Stop Bath) A stop bath is a solution, part in the First Hungarian Art Photo Exhibition in In 2000 he became the co-founder of the civil photographer who began his career as a Winner of prestigious awards including the World and publicist. Blühová attended Higher School leftist intellectuals. Her images of the working also studied philosophy at the University of typically of dilute acetic acid, that is used to 1907. He opened studio in Budapest in 1912 and he association Slovak Documentary Photography. lithographer and chromolithographer specializing Press Photo Award, Bialobrzeski is Professor for for Girls and Gymnasium in Trenčín. For some class, touristic images and images from the Cologne. Their large-sized black-and-white photo neutralize the further development of the worked as war photojournalist during the World He is the winner of several prizes. Bán is also the in architectural subjects. Turned to photography photography at the University of the Arts, years she worked as a bank clerk and at that countryside were published in magazines sequences show an unhinged and crazy everyday photographic material being processed. War I. In early years, he worked in a painterly author of several documentary films, awarded in the early 1850s photographing English in Bremen, Germany. time started being interested in politics. She like the Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung NEW life where objects gain magical independence. style but formed his own language, by the end of by many national and international prizes. His architecture and views. He had a successful started photography in the middle of the 1920s. PHOTOGRAPHY. John Heartfield used her images Performing as a typical petit bourgeois couple, the Baldessari, John (b. 1931) Influential American the 1920s, based on documentary. Balogh had a photographs are meant to capture something business selling photographs commercially. Bichromate (procédé au) The gum bichromate, Her main orientation was on social photography for his photomontages. Blühová has become a Blumes themselves are the protagonists of these conceptual artist. Educated at San Diego State huge influence on the Hungarian National Press eternal, something that is fading away. In 1865, he accompanied the Prince of Wales on also known as gum dichromate and photo of the Slovak countryside. She took the first significant representative of socially orientated abstracted and ironical scenes.

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Bélégou, Jean-Claude Berko, Ferenc Castello-Lopes, Gérard

a tour of the middle-east. He is known for his Photographies & Co in 1982, an association that Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940) German philosopher, natural light, mainly black and white film, has been the subject of numerous posthumous 1943. He photographed the liberation of Paris in contributions to photographically illustrated organized exhibitions, talks, and seminars around literary criticism and translator. Benjamin started creating uncropped prints full of fine tone and studies, books and exhibitions; archive at the 1945 and directed the filmLe Retour. ‘Photographs books. photography. In 1986 he cofounded the group his studies in German philology, art history and form. He generally works for decades on his own International Center of Photography, New York. by Henri Cartier-Bresson’ held at the MoMA, B Noir Limite NOIR LIMITE alongside colleagues Yves philosophy in Freiburg and changed to Berlin in themes. Important photographic albums include: B New York in 1947. By the end of the 1940s he was Bélégou, Jean-Claude (b. 1952) French Tremorin and Florence Chevallier. 1912. In 1915 he became friends with the Jewish Acélváros (1996), Szürke fények (2000), Blues Caponigro, Paul (b. 1932) American photographer. publishing in Harper’s Bazaar, Life, Paris Match, photographer. Bélégou studied philosophy and historian Gershom Scholem. In 1920 he did a Budapest (2003), Arcok (2003), Utak (2004) and Ikrek A native of Boston, Caponigro began The New York Times, The New York Times Magazine, C history of art and archaeology at the Sorbonne Bellocq, Ernest James (1873–1949) American doctoral degree in Bern with a work about Der (2009). He received the World Press Photo Award, photographing at the age of 13. In the late 1950s, The Saturday Evening Post and Illustrated. Cartier- in Paris. Heavily influenced by the Bauhaus, commercial photographer. Ernest James (more Begriff der Kunstkritik in der deutschen Romantik. gold and silver medal in 1975, gold in 1978. Benkő following a stint of military service, he studied Bresson was a co-founder of Magnum Photos he completed his master’s dissertation on commonly E.J.) Bellocq worked mainly in New Back in Berlin Benjamin has been working as a also received the Pulitzer Award in 1991, the W. the medium under photographer Minor White in in 1947 (he was with the agency until 1966). He photography in 1967 and began his photography Orleans. However, he is largely remembered publicist, a self-employed writer and translator Eugene Smith scholarship in 1992 and A Magyar C Rochester, New York. During this period, White published The Decisive Moment in 1952 (which career two years later. Bélégou’s early black and for his uncommissioned portraits of prostitutes of Baudelaire poems. He purchased in 1921 a Köztársaság Érdemes művésze in 2004. introduced Caponigro to philosophy, which included the image Behind Saint-Lazare Station, white BLACK AND WHITE and later color images and opium addicts in New Orleans’ Storyville and work by Paul Klee that is called Angelus Novus. inspired him to begin creating the mystical, Paris, France, 1932) and The Europeans in 1955. typically depict women or isolated scenes, Chinatown neighbourhoods. These posthumously On this he discussed in his latest scripture Über Benoliel, Joshua (1873–1932) Portuguese spiritually driven work he is now known for. ‘Henri Cartier-Bresson: Photographies, 1930–1955’ including periodic explorations of Le Havre. From discovered photographs BLACK AND WHITE and den Begriff der Geschichte (1939) the core theme photographer. An early photojournalist, Benoliel Overall, his photographs are characterized by was held at the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Louvre 1985–88 he was commissioned by the Region of negatives NEGATIVES were popularised by Lee of his historico-philosophical approach: the first published photographs in sports magazine their rigorous formality and technical excellence. in 1955. He photographed in China, Mexico, Cuba, Upper Normandy to photograph 30 artists that Friedlander through exhibition and publication angel of history is driven by the wind of progress O Tiro Civil in 1898 and contributed heavily to Throughout the 1960s, Caponigro made multiple Japan and India in the late 1950s and 1960s, and were living or working in the area. He created in the 1970s. while he is looking back on the ruins of the past. Illustração Portugueza (1903–18). He was the first trips to photograph in Europe. There, he made in the USSR and France in the early 1970s. He In 1923–24 he went to Frankfurt am Main to do Portuguese correspondent for Spanish newspaper many well-known images, particularly of subjects created la Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson in his habilitation about Ursprung des deutschen ABC (1904–32) and French magazine L’Illustration; throughout the United Kingdom commonly Paris in 2003, Is known for his dynamic humanist, Bellocq, Ernest James, Untitled, 1912 Trauerspiels. Not on the basis of contextual he collaborated on many other national and associated with Celtic mythology. Additionally, surrealist-inspired reportage photographs and for but unorthodox lifestyle reasons Benjamins international journals. He was the official Caponigro also photographed a vast range of his steadfast use of the Leica. habilitation dissertation was rejected by the photographer for King Carlos I; he contributed landscape throughout his career, ranging from University of Frankfurt am Main. In the years to album Lisboa artística e industrial (1908). He Japan to New England. Casebere, James (b. 1953) American artist. ahead Benjamin has had stays in Paris, Moscow covered key events of Portuguese history and Graduated from the Minneapolis College of Art and Ibiza. He worked on translations of Marcel culture, including the assassination of the King of C-Print The C-Print is a chromogenic color Service and the Agence Central. Met Gerda Taro, Carbro Photographic printing process dues in the and Design, Casebere attended the Whitney Prousts Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit, Portugal in 1908 and the Revolution in 1910 that printing process. Introduced in the 1930s, 1934–35, who invented for him the persona of 1930s to create color images for advertising and Independent Study Program in New York and started with the work about his childhood that implemented a Republic in Portugal. He reported chromogenic color is the most successful the famous American photographer, Robert fashion. The multi-step process requires three studied with John Baldessari and Doug Huebler is called Berliner Kindheit um Neunzehnhundert on Portuguese participation in World War I, commercial color photographic process. Capa, in 1936, and began selling his photographs separation negatives, each shot through either a in Los Angeles. Together with artists like David and did cooperational work with Berthold events related to the military coup of Sidónio Pais Chromogenic color materials consist of three through Alliance Photo in Europe and Black Star red, green, or blue filter. The negatives are then Levinthal and Laurie Simmons, Casebere belongs Brecht. Forced by the Hitler-Regime he escaped NOIR LIMITE (1918) and the military coup of Gomes layers of silver gelatin emulsion with suspended in America. Capa photographed and filmed the exposed onto silver bromide prints, which then to a first generation of American post-war to Paris in 1933. There he came in contact to da Costa (1926). Benoliel photographed over dye couplers (color forming chemical compounds Spanish Civil War with Taro from 1936 to 1937, first come into contact with bichromated gelatin artists working with constructed photography. Hannah Ahrendt and worked above all on his 60,000 negatives in a 30-year career. sensitive to red, green, and blue light) on a paper on assignment for Vu and then for Ce Soir, also tissues pigmented with their complimentary Since the middle of the 1970s, he has forged fragmentarily Passagenwerk and Das Kunstwerk im or film support. Through a series of chemical publishing in Regards and Life, among others; color. The tissues, when layered in registration on and photographed complex tabletop scenarios Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit. In Berggren, Guillaume (1835–1920) Swedish reactions during development, the silver image is in Spain he captured the renowned image Death a piece of paper, create the final full-color print. referring to a variety of historical, cultural and 1940 he commited suicide in Portbou (Spain). photographer. Berggren established himself as formed and the couplers react, or couple, with the of a Loyalist Militiaman, published in Vu (1936) social topics from the contemporary incarceration a studio photographer in Constantinople in the developer to release complimentary subtractive and in Life (1937). Following Taro’s death in July Cartier-Bresson, Henri (1908–2004) French and conditions of imprisonment to the Atlantic Benkő, Imre (b. 1943) Hungarian photographer. 1870s. He is famous mainly for his panorama color dye in proportion to the amount of silver 1937, Capa went to New York, leaving Alliance and photojournalist born in Chanteloup, Seine-et- slave trade of from 18th century American to 16th Benkő studied photojournalism at the Hungarian photographs of townscapes, but also of bazaars in the image. The silver is bleached out leaving Black Star for Pix and signing a contract with Life. Marne. Educated at the Lycée Condorcet, Cartier- century Ottoman Architecture. Press School (MÚOSZ) MUOSZ. He worked for and back alleys. His oeuvre covers all the famous an image composed of three superimposed dye He photographed the end of the Spanish Civil Bresson had an early interest in surrealism; Hungarian National Press Agency for 18 years, places of the Bosphorus. Berggren also made a layers. War, 1938–39, and was named ‘The Greatest War- studied painting with André Lhote (1927–28). Castello-Lopes, Gérard (1925–2011) Portuguese then magazines: Képes7 and Európa Magazin. He series of portrayals of Turkish professions. Photographer in the World’ by the Picture Post in Spent a year photographing the Ivory Coast in photographer. Self-taught photographer who was represented by Wostok Press Agency Paris. Capa, Robert (b. Endre Ernö Friedmann) 1938. On assignment for Life, Capa was one of four 1931, followed by travels to Italy, Spain, Mexico studied economics in Lisbon, Castello-Lopes He made reportage in over 30 countries. He was Berko, Ferenc (1916–2000) Hungarian-born (1913–1954). American Hungrian-born press photographers to capture the Allies landing on and New York. First exhibition, ‘Photographs joined the Diplomatic Corps of the Permanent teaching in the Hungarian Academy of Crafts and American photographer and filmmaker. Of photographer. Born in Budapest, studied the beaches of Normandy on D-Day in 1944. A co- by Henri Cartier-Bresson: Anti-Graphic Mission of Portugal to the Council of Europe, Design from 1988 to 2000. Benkő was interested Jewish heritage and raised in Germany, Berko journalism in Berlin, 1931. First assignment founder of Magnum Photos in 1947, he was killed Photography’, at the Julien Levy Gallery, New and later settled in Paris. Influenced by Henri in presenting people and their environments in successfully evaded the Nazis by first moving to from Dephot was to photograph Leon Trotsky, in Indochina on assignment for Life on May 25, York, 1933. Cartier-Bresson returned to Paris Cartier-Bresson, his photographic work gained his specific documentary way. He captures images London where studied photography with Otto Denmark, 1932. Fled Nazi Germany for Paris 1954. He is esteemed for his in-action, 35mm-shot in 1937; he published in Regards and Verve and recognition after an exhibition held at the Ether with deep empathy and attention to the events of Emil Hoppé HOPPE, EMIL, and later to Bombay in 1933 (name change to André Friedmann); photographs of war, and for the saying: ‘If your worked as a staff photographer atCe Soir until he Gallery in Lisbon in 1982. An avid contributor the changing world that surrounds him. Focusing where he opened a portrait studio and filmed freelanced for the Agence Hug Block, A.B.C. photographs aren’t good enough, you’re not close was called to serve with the French Army in 1939 to Portuguese cinema, he inherited his father’s always on the human, he uses only ambient for the British Army. He remained in Aspen, Agency, the Anglo-Continental Press-Photo enough’. Published Death in the Making (1938) and – was held capture by the Germans from 1940 to company Movies Castello-Lopes. He was assistant

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10 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack 11 Over 1,200 clear, accessible and authoritative entries Dictionary of Photography Index 291 (gallery) • Abbas • Abbe, James Edward • Abbott, Berenice • Aberhart, Laurence • Ackerman, Michael • Adams, Ansel • Adams, Eddie • Adams, Robert • Additive processes • Advertising photography • Aerial photography • AES+F • Agata, Antoine d’ • Agency • Aigner, Lucien • AIZ (Die Arbeiter Illustrierte Zeitung) • Albin-Guillot, Laure 905 entries on Artists and Photographers from 46 countries • Album • Albumen print • Alinari Brothers (Giuseppe, Leopoldo and Romualdo) • Almásy, Paul • Almeida, Helena • Alpert, Max Vladimirovich • Álvarez-Bravo, Lola • Álvarez-Bravo, Manuel • Alveng, Dag • Amateur Photographer, The • Amateur photography 162 entries on Technical Terms, including Materials and Processes • Ambrotype • Andriesse, Emmy • Andujar, Claudia • Annan, James Craig • Annan, Thomas • Anschütz, Ottomar • Anthropometry • Aperture • Appelt, Dieter • Arago, Dominique François Jean • Araki, Nobuyoshi • Arbus, Diane • Archer, 68 entries on Genres, Styles, Schools and Movements Frederick Scott • Architectural photography • Archive • Arke, Pia • Arnatt, Keith • Arnold, Eve • Arnoux, Hippolyte • Art photography • Arts et Métiers graphiques • Atget, Eugène • Atkins, Anna • Atwood, Jane Evelyn • Auerbach, Ellen • Autochrome 29 entries on Groups, Collectives and Organizations • Avedon, Richard • Azaglo, Cornelius Augustt • Aziz & Cucher • Backhaus, Jessica • Backlighting • Bae, Bien-U • Bailey, David • Baldessari, John • Baldus, Edouard Denis • Ballen, Roger • Balogh, Rudolf • Baltermants, Dmitri • Baltz, Lewis • Bán, 24 entries on Critics, Writers, Historians and Collectors Andrej • Banka, Pavel • Barbey, Bruno • Barbieri, Gian Paolo • Barbieri, Olivo • Barnard, George N. • Barney, Tina • Barrada, 16 entries on Exhibitions and Publications Yto • Barros, Geraldo de • Barthes, Roland • Baryta paper • Basilico, Gabriele • Battaglia, Letizia • Baudrillard, Jean • Bauhaus • Baumgarten, Lothar • Bayard, Hippolyte • Bayer, Herbert • Bayer-Hecht, Irene • Beard, Peter • Beato, Felice • Beaton, Cecil • Becher, Bernd and Hilla • Bedford, Francis • Bélégou, Jean-Claude • Belin, Valérie • Bellmer, Hans • Belloc, Auguste • Bellocq, Ernest James • Benchallal, Nadia • Benjamin, Walter • Benkő, Imre • Benoliel, Joshua • Berengo Gardin, Gianni • Bergemann, Sibylle • Berger, John • Berges, Laurenz • Berggren, Guillaume • Bergström, Johan Wilhelm • Berko, Ferenc • Berssenbrugge, Henri • Bertillon, Alphonse • Bertsch, Auguste Nicolas • Besnyö, Eva • Beyer, Karol • Bialobrzeski, Peter • Biasiucci, Antonio • Billingham, Richard • Bing, Ilse • Bischof, Werner • Bisilliat, Sheila Maureen • Bisson Brothers (Louis- Auguste and Auguste-Rosalie) • Black-and-white photography • Black Star • Blanquart-Evrard, Louis Désiré • Blommers & Schumm • Blossfeldt, Karl • Blühová, Irena • Blume, Anna and Bernhard • Blumenfeld, Erwin • Blur • Bohm, Dorothy • Boiffard, Jacques-André • Boissonnas, Fred • Boltanski, Christian • Bonfils, Félix • Boston School • Bouali, Hamideddine • Boubat, Edouard • Boulat, Pierre • Boulton, Alfredo • Bourdieu, Pierre • Bourdin, Guy • Bourke-White, Margaret • Bourne, Samuel • Boutros, Nabil • Brady, Mathew B. • Braekman, Dirk • Bragaglia, Anton Giulio and Arturo • Brake, Brian • Brancusi, Constantin • Brandt, Bill • Brassaï • Braun, Adolphe • Brébisson, Louis Alphonse de • Brehme, Hugo • Breitner, George Hendrik • Bremer, Caj • Breslauer, Marianne • Breukel, Koos • Brewster, Sir David • British Journal of Photography • Brodovitch, Alexey • Brohm, Joachim • Bromoil • Brotherus, Elina • Bruehl, Anton • Bruguière, Francis Joseph • Buchloh, Benjamin H. D. • Bucklow, Christopher • Bulhak, Jan • Bullock, Wynn • Bunnell, Peter C. • Burgin, Victor • Burkhard, Balthasar • Burri, René • Burrows, Larry • Burton Brothers • Burtynsky, Edward • Bustamante, Jean-Marc • Butor, Michel • C-print • Cahun, Claude • Callahan, Harry • Calle, Sophie • Calotype • Camera • Camera • Camera obscura • Camera Work • Cameron, Julia Margaret • Caneva, Giacomo • Capa, Cornell • Capa, Robert • Caponigro, Paul • Carbon process • Carbro • Carjat, Etienne • Caron, Gilles • Carroll, Lewis • Carte de visite • Cartier-Bresson, Henri • Casasola, Augustín Victor • Casebere, James • Casset, Mama • Castello-Lopes, Gérard • Català i Pic, Pere • Català-Roca, Francesc • Cazneaux, Harold • Censorship • Centelles, Agustí • Chadwick, Helen • Chambi, Martín Jiménez • Chappell, Walter • Charbonnier, Jean-Philippe • Charnay, Désiré • Chemigram • Chessex, Luc • Chevalier, Charles • Chevrier, Jean-François • Choquer, Luc • Chronophotography • Cibachrome • Cinema and photography • Claass, Arnaud • Clarence White School of Photography, New York • Clark, Larry • Claudet, Antoine François Jean • Clement, Krass • Clercq, Louis de • Clergue, Lucien • Cliché-verre • Clifford, Charles • Close, Chuck • Close-up • Clubs and societies • Coburn, Alvin Langdon • Cohen, Lynne • Coleman, Allan Douglass • Collage • Collard, Auguste Hippolyte • Collodion • Collotype • Colom, Joan • Colour photography • Colvin, Calum • Combination printing • Commercial photography • Composite portrait • Comte, Michel • Conceptual art • Concerned photography • Concrete photography • Conservation • Contact print • Contact sheet • Contemporary art and photography (photographie plasticienne) • Coplans, John • Coppola, Horacio • Copyright • Corbijn, Anton • Corrales Forno, Raúl • Coulommier, Julien • Courrèges, Christian • Couturier, Stéphane • Cravo Neto, Mario • Crewdson, Gregory • Cromer, Gabriel • Cualladó, Gabriel • Cudlín, Karel • Cumming, Donigan • Cumming, Robert H. • Cunningham, Imogen • Curtis, Edward Sheriff • Cuvelier, Eugène • Cyanotype • Daguerre, Louis • Daguerreotype • Dahl-Wolfe, Louise • D’Alessandri, Antonio and Paolo Francesco • D’Amico, Alicia • Darkroom • DATAR • Davanne, Alphonse • Davidson, Bruce • Davies, John • Davison, George • Day, Corinne • Day, Fred Holland • De Biasi, Mario • Deal, Joe • Deakin, John • Dean, Tacita • DeCarava, Roy • Decisive moment • Delahaye, Luc • Delamotte, Philip Henry • Delano, Jack • Delius, Karl Ferdinand • Delpire, Robert • Demachy, Robert • Demand, Thomas • Denderen, Ad van • Depardon, Raymond • Derges, Susan • Developing • Developer • Diamond, Hugh Welch • Diaphragm • Dibbets, Jan • DiCorcia, Philip- Lorca • Didi-Huberman, Georges • Dieulefils, Pierre • Dieuzade, Jean • Digital photography • Dijkstra, Rineke • Disdéri, André Adolphe Eugène • Disfarmer, Mike • Dlubak, Zbigniew • Documentary photography • Dohnány, Miloš • Doisneau, Robert • Domon, Ken • Dondero, Mario • Donovan, Terence • Douglas, Stan • DPI and PPI • Drahos, Tom • Draper, John William • Drégely, Imre • Drtikol, František • Dry-plate process • Du • Du Camp, Maxime • Duchenne de Boulogne, Guillaume-Benjamin • Ducos du Hauron, Louis Arthur • Dührkoop, Rudolph • Duncan, David Douglas • Dupain, Max • Duplicate • Durand, Régis • Durandelle, Louis-Emile • Duroy, Stéphane • Düsseldorf School • Dye transfer • Eakins, Thomas • Eastlake, Elizabeth • Eastman, George • École Nationale Supérieure de la Photographie, Arles • Eder, Josef Maria • Edinger, Claudio • Edgerton, Harold Eugene • Eggleston, William • Eisenstaedt, Alfred • Eliasson, Olafur • Elk, Ger van • Elsken, Ed van der • Emerson, Peter Henry • Emulsion • Engström, J. H. • Eperjesi, Ágnes • Erfurth, Hugo • Errazuriz, Paz • Erwitt, Elliott • Escher, Károly • Espino Barros y Rebouche, Eugenio • Esser, Elger • Ethnology and photography • Eugene, Frank • Evans, Frederick H. • Evans, Walker • Experimental photography • Exposure • f.64 Group • Faas, Horst • Facio, Sara • Faigenbaum, Patrick • Family of Man, The • Farkas Jama, Antal • Farm Security Administration • Fashion photography • Fastenaekens, Gilbert • Faucon, Bernard • Faults • Faurer, Louis • Fehr, Gertrude • Fei, Sha • Feininger, Andreas • Feldmann, Hans-Peter • Felizardo, Luiz Carlos • Fekete, Alexandra Kinga • Fenoyl, Pierre de • Fenton, Roger • Ferrez, Marc • Ferrotype • Festival • Fieret, Gerard 12 The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Photography – Information Pack Petrus • Film • Film und Foto • Filter • Fink, Larry • Finsler, Hans • Fischer, Arno • Fischli & Weiss • Fisheye lens • Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis • Flash • Fleischer, Alain • Fleischmann, Trude • Florence, Hercule • Florschütz, Thomas • Flusser, Helmut • Niedermayr, Walter • Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore • Niépce de Saint-Victor, Claude Félix Abel • Nieweg, Simone • Vilém • Focal length • Fontana, Franco • Fontcuberta, Joan • Format • Fortune • Fosso, Samuel • Fraga, Voltaire • Nilsson, Lennart • Nixon, Nicholas • Noble, Anne • Noise • Nojima, Yasuzō • Norfolk, Simon • Nori, Claude • Notman, William Franck, Martine • Frank, Robert • Franklin, Stuart • Freed, Leonard • Fresson process • Freund, Gisèle • Friedlander, Lee • Nudes • Nueva Lente • Oil pigment print • Ojeikere, J. D. ‘Okhai • Olaf, Erwin • Olson, Lennart • Onodera, Yuki • Orive, • Frima, Toto • Frith, Francis • Frizot, Michel • Fujiwara, Shinya • Fukase, Masahisa • Fulton, Hamish • Funke, Jaromír • María Cristina • Orozco, Gabriel • Ortiz-Echagüe, José • O’Sullivan, Timothy • Outerbridge, Paul • Overexposure • Page, Tim Furuya, Seiichi • Fuss, Adam • Futurism • Galella, Ron • Galton, Francis • Gamma • Garanger, Marc • García, Romualdo • • Paillet, Fernando • Painlevé, Jean • Palladium print (palladiotype) • Palma, Luis González • Pam, Max • Panoramic photography Garcia-Alix, Alberto • García Rodero, Cristina • Gardner, Alexander • Garduño, Yanez Flor • Garnell, Jean-Louis • Gasparian, • Paparazzo • Paper, photographic • Pardington, Fiona • Parke, Trent • Parkinson, Norman • Parks, Gordon • Parr, Martin • Gaspar • Gasparini, Paolo • Gaumy, Jean • Geddes, Anne • Gee, Helen • Gelatin • Gelatin silver bromide • Gelatin silver Parry, Roger • Patellani, Federico • Pécsi, József • Peirce, Charles Sanders • Pellegrin, Paolo • Penn, Irving • Peress, Gilles P.O.P. • General Idea • Genthe, Arnold • Gernsheim, Helmut • Gerz, Jochen • Ghirri, Luigi • Ghisoland, Norbert • Giacomelli, • Pérez Bravo, Marta María • Perez Siquier, Carlos • Performance and photography • Peryer, Peter • Peterhans, Walter • Mario • Gibson, Ralph • Gidal, Tim Nachum • Gilbert & George • Gilden, Bruce • Gimpel, Léon • Gioli, Paolo • Glanville, Petersen, Anders • Petit, Pierre • Petrusov, Georgy Grigorievich • Petschow, Robert • Petzvál, József Miksa • Photo booth Toby • Gloeden, Baron Wilhelm von • Godwin, Fay • Goldberg, Jim • Goldberg, Vicky • Goldblatt, David • Goldin, Nan • • Photogenic drawing • Photogram • Photographer • Photographic essay • Photographic industry • Photographic News • Goldsworthy, Andy • Golestan, Kaveh • Gomes, Alair • Gomis, Joaquim • Gonnord, Pierre • Goodwin, Henry B. • Gosani, Bob Photographic survey • Photography books • Photogravure • Photolithography • Photojournalism • Photo League • Gossage, John R. • Gowin, Emmet • Graeff, Werner F. • Graham, Dan • Graham, Paul • Graham, Rodney • Greene, John • Photomechanical processes • Photomontage • Photomural • Photosculpture • Photo-Secession • Photosensitivity • Beasley • Greenfield, Lauren • Griffin, Brian • Groebli, René • Grossman, Sid • Gruber, Leo Fritz • Gruyaert, Harry • Guerra, Photoshop • Phototype • Pictorialism • Pierre & Gilles • Pigment processes • Pinhole camera • Pinkhassov, Gueorgui Jorge • Guibert, Hervé • Guidi, Guido • Güler, Ara • Gulyás, Miklós • Gum bichromate • Gum platinum • Gundlach, F. C. • • Pixel • Plachy, Sylvia • Platinum print (platinotype) • Plicka, Karol • Plossu, Bernard • Poitevin, Louis Alphonse • Polaroid • Gursky, Andreas • Gutmann, John • Haas, Ernst • Hagemeyer, Johan • Hajek-Halke, Heinz • Halawani, Rula • Halsman, Philippe Police photography • Polidori, Robert • Politics and photography • Polke, Sigmar • Ponting, Herbert George • Portrait • Hamaya, Hiroshi • Hamilton, David • Hamilton, Richard • Hannon, Edouard • Hanzlová, Jitka • Hardy, Bert • Harper’s Bazaar photography • Post-production • Post Wolcott, Marion • Prince, Richard • Print • Printing-out processes • Projector • • Hasselblad • Hartwig, Edward • Hatekeyama, Naoya • Hausmann, Raoul • Hausswolff, Annika von • Hawarden, Lady Propaganda • Pruszkowski, Krzysztof • Punctum • Puranen, Jorma • Puyo, Commandant • Radiography • Rainer, Arnulf • Clementina • Hayashi, Tadahiko • Heartfield, John • Heinecken, Robert • Heinrich, Annemarie • Heliography • Henderson, Rangel, Ricardo • Ranney, Edward • Rauschenberg, Robert • Rawlings, John • Ray-Jones, Tony • Rayograph • Reflector Nigel • Henle, Fritz • Henneberg, Hugo • Henri, Florence • Henson, Bill • Hers, François • Herschel, Sir John • Hervé, Lucien • Reflex camera • Regnault, Henri Victor • Rejlander, Oscar Gustave • René-Jacques • Renger-Patzsch, Albert • Reportage • • Hido, Todd • Hill & Adamson • Hilliard, John • Hine, Lewis Wickes • Hiro • Höch, Hannah • Hockney, David • Hoepker, Resolution • Retouching • Rey, Guido • RGB • Rheims, Bettina • Riboud, Marc • Richards, Eugene • Richardson, Terry Thomas • Höfer, Candida • Hofer, Evelyn • Hoffmann, Heinrich • Hofmeister, Theodor and Oskar • Holdt, Jacob • Hollyer, • Richter, Gerhard • Riefenstahl, Leni • Riis, Jacob A. • Rio Branco, Miguel • Ristelhueber, Sophie • Ritts, Herb • Rivas Ribeiro, Frederick • Hologram • Homma, Takashi • Hoppé, E. O. • Hopper, Dennis • Horsfield, Craigie • Horst, Horst P. • Horvat, Frank Humberto Luis • Riwkin-Brick, Anna • Robakowski, Józef • Robertson, James • Robinson, Henry Peach • Roche, Denis • • Hosoe, Eikoh • Howlett, Robert • Hoyningen-Huene, George • Hubmann, Franz • Hugo, Pieter • Huguier, Françoise • Hujar, Rodchenko, Alexander Mikhailovich • Rodger, George • Rolleiflex • Rondepierre, Eric • RongRong • Ronis, Willy • Röntgen, Peter • Humanist photography • Humbert de Molard, Louis Adolphe • Hunter, Tom • Hurley, Frank • Hütte, Axel • Hyperrealism Wilhelm Conrad • Rosenblum, Walter • Rosenthal, Hildegard • Rosenthal, Joe • Rosler, Martha • Ross, Henryk • Rössler, Jaroslav • Ignatovich, Boris Vsevolodovich • Illustrated press • Infrared • Inkjet printing • Instant photography • Invisible • Ishimoto, • Rostain, Pascal • Rothstein, Arthur • Rouillé, André • Al-Roumi, Mohamed • Rousse, Georges • Rovner, Michal • Royal Yasuhiro • Ishiuchi, Miyako • Itier, Alphonse Eugène Jules • Iturbide, Graciela • Izis • Jaar, Alfredo • Jackson, William Henry Photographic Society • Ruff, Thomas • Ruka, Inta • Ruscha, Edward • Rydet, Zofia • Saanio, Matti • Sabatier effect • Salas Freire, Osvaldo • Salgado, Sebastião • Salomon, Erich • Salt print • Salzmann, Auguste • Samaras, Lucas • Sammallahti, • Jacobi, Lotte • Jäger, Gottfried • Jammes, André • Japonisme • Jiang, Jian • Jiménez, Augustín • Jodice, Mimmo • Johnston, Pentti • Sandberg, Tom • Sander, August • Sasse, Jörg • Sassen, Viviane • Saturation • Saudek, Jan • Schad, Christian • Frances Benjamin • Jokisalo, Ulla • Jones, Sarah • Jones Griffiths, Philip • Jonsson, Sune • Josephson, Kenneth • Jouve, Valérie Schadeberg, Jürgen • Schaeffer, Jean-Marie • Schall, Roger • Schatzberg, Jerry • Schmidt, Michael • Schuh, Gotthard • JPG • Kállay, Karol • Kálmán, Kata • Kannisto, Sanna • Karsh, Yousuf • Käsebier, Gertrude • Kawada, Kikuji • Kawauchi, • Scianna, Ferdinando • Scientific photography • Seawright, Paul • Sebah, Pascal and Jean-Pascal • Secchiaroli, Tazio • Rinko • Keetmann, Peter • Keiley, Joseph Turner • Keïta, Seydou • Kerekes, Gábor • Kertész, André • Kessels, Willy • Keuken, Seeley, George Henry • Sekula, Allan • Self-portraits • Sella, Vittorio • Sellerio, Enzo • Semiotics • Senn, Paul • Sensitive Johan van der • Khaldei, Yvegeny • Al-Kharrat, Ayman • Killip, Chris • Kimura, Ihee • Kitajima, Keizo • Kivijärvi, Kåre • Klauke, plate • Sensitivity • Sequence • Series • Serrano, Andres • Sewcz, Maria • Seymour, David (Chim) • Shadbolt, George • Jürgen • Klein, Steven • Klein, William • Klemm, Barbara • Klutsis, Gustav • Knapp, Peter • Knight, Nick • Knorr, Karen Shafran, Nigel • Shahbazi, Shirana • Shahn, Ben • Shaikhet, Arkady Samoylovich • Sheeler, Charles • Sherman, Cindy • • Knudsen, Knud • Kodachrome • Kodak • Kolehmainen, Ola • Kollar, François • Konopka, Bogdan • Koo, Bohn-Chang • Shibata, Toshio • Shiihara, Osamu • Shinoyama, Kishin • Shore, Stephen • Shterenberg, Abram Petrovich • Shulman, Julius Kopek, Gábor • Korda, Alberto • Koriss, Péter • Koudelka, Josef • Kouyaté, Adama • Kracauer, Siegfried • Kratsman, Miki • • Shutter • Sidibé, Malick • Sieff, Jeanloup • Siegel, Arthur • Sieverding, Katharina • Silva, António Sena da • Silva Meinel, Krauss, Rosalind E. • Krims, Les • Kruger, Barbara • Krull, Germaine • Krzywoblocki, Aleksander • Kudoyarov, Boris • Kühn, Javier • Silver processes • Silvy, Camille de • Simmons, Laurie • Simpson, Lorna • Siskind, Aaron • Slide film • Smith, Graham Heinrich • Lacan, Ernest • LaChapelle, David • Lake Price, William Frederick • Land art • Land, Edwin Herbert • Landscape • Smith, William Eugene • Smithson, Robert • Snowdon, Earl of • Société Française de Photographie • Société Héliographique photography • Lange, Dorothea • Larrain, Sergio • Lartigue, Jacques Henri • Latent image • Laughlin, Clarence John • Le Gac, • Solarization • Sommer, Frederick • Sommer, Giorgio • Søndergaard, Trine • Sontag, Susan • Soth, Alec • Sougez, Jean • Le Gray, Gustave • Lebeck, Robert • Lee, Russell • Leele, Ouka • Lehnert & Landrock • Leibovitz, Annie • Leica • Emmanuel • Southworth & Hawes • Spirit photography • Sports photography • Staged photography • Stankowski, Anton • Leipzig School • Leiris, Michel • Leiter, Saul • Lekegian, Gabriel • Lekuona, Nicolás de • Lemagny, Jean-Claude • Lemos, Steele-Perkins, Chris • Steichen, Edward • Steidl, Gerhard • Steiner, Ralph • Steinert, Otto • Stern, Bert • Stern, Grete • Fernando • Lendvai-Dircksen, Erna • Lens • Leonard, Zoe • Lerner, Nathan • Lerski, Helmar • Le Secq, Henri • Lessing, Sternfeld, Joel • Stereoscopic image (stereogram) • Stettner, Louis • Stieglitz, Alfred • Still-life • Stock, Dennis • Stoller, Ezra Erich • Levine, Sherrie • Levinstein, Leon • Levinthal, David • Levitt, Helen • Levy, Julien • Lewczynski, Jerzy • Liberman, • Stone, Sir John Benjamin • Stone, Sasha • Stop bath • Straight photography • Strand, Paul • Štrba, Annelies • Street Alexander • Life • Light meter • Lindbergh, Peter • Lindström, Tuija • Lindt, John William • Linked Ring, Brotherhood of the • photography • Streuli, Beat • Strömholm, Christer • Struss, Karl • Struth, Thomas • Stryker, Roy Emerson • Studio • Štyrský, Lippmann, Gabriel • Lissitzky, El • List, Herbert • Liu, Zheng • Lomography • Londe, Albert • Long, Chin-san • Long, Richard Jindřich • Subtractive processes • Suda, Issei • Sudek, Joseph • Sugimoto, Hiroshi • Sultan, Larry • Sundsbø, Sølve • • López, Nacho • Lorant, Stefan • Lorca, German • Lotar, Eli • Lum, Ken • La Lumière • Lumière, Auguste and Louis • Surrealism • Sutcliffe, Frank Meadow • Sutkus, Antanas • Szarkowski, John • Szatmári, Gergely • Szilágyi, Lenke • Tabard, Luminosity • Lüthi, Urs • Lutter, Vera • Lux, Loretta • Lynes, Georges Platt • Lyon, Danny • Lyons, Nathan • Maar, Dora Maurice • Tableau photography • Talbot, William Henry Fox • Tandberg, Vibeke • Taro, Gerda • Taylor-Wood, Sam • Teige, Karel • McAlinden, Mikkel • McCartney, Linda • McCausland, Elizabeth • McCullin, Don • McDean, Craig • Macdonald, Ian • • Teller, Jürgen • Testino, Mario • Thurston Hopkins, Godfrey • Tichý, Miroslav • TIFF • Tillim, Guy • Tillmans, Wolfgang • Macijauskas, Aleksandras • Macrophotography • Madoz, Chema • Magnum Photos • Mahr, Mari • Man, Felix H. • Man Ray Tomatsu, Shome • Toning • Tosani, Patrick • Toscani, Oliviero • Tournachon, Adrien • Travel photography • Tress, Arthur • Manen, Bertien van • Männikkö, Esko • Mann, Sally • Mapplethorpe, Robert • Marey, Etienne-Jules • Marissiaux, Gustave • • Tripe, Linnaeus • Trivier, Marc • Tronvoll, Mette • Tschichold, Jan • Tsuchida, Hiromi • Tuggener, Jakob • Tunbjörk, Lars • Mark, Mary Ellen • Marker, Chris • Market for photographs • Markov-Grinberg, Mark • Martin, Paul • Marucha • Marville, Charles Turbeville, Deborah • Turner, Benjamin Brecknell • Ubac, Raoul • Udo, Nils • Ueda, Shoji • Uelsmann, Jerry N. • Umbo • Masats, Ramón • Masclet, Daniel • Matiz, Leo • Matter, Herbert • Mayall, John Jabez Edwin • Mayer & Pierson • Mayito • • Unwerth, Ellen von • Uzzle, Burk • Vaccari, Franco • Vachon, John • Van Der Zee, James • Van Dyke, Willard Ames • Van Mayne, Roger • Meatyard, Ralph Eugene • Medicine • Meene, Hellen van • Méhédin, Léon-Eugène • Meisel, Steven Lamsweerde, Inez & Matadin, Vinoodh • Van Leo • Vancouver School • Varda, Agnès • Ventura, Paolo • Veress, Ferenc • Verger, • Messager, Annette • Metadata • Metzker, Ray K. • Meyer, Adolph Gayne Baron de • Meyer, Elisabeth • Meyer, Pedro • Pierre • Vintage print • Virtual image • Vishniac, Roman • Vitali, Massimo • Vogel, Lucien • Vogt, Christian • Vogue • Vorticism Meyerowitz, Joel • Michals, Duane • Micrography • Migliori, Nino • Mikhailov, Boris • Mili, Gjon • Miller, Garry Fabian • Miller, • Vroman, Adam Clark • Vu • Walker, Tim • Wall, Jeff • Wallace, Ian Hugh • Wang, Qingsong • Waplington, Lee • Min, Byeong-Heon • Minkkinen, Arno Rafael • Miot, Paul-Emile • Mise en scène • Miserachs, Xavier • Misrach, Richard Nick • War photography • Wardrope Brigman, Anne • Warhol, Andy • Washington Wilson, George • Watkins, Carleton Eugene • Misonne, Léonard • Mission Héliographique • Mission photographique • Miyamoto, Ryūji • Modotti, Tina • Model, Lisette • • Watson, Albert • Waxed paper process • Wearing, Gillian • Webb, Boyd • Weber, Bruce • Wedgwood, Thomas • Weegee Moffatt, Tracey • Mofokeng, Santu • Moholy, Lucia • Moholy-Nagy, László • Moï Ver • Molder, Jorge • Molinier, Pierre • Monti, • Wegman, William • Welling, James • Wessel, Ellisif • Wessel, Henry • Wessing, Koen • Weston, Brett • Weston, Paolo • Moon, Sarah • Moore, David • Moore, Raymond • Mora, Gilles • Moral, Jean Arsène Gaston Jacques • Morath, Inge • Edward • Wet-plate process (wet-collodion prints) • Wey, Francis • Wheatstone, Sir Charles • White, Clarence Hudson • White, Morgan, Barbara • Morimura, Yasumasa • Moriyama, Daido • Morris, Wright • Morrison, Hedda • Moulène, Jean-Luc • Minor • Wilmer, Valerie Sybil • Wilson, George Washington • Winogrand, Garry • Winther, Hans Thøger • Witkacy • Witkin, Mthethwa, Zwelethu • Mudford, Grant • Muholi, Zanele • Mulas, Ugo • Muller, Nicolas • Müller-Pohle, Andreas • Muniz, Vik Joel-Peter • Wolf, Michael • Wolff, Paul • Wols • Workshop • Wunderlich, Petra • Wurm, Erwin • Yalenti, José • Yampolsky, • Munkácsi, Martin • Muñoz, Isabel • Muray, Nickolas • Museum of Modern Art, New York • Muybridge, Eadweard • Mydans, Mariana • Yanagi, Miwa • Yasui, Nakaji • Yevonde, Madame • Yva • Zangaki, Adelphoi and Constantin • Zelma, Georgi Carl • Nachtwey, James • Nadar • Nagano, Shigeichi • Nakahira, Takuma • Nakayama, Iwata • Namuth, Hans • Nappelbaum, Anatolevich • Zhukov, Pavel Semyonovich • Zola, Emile • Zoom lens • Zuber, René • Zwart, Piet Moisei Solomonovich • Narahara, Ikkō • Narrative Art • Nash, Paul • Natalia LL • National Geographic • Negative • Nègre, Charles • Neshat, Shirin • Neusüss, Floris • New Bauhaus • New Color Photography • New Documents • New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit) • New Topographics • New Vision (Neues Sehen) • Newhall, Beaumont • Newman, Arnold • Newton,